Cette thèse met en place un modèle permettant d'éclairer les relations entre certaines émotions et la conception que l'individu a de lui-même. En accord avec plusieurs auteurs contemporains, il est ici défendu que la conception que nous avons de nous-mêmes prend la forme d'une identité narrative, c'est-à-dire d'un récit à l'intérieur duquel nous tentons de structurer une image cohérente de nous-mêmes. Dans cette perspective, il est proposé qu'un certain groupe d'émotions, comme la honte, la fierté et la culpabilité, occupe une place cruciale dans la formation et le maintien de cette image de soi. Ces émotions, que nous pouvons qualifier d'auto-évaluatives, conditionnent l'évaluation que nous avons de nous-mêmes et participent ainsi à l'élaboration de la représentation de soi. De plus, cette identité narrative, à travers un certain aspect normatif et motivant, vient à son tour influencer la manifestation et l'interprétation de ces mêmes émotions. Ainsi, la relation entre les émotions auto-évaluatives et l'identité narrative serait une relation complexe d'influences réciproques. L’analyse proposée devrait permettre de clarifier de nombreux aspects de l’économie mentale de l’individu et plus particulièrement de sa motivation morale. / This thesis establishes a model to understand the relationships between a particular group of emotions and the individual's conception of himself. In agreement with several contemporary authors, it is argued here that the conception we have of ourselves is in the form of a narrative identity, namely a story within which we try to structure a coherent picture of ourselves. In this perspective, it is proposed that a group of emotions, including shame, pride and guilt, occupies a crucial place in the formation and maintenance of this self-image. These emotions, that we can describe as self-assessing, would influence self assessment and thus participate in the development of self-image. Moreover, narrative identity, through a normative and motivational aspect, will in turn influences the manifestation and interpretation of those same emotions. So the relationship between emotions and self-assessing narrative identity is a complex relationship of mutual influence. The analysis proposed here might help clarify many mental processes of the individual and especially its moral motivation.

Clinical and subclinical eating pathology are common, especially among female undergraduates. Such problems are often chronic and associated with a range of negative medical and psychological outcomes. Thus, it is important to develop effective prevention programs to reduce eating disorder risk. Numerous studies suggest that dissonance-based prevention programs are the most successful in reducing eating disorder risk factors, however, such programs might not be convenient for students limited by scheduling restraints or geographic proximity. Further, some students may be reluctant to attend such groups due to lack of anonymity. One way to address these potential barriers is to adapt dissonance-based programs for online use. However, no extant studies have examined the feasibility of this mode of delivery for dissonance-based programs. The current study examined the effectiveness of an online dissonance-based program, and compared it with traditional face-to-face delivery and assessment-only control conditions. It was hypothesized that: 1) online and face-to-face dissonance programs would produce comparable results; and 2) both of these active treatments would yield improvements in eating disorder outcomes (e.g. reduced thin ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, dieting, negative affect, and eating disorder symptoms) compared with an assessment-only control condition. Results partially supported the original hypotheses. Modified intent-to-treat analyses (MITT) indicated that participants in both the face-to-face and online intervention groups showed less body dissatisfaction at post-intervention assessment compared to assessment only participants. Further, when analyses were conducted using a non-intent-to-treat (non-ITT) approach (examining only the outcomes of participants who completed the intervention), significant post-intervention differences were observed for all outcome variables. Specifically, individuals in both intervention groups showed lower thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, restraint, negative affect, and fewer eating disorder symptoms compared to assessment only participants. This study indicates that there may be some promise in adapting dissonance-based eating disorder prevention programs for online use. Future studies should continue to refine online adaptations of such programs and examine the effects of such programs with different populations.

In this paper I investigate the limitations of memory, physical and psychological effects on individuals’ perception that effect memory, and the impact of those limitations on our ability to recall objective truth. The paper is introduced with an explanation of my interest in the subjective narrative voice in historical accounts and questions the possibility of a completely objective voice. In the first chapter, a fantastical biographical story of the life of Tycho Brahe is used as an example of the difficulty in parsing truth from legend. Descriptions of changes in scientific methods exemplify the uncertainty of scientific fact. I propose that Brahe sought empirical data to replace the unfiltered memory perception an anosmic lacks. Additionally, if Brahe had a sense of smell his murder may have been unsuccessful. In the second chapter I describe anosmia, then explain the dominant theories of how olfaction takes place, and memory storage through smell. Memory recall through associated odors is unfiltered by the intellect, and unalterable, while other forms of memory are subject to change as our psyche continually reforms the experience. An objective account of events is impossible. I search instead for histories where myth, legend, truth, and imagination converge.

