This research project explores an area which had been touched only tangentially, being a comparative analysis of the idea and interpretations of friendship which emerge from the three vernacular collections attributed to the supervision of King Alfonso X of Castile (1252-1284): namely the Marian songs Cantigas de Santa María, the law code known as the Siete Partidas and the chronicle Estoria de España. These sources have been examined by adopting a thematic approach which has highlighted the existence of categories such as spiritual, religious and political friendships, as well as other forms of amicable relationships, including those between representatives of different religious, ethnic and social groups. Additionally, this study demonstrates that there was a conscious adoption of a specific lexicon of amicitia which contributed to reinforce either the opposition or the coincidence between friendship, companionship and counsellorship. Despite the undeniable inheritance of both classical eastern and western traditions, the works of the ‘Learned’ King present a peculiar idea of friendship which was deeply affected by contemporary historical contingencies and by the political and cultural projects of a sovereign who wanted to be regarded as a friend of his people, without denying, however, the unbridgeable gap which existed between different social groups. Interestingly, even if the Alfonsine works display a complicated range of relationships which envisage clear differences, they still outline a perfectly-balanced system within which the general and untouchable rules of friendship predominated, although in some cases certain variants were allowed in order to adapt such general requirements to contemporary social and political situations.

Uno de los principales objetivos de este trabajo de investigación ha sido profundizar en la comprensión del funcionamiento y articulación de la sociedad castellana moderna desde el factor familiar. Para ello, el extenso corregimiento de Chinchilla, Villena y las nueve villas a lo largo del siglo XVII se tomó como laboratorio de pruebas, esencialmente por dos razones: por un lado el contexto espacial era muy representativo, pues la mayor parte de la Castilla Moderna estaba constituida por pequeñas agrociudades como las que formaban dicha unidad jurisdiccional. Y por otro, el corte cronológico elegido demostraba ser una etapa clave en la evolución y conformación interna de los grupos dominantes castellanos, sobre todo los que actuaban en el ámbito local, pues es en este siglo cuando culmina el proceso de oligarquización del municipio castellano, con todo lo que ello supone a nivel social. Al ser nuestra meta conocer la organización social castellana, optamos por centrar nuestra investigación en un segmento social concreto: las familias de poder, es decir, aquellas que componian el grupo social más destacado y preeminente en cada una de las poblaciones estudiadas. / One of the main objectives of this work of investigation has been to deepen in the understanding of the operation and joint of the modern Castilian society from the familiar factor. For it, the extensive group of judges of Chinchilla, Villena and the nine villas throughout century XVII was taken like research laboratory, essentially for two reasons: by a side the space context very representative era, then most of Modern Castile was constituted by small cities and villages which they formed this jurisdictional unit. And on the other hand, the chosen chronological cut demonstrated to be a key stage in the evolution and to internal conformation of the Castilian dominant groups, mainly those that acted in the local scope, then it is in this century when the process of oligarquización of the Castilian municipality culminates, yet what it supposes at social level. To the being our goal to know social the organization Castilian, we chose to center our investigation in a concrete social segment: the families of being able, that is to say, those that composed the social group more preeminent outstanding and in each one of the studied populations.

xiii, 322 p. : col. ill. / Before Spain encountered the Americas, it first encountered the sea. This dissertation explores the roots of that encounter by examining perceptions of the sea in late medieval Castile-Leon reflected in art, literature, and law. It analyzes the changing attitudes of the Castilians towards the sea through an examination of its perceived place in their world, underscoring the complexity of Castilian attitudes toward the dangers and opportunities presented by the marine environment. Conceptual separation and union serve as the two foundational concepts employed for the analysis of evidence from each of the three genres under examination. Each genre highlights in various ways either the strong contrast drawn between land and sea or their seeming union conceptually. These complexities are manifest in a broad variety of sources, from collections of miracle tales to fifteenth century romances. Analysis of legal distinctions between land and sea reveal significant differences in perception regarding the nature of each environment and the rights and responsibilities of Castilians acting in either. Findings include that artistic sources reveal that a fearful attitude toward the sea accentuated by helplessness before its power dominated thirteenth century imagery, contrasting with the greater unity of land and sea reflected in miniatures from fifteenth century sources. A similar pattern of separation and union emerges in the literary evidence, where fear of the loss of agency when traveling at sea in early sources gives way to fifteenth century examples that praise its value. A comparison of the laws contained in the Siete Partidas with the late medieval records of the Cortes of Castile-Leon reveals that while the Castilian monarchs tended to consider the sea as firmly outside of their realm throughout the majority of the period of this study, strategic necessity led to an inexorable growth in the importance of the sea in the affairs of the kingdom generally. Together, the evidence supports the conclusion that by the mid-fourteenth century the view of the sea as other, typical of all early Castilian sources, gave way to a fifteenth century perspective that welcomed it in many respects, laying the foundation for the development of a great maritime empire. / Committee in charge: Lisa Wolverton, Chairperson; Robert Haskett, Member; David Luebke, Member; David Wacks, Outside Member