Ce travail doctoral a eu pour but de comprendre le rôle dynamique des moments de différentes intensités et valences perçues aux trois périodes d'une expérience de service (début, milieu, fin) sur la satisfaction globale dans le temps. Une revue de la littérature a été effectuée, s'articulant autour de quatre axes de recherche : l'expérience de service, la satisfaction du client, l'évaluation rétrospective d'une séquence temporelle et la mémoire, combinée alternativement à l'étude qualitative. Notre étude empirique comporte deux phases. Tout d'abord, une étude préalable a été réalisée par la méthode expérimentale en laboratoire comprenant 3 sous pré-tests. L'étude a eu pour but d'identifier 12 événements de services qui constituent ensuite une expérience (un festival) composée de trois périodes dont chacune comprend 4 différents événements (4 moments). L'étude principale a traité de ce festival en contexte réel (trois expérimentations, au Vietnam) en manipulant trois dimensions (saillance, valence et position temporelle de l'événement) avec une mesure longitudinale de la satisfaction globale (immédiatement après l'expérience, trois semaines après et six mois plus tard). Les tests des hypothèses sont réalisés à partir d'ANOVA-mesure répétée, d'équations structurelles, et d'analyse de dominance / This doctoral work attempts to understand the dynamic role of different moments within a service experience having different intensities, valences and existing across different service periods (start, middle, and end) on global satisfaction levels within a longitudinal perspective. The literature review which focuses on four streams: service experience, client satisfaction, retrospective evaluation of a temporal sequence, and memorization, was conducted alongside a qualitative study. It was followed by our empirical study which has two phases. The first phase is the preliminary studies in the laboratory wherein 3 pre-tests were conducted in order to identify 12 different moments of a service experience suitable for enactment in the final study as a real life festival. Moreover, the structure of the festival was also selected from the results of these pre-tests. In the second phase, a real life festival (3 different experiments, in Vietnam) was organized and the three dimensions (intensity, valence and temporal position) of the moments were manipulated. Additionally, a longitudinal measurement of global satisfaction (immediately after the festival, 3 weeks after the festival, 6 months after the festival) was taken. The data was subsequently treated with repeated measures ANOVA, structural equation modeling and dominance analysis. Results show differential effect of the moments on global satisfaction over time depending on the different levels of intensity, valence and temporal position

Bakgrund: Det finns ett starkt intresse kring klimat- och hållbarhetsrelaterade frågor idag vilket speglar sig i allmän opinion och i politiska debatter. Den rationella investeraren antas placera sina pengar med hänsyn tagen till beslutskriterier som risk och avkastning. Men frågan är om etiska och hållbara ställningstaganden kommer till uttryck i människors val av placeringar? Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att testa ifall individer tenderar att välja socialt hållbara investeringar i större utsträckning då de reflekterar över sina attityder och värderingar kring etik och hållbarhet i samband med ett placeringsval. Teori: Studien grundar sig i en deduktiv ansats, där vi utifrån rådande teorier inom ekonomi och beteendevetenskap skapat ett antagande om människan. Antagandet är att människan investerar utifrån beslutskriterierna risk och avkastning, men att denne även har etiska värderingar och attityder som tenderar att falla bort vid placeringsvalet p.g.a. bristande rationalitet och kognitiv bias. Det uppstår därmed en dissonans mellan människans beteende och dess attityder och värderingar. Denna dissonansen ska reduceras genom en system 2 nudge som låter investeraren reflektera över sina värderingar och attityder rörande hållbarhet och etik innan placeringsvalet. Detta för att se om det kan leda till en högre andel placeringar i socialt hållbara investeringar. Empirisk metod: Den empiriska metoden bestod av ett enkätexperiment där två grupper av respondenter fick göra ett hypotetiskt placeringsval, men där experimentgruppens enkät innehöll en system 2 nudge innan valet. Resultat: Vår nudge fick ingen signifikant påverkan på respondenternas placeringsval. Detta kan delvis förklaras av ett felaktig antagande om människan som redan placerade mer hållbart än förväntat samt bristande effektivitet av vår system 2 nudge i kontexten av denna studie. / Background: Climate- and sustainable related questions are strong topics in today’s society and are highly debated by decision-makers. The rational investor is supposed make investments based on risk and return. But the question is if the concerns about sustainability and ethics really influence the decision of the investor? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to test if individuals tend to invest more in SRI (Socially responsible investments) if they have a moment of reflection regarding ethics and sustainability before an investment decision. Theory: We apply a deductive approach, by creating an assumption of how humans function according to economics and behavioral science. Due to theory, humans can be seen as rational investors who solely make investment decision based on risk and return. But they can also have strong attitudes and values regarding social responsibility, which because of bounded rationality and cognitive bias tend not to be included as criteria in investment decisions. This creates a dissonance between the person's values and attitudes and their investment decisions. To make people invest more in consonance with their values and attitudes we construct a system 2 nudge that let them reflect about their view of ethics and sustainability before an investment decision. This can lead to increased investments in SRI. Empirical method: The empirical method consisted of a survey experiment in which the participants were asked to make a hypothetical investment decision. The treatment survey contained a system 2 nudge before the investment decision, while the control survey remained neutral. Results: The nudge, or the reflection of attitudes and values by the investor, had no significant effect on their investment decision. This can partly be explained by a wrong assumption of the rational investor who already invested according to their values and attitudes, and by a lack of effectiveness of our system 2 nudge in the context of this study.

Esta pesquisa investiga uma categoria de pessoas portadoras, principalmente, de deficiências mentais, associadas também a deficiências físicas, popularmente denominadas de bobos, que, embora em processo de desaparecimento, ainda moram na comunidade da Cidade de Goiás, Estado de Goiás. Estes bobos emergem de uma extensa rede complementar de papéis, participando do cotidiano da cidade há mais de cem anos. Vivem no interior das famílias, nas praças públicas, ou na única instituição que os abriga, o Asilo São Vicente de Paulo. Em sua grande maioria procederam de regiões vizinhas ou da zona rural, ainda que muitos provenham de famílias do lugar. Foram absorvidos de maneira indiscriminada e naturalizada na convivência cotidiana. Com eles foi estabelecido um tipo de relação social sustentado por costumes muito arraigados. Foram adotados e criados pelas famílias, que se valeram de suas deficiências mentais para submetêlos. Em troca de casa e comida prestaram toda sorte de serviços domésticos. Eram treinados para a execução de trabalhos árduos e mecânicos que a topografia da cidade e as falhas estruturais dos serviços urbanos impuseram aos habitantes. A explicação e justificativa para sua existência e o tratamento que recebem se apoiam na formulação generalizada de que os bobos são fruto de relações consanguíneas, quando não incestuosas, que, neste trabalho, é denominada de consanguinidadecausa. Esta pesquisa converge elementos da psicologia social, psicanálise, antropologia, neurologia e genética para a análise desta explicação e justificativa. As vertentes destas disciplinas permitem a crítica das relações sociais no cotidiano, revelando suas origens, desvelando referenciais ideológicos, favorecendo a desmontagem de estereótipos e justificativas escamoteadoras das condutas de dominação e submissão que a comunidade pratica, de forma naturalizada, na relação com seus bobos. Este trabalho se alicerça, de um lado, em fontes documentais e bibliográficas e, de outro, em entrevistas realizadas no interior da comunidade, envolvendo os próprios bobos, as famílias que os abrigam, a instituição que os recolhe e figuras representativas da cidade. Caracterizandose como um Estudo de Caso, esta tese foi dividida em três partes temáticas, que se articulam, conferindolhe unidade analítica. A primeira intitulase Bobos de Goiás: reminiscências subjacentes; a segunda, Investigando os bobos da Cidade de Goiás, e a outra, O trabalho de campo na Cidade de Goiás / This research investigates a category of people with, mainly, mental disabilities, also associated to physical deficiencies, who are popularly known as bobos. Although they are becoming rarer, they can still be found in the community of Cidade de Goiás, in the State of Goiás. These bobos come from an extensive complementary network of roles, taking part in the everyday life of the town for over one hundred years. They live with host families, in the public squares, or in the only institution that gives them shelter, the São Vicente de Paulo Asylum. Most of them come from neighboring or from rural areas, but many come from families who live in town. They have been absorbed indiscriminately and incorporated into the community everyday life. A specific kind of social relationship supported by ingrained customs has been established with them. They were adopted and raised by families, who used their disabilities to assure their submission and the performance of all kinds of menial tasks, in exchange for room and board. They were trained to do the hard mechanical jobs that the topography of the town and the structural flaws in urban services imposed on its inhabitants. The explanation and justification for their existence and the kind of treatment they receive are based on a generalized concept that the bobos are the result of consanguineous relationships, when not incestuous, and in this work they are called consanguineouscause. This research combines elements of social psychology, psychoanalysis, anthropology, neurology and genetics to analyze the explanation and justification. The approach of these disciplines allows for a critique of everyday social relationships, revealing their origins, uncovering ideological references, favoring the deconstruction of stereotypes and the covering up of justifications for the conduct of domination and submission that is practiced in a naturalized way by the community in its relationship with its bobos. This work is based, on the one hand, on documents and bibliographical sources, and on the other, on interviews in the community with the bobos themselves, the families that took them in, the institution that shelters them, and with prominent members of the town. It may be characterized as a case study, and is divided in three thematic parts that articulate and confer an analytical unity. The first is entitled bobos from Goiás: underlying reminiscences; the second, investigating the bobos in Cidade de Goiás, and another, The field work at Cidade de Goiás.