Submitted by Maria Dulce (mdulce@ndc.uff.br) on 2014-01-27T18:10:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Castro, Anna-Dissert-2013.pdf: 2004394 bytes, checksum: 20e76a14f23de9c14076ebe2f789d8f6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-01-27T18:10:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Castro, Anna-Dissert-2013.pdf: 2004394 bytes, checksum: 20e76a14f23de9c14076ebe2f789d8f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Estudo sobre as práticas políticas e representações dos judeus durante o reinado de Afonso X, através de fontes de cunho literário e normativo produzidas pelo círculo régio. Buscou-se analisar as diferentes formas de representação e as disposições referentes à tal comunidade. Utilizou-se como fundamento teórico o conceito de representações, de Georges Duby e Roger Chartier; de marginalização, de Bronislaw Geremek; de pária, de Louis Dumont; e de alteridade relativa, de Paul Zumthor, para compor o quadro de nossa análise. Buscamos demonstrar a forte relação existente entre processos de marginalização dos judeus com um projeto de centralização e construção de identidade para o reino. A conclusão apontou para a importância de pensarmos os processos de marginalização em sua dinâmica com a centralidade. Observamos movimentações de aproximação e distanciamento, com a construção de margens fluidas que situam grupos numa condição de alteridade relativa. / Study on political practices and Jewish representation during the reign of Afonso X, using literary and normative documentation produced by the royal power. In our analysis, we sought to expound the different forms of Jewish representation and the royal injuctions related to that community. In order to build a framework for our analysis, we used the following concept: representation, as used by Georges Duby and Roger Chartier, marginalization by Bronislaw Geremek, pariah, by Louis Dumont; and relative alterity, by Paul Zumthor. We sought to demonstrate the intrinsic relationship between Jewish marginalization and the royal centralizing project, with the obvious intention to construct an identity for the kingdom’s subject. In our conclusion, we pointed out to the importance for considering marginalization processes in their intrinsic bond to the centrality. In that matter, we observed movements of proximity and detachment, resulting in the construction of a fluctuating margin, in which social groups are situated on a condition of relative alterity to the majority.