<p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2008 Sammanfattning jämte 5 uppsatser</p>

Essay 1: (with Henrik Jordahl and Panu Poutvaara) We present and test a theory of prospective and retrospective pocketbook voting. Focusing on two large reforms in Sweden, we establish a causal chain from policies to sizeable individual gains and losses and then to voting. The Social Democrats proposed budget cuts affecting parents with young children before the 1994 election, but made generous promises to the same group before the 1998 election. Since parents with older children were largely unaffected we use a difference-in-differences strategy for identification. We find clear evidence of prospective pocketbook voting. Voters respond to campaign promises but not to the later implementation of the reforms. / Essay 2: This essay presents a detailed analysis of voters' response to municipality and regional level unemployment and economic growth, in Swedish general elections from 1985 to 2002, using data on 284 municipalities and 9 regions. The preferred specification suggests that an increase in regional growth or a reduction in regional unemployment by one percentage point is associated with an increase in the support for the national government by about 0.6 and 1.0 percentage points. Changes in unemployment and growth at the municipality level seem to have muchsmaller effects on government support. / Essay 3: One prediction from cognitive dissonance theory is that the act of voting makes people more positive toward the party or candidate they have voted for. Following Mullainathan and Washington (2008), I test this prediction by using exogenous variation in turnout provided by the voting age restriction. I improve on previous studies by investigating political attitudes, measured just before elections, when they are highly predictive of voting. In contrast to earlier studies I find no effect of voting on political attitudes. This result holds for a variety of political attitudes and data from both Sweden and the United States. / Essay4: (with Niclas Berggren and Henrik Jordahl) We conduct an extensive robustness analysis of the relationship between trust and growth by investigating a later time period and a bigger sample than in previous studies. In addition to robustness tests that focus on model uncertainty, we systematize the investigation of outlier influence on the results by using the robust estimation technique Least Trimmed Squares. We find that when outliers (especially China) are removed, the trust-growth relationship is no longer robust. On average, the trust coefficient is half as large as in previous findings.