En accord avec mes intérêts scientifiques, j’ai décidé, dans le cadre de ce travail doctoral, d’étudier un corpus correspondant règne de Sanche IV, roi de Castille et du León de 1284 à 1295, et constitué des quatre œuvres suivantes qui, à l'instar du Sendebar ou du Calila e Dimna antérieurs, exploitent toutes les ressources de l'exemplum afin d'enseigner certes mais aussi de captiver le lecteur : El Libro del Tesoro, El Lucidario, El libro del consejo e de los consejeros et Los Castigos de Sancho IV. Bien que chacun de ces livres ait été l’objet d’études ponctuelles intéressantes, ce groupement de textes n’avait, jusqu’à présent, bénéficié d’aucune grande étude monographique et appelait donc une analyse approfondie. Ces quatre ouvrages, d’origine spatiale et temporelle différente, se sont construits selon les mentalités et les pratiques de l’époque, c’est-à-dire en réutilisant, en retravaillant la matière des sources par des ajouts, des corrections, des suppressions en fonction des visées de l’auteur ou du promoteur de l’œuvre. Cette réappropriation des sources et des modèles correspond à une finalité plus ou moins évidente ou avouée, notamment si l’on en juge à l’aune du « molinisme », pensée politique du début du XIVe siècle. Les œuvres de cette période sont, en effet, soit écrites soit commanditées par le roi ou la régente, Marie de Molina. En outre, on connaît suffisamment le rôle joué par l’Archevêque de Tolède et l’importance de la pensée religieuse dans la constitution et la consolidation du « molinisme », pour parier sur l’existence d’un discours renvoyant à l’éthique chrétienne, à la morale ou à la philosophie. J’ai donc analysé la nature du projet moral, religieux et politique qui sous-tend cette littérature sapientielle. L’analyse des textes du corpus prend en compte, dans un premier temps, la structure des ouvrages et du cadre narratif, afin de définir la voix auctoriale, c’est-à-dire celle qui choisit sources et modèles et se les réapproprie : il s’agit de mettre en lumière un mode de pensée spécifique et des intentions particulières. Dans un deuxième temps, j’ai confronté ces textes aux contextes, notamment historique, si prégnant pendant le règne de Sanche IV et la régence, pour en extraire le sens politique et idéologique, moral, religieux ou philosophique. Enfin, une des finalités de ce travail de thèse est de comprendre comment, à partir de la réécriture des sources, traités, écrits religieux, auteurs classiques, exempla… s’est réalisé ce que l’on doit considérer comme un renouvellement de la production sapientielle. La thèse permet, grâce à une confrontation croisée entre histoire et littérature, de dégager l’évolution de la littérature sapientielle médiévale en castillan, et, parallèlement, de mettre en lumière la vision culturelle et morale, politique et sociétale promue par le roi Sanche IV et soutenue ensuite par Marie de Molina. / In line with my centres of scientific interest, I have decided to examine a corpus corresponding to the reign of Sancho IV, namely El Libro del Tesoro, El Lucidario, El libro del consejo e de los consejeros and Los Castigos of Sancho IV. Although interesting individual studies have been produced on each of these books, the collation of the four texts has not hitherto benefited from any in-depth monographic study. These four works, all of different origin in time and space, were put together according to the mind-sets and practices of the time, by revisiting the source material by means of additions, corrections and deletions according to the author’s intentions. Such reworking of the sources and models corresponds to a more or less self-evident or openly admitted purpose, given that these works were either written or commissioned by the king. It is therefore essential to question the nature of the political project underlying this sapential literature. The initial analysis of the texts takes account of their structure and narrative framework in order to define the voice of the author, that is to say who chooses and takes on the relevant sources and models. Secondly, these texts need to be set against their context, especially their historical context, in order to highlight their political, ideological, moral, religious or philosophical meaning. Finally, one of the aims of this thesis is to understand how, as from the-re-writing of the sources, treatises, scriptures, classic authors and other exempla, what can be considered as a renewal of sapiential or wisdom literature actually came about. Thanks to such a cross-matching of history and literature, the thesis should evidence the evolution of sapential literature and throw light upon the cultural, moral, political and social vision promulgated by king Sancho IV and upheld by Maria de Molina.

No description available.

La reproducción y ascenso social de la aristocracia durante la Edad Moderna se explican por el servicio al rey y el enlace con destacadas casas de la alta nobleza, vinculadas con la corte. Lo familiar y lo político han permitido estudiar la evolución del linaje Fajardo, situado en la cúspide de la sociedad ya que era una de las familias más relevantes de la nobleza hispánica. El linaje se ha analizado teniendo en cuenta tanto el tronco principal (marqueses de los Vélez) como diversas ramas colaterales, segundonas e ilegítimas. El período elegido abarca la época de los Reyes Católicos y los Austrias Mayores (Carlos V y Felipe II). En esa etapa la aristocracia vive una profunda transformación que le lleva de una función eminentemente guerrera a otra de índole cortesana. Para entender los cambios y permanencias se han estudiado las relaciones de parentesco, amistad y patronazgo-clientelismo. / Social reproduction and social rise of the aristocracy during the Early Modern Age are explained by the king's service and marriage with important houses of the nobility, associated with the court. The familiar and politics have allowed to study the evolution of lineage Fajardo, located at the top of the society because it was one of the most important families of the Spanish nobility. The lineage has been analyzed taking into account both the main trunk (Marquis of los Vélez) and several side branches, second son and illegitimate. The period chosen covers the period of the Catholic Monarchs and 'Austrias Mayores' (Charles V and Philip II). During this period the aristocracy is experiencing a profound transformation that leads to the function eminently warrior to another courtisan. To understand the changes and continuities have been studied the relationships of kinship, friendship and patronage-clientelism.

En 1245, las tropas castellanas conquistaban Cartagena. Tras el intento alfonsí de conseguir una fuerte proyección mediterránea de Castilla, la costa murciana se convierte en un inmenso despoblado. Castilla, especialmente durante el siglo XIV, manifestó un claro desentendimiento de los asuntos mediterráneos. Sólo Cartagena, reducida a su mínima expresión urbana, sobrevive como único núcleo habitado hasta el nacimiento de Mazarrón en la segunda mitad del siglo XV.Los intereses políticos de los Reyes Católicos y la proyección de la Monarquía Hispánica en el Norte de África y el Mediterráneo occidental, recuperarán el importante papel de Cartagena y la costa murciana en el contexto geopolítico de la época. Se convirtió, en el siglo XVI, en la línea de retaguardia del gran frente abierto frente al Islam. Entonces, la costa murciana dejó de tener definitivamente un papel marginal en las maniobras políticas de la corona. / In 1245, the Castilian troops conquered Cartagena. After the attempt to achieve a strong Mediterranean projection of Castile during the reign of Alfonso X "the Wise", the coast of kingdom of Murcia becomes a vast desert. Castile, especially during the fourteenth century, has a clear misunderstanding of Mediterranean affairs. Only Cartagena, reduced to a minimum core urban, survives until the birth of Mazarrón in the second half of the fifteenth century. The political interests of the Catholic Monarchs and the projection of the Hispanic Monarchy in North Africa and the western Mediterranean, recovered the important role of Cartagena and the coast of Murcian district in the geopolitical context of the time. He became, in the sixteenth century, in rear line of the large open front face of Islam. Then, the coast of kingdom of Murcia finally stopped having a marginal role in the political maneuvers of the crown.

Important traité philosophique portant sur l’amour et l’amitié, le Breuiloquium de amore et amicitia d’Alfonso de Madrigal, dit « El Tostado » (1401/1410-1454) comprend une synthèse des conceptions classiques et chrétiennes sur l’amour dans toutes ses formes (spirituel, familial, charnel, concupiscent) et sur l’amitié (vertueuse, politique) qui résulte de la juxtaposition d’exercices académiques et d’enseignements donnés par le Tostado à la Faculté des Arts de Salamanque. Notre travail doctoral consiste à proposer une édition critique de la première partie consacrée à l’amour, à partir des deux témoins manuscrits conservés d’un traité resté jusqu’à présent inédit. Le commentaire qui accompagne l’édition vise non seulement à éclairer la place privilégiée qu’occupe la théorie amoureuse du Tostado au sein du traité comme de l’ensemble de l’œuvre tostadienne, mais également à replacer l’élaboration de cette théorie dans le contexte de l’enseignement salmantin puis de la diffusion d’une culture universitaire au sein des milieux auliques, au moment même où se forge un premier humanisme castillan. Nous proposons enfin d’examiner si la version castillane du Breuiloquium (Breuiloquio de amor et amiçiçia) est une traduction ou une auto-traduction (comme le prétend le prologue) et de resituer cette entreprise dans l’histoire de la traduction, à une époque où ce phénomène acquiert une importance considérable. C’est sur la confrontation entre le discours théorique sur la traduction – formalisé dans un texte postérieur du Tostado – et sa mise en pratique dans l’élaboration de la version castillane que repose l’analyse traductologique réalisée. / An important philosophical treaty written by Alfonso de Madrigal, also known as “El Tostado” (1401/1410-1454), the Breuiloquium de amore et amicitia sums up both the classical and the Christian conceptions of love of every kind (spiritual, physical, familial, carnal, lustful) and friendship (virtuous, political), brought together within a text that is a juxtaposition of academic exercises and of lectures given by El Tostado at the Faculty of Arts of Salamanca. This Ph. D. thesis is a critical edition of the first part of this treaty (the one dealing with love), founded on two remaining manuscripts of a text that to this day has never been published. The commentary that comes along with the edition aims at understanding the central role played by El Tostado’s love theory in the underlying logic of his treaty but also within his entire work. This commentary also seeks to grasp the construction of this love theory in the double context of the Salmantine teaching and of the diffusion of a university culture into John II’s court, at a moment when some first form of Castilian humanism was rising. Finally, this thesis tries to figure out if the Breuiloquium is a translation or an auto-translation (as stated in the prologue), and thus to understand the treaty from the point of view of the history of translations, precisely when translating reached a whole new degree of importance. The confrontation between a theoretical discourse about translation –that El Tostado formalised in a later text– and its practical dimensions in the translation from Latin to Castilian is the base upon which our traductological analysis is founded.