Denna uppsats undersöker problematiken kring revisorernas personliga engagemang och mänskliga beteenden. Revisorer och klienter har båda incitament vilka används för att nå en viss önskad situation. Oavsett vad incitamenten används för är syftet att subjektivt tillfredsställa ett visst intresse. Uppsatsen är baserad på tidigare publicerade vetenskapliga artiklar och är en vidare forskning baserad på Tepalagul och Lins studie från år 2015, vilken innefattar en undersökning av fyra hot. Denna studie kommer medföra en fördjupad undersökning kring dessa fyra oberoendehot som anses kan komma att påverka revisorns oberoende ställning. Hoten är: klientens betydelse, erbjudandet av andra tjänster utöver revisionstjänster, mandatperioden och anknytning mellan revisor och klient. Syftet med uppsatsen är att finna klarhet i om dessa hot i praktiken faktiskt kan hota revisorernas oberoende gentemot klienten, samt om dessa hot kan motverkas och i så fall på vilket sätt åtgärder kan framstå. I studien kommer en koppling göras till psykologiska påverkningar av mänskliga beteenden. Här lyfts kognitiv dissonans fram för att förklara etiska dilemman som revisorn ställs inför i sitt yrke. Studiens syfte är även att finna en klarhet i hur kognitiv dissonans kan ge en utökad förklaring kring problematiken angående revisorernas oberoende. Beroende på hur revisorn ställer sig i situationer av olika oberoendehot med medföljande påtryckningar från klienter och omgivning kan revisionskvalitén skifta. Uppsatsen kommer att genomföras utefter den hermeneutiska traditionen och i form av en kvalitativ ansats med besöksintervjuer som datainsamlingsmetod. Utifrån respondenternas åsikter kan vi dra slutsatsen att dessa hot existerar inom revisionsyrket, men att mycket beror på revisorn som person och dennes integritet och motståndskraft. Resultaten bekräftar även att människor normalt sett vet att deras bedömningar bör vara objektiva, men att de omedvetet kan göra felaktiga bedömningar då de blandar ihop vad som är personligt fördelaktig med vad som är rättvist eller moraliskt. För var och ett av dessa hot diskuterar vi erhållna resultat från empirin och tidigare forskning. Detta med avseende på klientens och revisors olika incitament, hot, kognitiva processer, samt revisionskvalité. Studien mynnar ut i idéer kring fortsatt forskning. Vi lyfter här fram vikten av att bland annat utföra en liknande forskning med kvinnliga auktoriserade revisorer som respondenter. / This essay examines the problems concerning auditors personal engagement and human be- haviours. Auditors and clients have different incentives, which are used to reach a certain preferred situation. Regardless of what the incentives are used for, the aim is to subjectively satisfy a certain interest. The essay is based on previously published scientific articles and is a further research based on Tepalagul and Lins study from year 2015. This essay includes a survey of four threats concerning auditor’s independence. The study will present a detailed investigation of these four threats that may have an affect on the auditor's independence. The threats are: the clients importance, the offering of non-audit services, auditor tenure and the client affiliation. The purpose of this essay is to find clarity if whether or not these threats in practice may actually threaten the auditor's independence towards the client, and if these threats can be prevented and if so, in what way measures may appear. The study will be making associations to psychological factors influencing human behaviours. The concept cognitive dissonance is used in this study to explain the ethical dilemmas that auditors face in their profession. The study's purpose is also to find a clarity of how cognitive dissonance can give an extended explanation about the problems concerning auditor’s independence. Depending on how the auditor stands in situations of various threats to the independence with accompanying pressures from their clients and the environment, the audit quality may shift. The essay will be performed in line with the hermeneuthic tradition in the form of a qualitative approach with interviews as data collection methods. Based on respondents’ opinions, we can conclude that these threats exist within the audit profession, but much depends on the auditor as a person and his or her integrity and resilience. The results also confirm that humans usually know that their assessments should be objective, but they unknowingly make incorrect judgments when they mix up what is personally beneficial with what is fair or moral. For each and everyone of these threats we discuss the empirically given results and previous research. This with regard to the clients and the auditors different incentives, threats, cognitive processes, and audit quality. The study empties into the ideas about further research. We emphasize the importance of among other things carrying out a similar research with female certified auditors as respondents.

Cette thèse met en place un modèle permettant d'éclairer les relations entre certaines émotions et la conception que l'individu a de lui-même. En accord avec plusieurs auteurs contemporains, il est ici défendu que la conception que nous avons de nous-mêmes prend la forme d'une identité narrative, c'est-à-dire d'un récit à l'intérieur duquel nous tentons de structurer une image cohérente de nous-mêmes. Dans cette perspective, il est proposé qu'un certain groupe d'émotions, comme la honte, la fierté et la culpabilité, occupe une place cruciale dans la formation et le maintien de cette image de soi. Ces émotions, que nous pouvons qualifier d'auto-évaluatives, conditionnent l'évaluation que nous avons de nous-mêmes et participent ainsi à l'élaboration de la représentation de soi. De plus, cette identité narrative, à travers un certain aspect normatif et motivant, vient à son tour influencer la manifestation et l'interprétation de ces mêmes émotions. Ainsi, la relation entre les émotions auto-évaluatives et l'identité narrative serait une relation complexe d'influences réciproques. L’analyse proposée devrait permettre de clarifier de nombreux aspects de l’économie mentale de l’individu et plus particulièrement de sa motivation morale. / This thesis establishes a model to understand the relationships between a particular group of emotions and the individual's conception of himself. In agreement with several contemporary authors, it is argued here that the conception we have of ourselves is in the form of a narrative identity, namely a story within which we try to structure a coherent picture of ourselves. In this perspective, it is proposed that a group of emotions, including shame, pride and guilt, occupies a crucial place in the formation and maintenance of this self-image. These emotions, that we can describe as self-assessing, would influence self assessment and thus participate in the development of self-image. Moreover, narrative identity, through a normative and motivational aspect, will in turn influences the manifestation and interpretation of those same emotions. So the relationship between emotions and self-assessing narrative identity is a complex relationship of mutual influence. The analysis proposed here might help clarify many mental processes of the individual and especially its moral motivation.