Dans un certain nombre d’œuvres didactiques et sapientiales du Moyen Âge, l’animal est utilisé comme représentation du prince et de son entourage. L’animal est tantôt filtre, tantôt masque, un regard porté sur les cours princières par des auteurs plus ou moins impliqués dans celles-ci, et qui trouvent en l’animal l’outil le plus expressif pour exposer certaines valeurs ou dénoncer certains comportements. Notre étude se fonde sur un ensemble de sources, essentiellement le Calila et Dimna composé en Castille au milieu du XIIIe siècle pour l’infant Alphonse (futur Alphonse X) ; l’analyse inclut une étude de l’itinéraire textuel du Calila et Dimna : quelles différences présentent les versions indienne (Panchatantra), persane, arabe (Kalila wa Dimna), hébraïque, castillane, et les versions latines (Jean de Capoue et Raymond de Béziers). L’étude est étayée par une comparaison avec des textes indiens, persans et arabes qui offrent un rapport thématique avec ce traité dans la représentation du monde animalier. Textes latins et français (Roman de Renart, Roman de Fauvel accessoirement) complètent le corpus. Nous nous interrogeons aussi sur l’influence de la fable antique gréco-latine sur le traité (Ésope, Avianus), dans le choix des animaux et de leurs caractéristiques, notamment ; et sur les modalités de la transmission à l’Occident d’autres textes ayant suivi des itinéraires parallèles (Sendebar, Secret des Secrets, Roman des Sept sages de Rome). Nous nous demanderons si le Calila et Dimna n’était pas – comme le Renart ou le Fauvel – la caricature d’un certain milieu curial que les lecteurs contemporains n’avaient aucun mal à reconnaître ; et ce qu’il s’agisse de la version arabe ou de la version castillane du traité, étant entendu que chaque traducteur successif a contextualisé cette vision de la cour. Nous chercherons à comprendre la fonction et les mécanismes de ces masques animaliers : au-delà d’un bestiaire complexe, que nous nous attacherons à analyser de façon détaillée, en quoi et comment l’animal sert-il de filtre aux critiques politiques, comment constitue-t-il le miroir d’une vie de cour, et quelles images nous renvoie-t-il des courtisans ? Quels animaux sont-ils choisis (selon les versions) pour incarner tel ou tel homme de cour ? Quels préceptes moraux, traits de caractères, ou valences symboliques chaque animal « humanisé » véhicule-t-il ? Pourquoi utiliser des animaux ? Sont-ils là pour distraire les princes ou permettent-ils aux auteurs d’en dire plus qu’ils ne pourraient se l’autoriser, avec des héros humains ? L’animal est-il donc masque ou miroir ? / In a number of didactic and sapiential works of the Middle Ages, the animal is used as a representation of the prince and his entourage. The animal is sometimes a filter, sometimes a mask, looking at the princely courts by more or less involved authors. They find in the animal the most expressive tool to expose some values or to denounce some behaviours. Our study is based on a variety of sources, mainly the Calila et Dimna composed in Castile in the middle of the 13th century for the Infante Alfonso (future Alfonso X); the analysis includes a study of the Calila et Dimna textual path: what are the differences between Indian (Panchatantra), Persian, Arabic (Kalila wa Dimna), Hebrew, Castilian and Latin (Jean de Capoue and Raymond de Béziers) versions ? The study is supported by a comparison between some Indian, Persian and Arabic texts offering a thematic relevance in the animal world with this treatise. Latin and French (Roman de Renart, Roman de Fauvel secondarily) texts complete the corpus. We are also wondering about the Greco-Latin antique fable influence on the treatise (Esope, Avianus), concerning the choice of the animals and their characteristics. The modes of transmission to the Occident of other texts that followed parallel ways (Sandbar, Secret des Secrets, Roman des Sept Sages de Rome) are reviewed. We will be wondering whether the Calila et Dimna was not, as le Roman de Renart or le Roman de Fauvel, the caricature of a certain curial milieu that contemporary readers had no difficulty to recognise; Both the Arabic and the Castilian version of the treatise are concerned, on the understanding that each successive translator contextualised this vision of court. We will seek to understand the function and the mechanisms of these animal masks: beyond the complex bestiary, which will be thoroughly analysed, how and to what extent the animal is used as a filter for political criticism, how it constitutes the mirror of a court life, and what are the reflected images of the courtiers ? What animals are chosen (depending on the version) to embody one courtier or another ? Which moral precepts, character traits or symbolic values, each « humanised » animal is transmitting ? Why use animals ? Are they there to amuse princes or to allow the authors to tell more than they could with human heroes ? Is the animal a mask or a mirror ?