Introduktion: Ensamhet liksom social isolering bland äldre är ett folkhälsoproblem som återfinns i stora delar av världen. Antalet äldre personer förväntas öka exponentiellt inom de närmsta årtiondena. Därmed förväntas även prevalensen av ensamhetsdrabbade äldre att öka. Den sociala kontakten minskar med stigande ålder till följd av bland annat ökad sjukdomsbörda. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur internetanvändning i form av social gemenskap kan reducera ensamhet och social isolering bland äldre människor. Metod: Studien baserades på en strukturerad litteraturstudie. Totalt har 11 vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderats i litteraturundersökningen. Artiklarna analyserades utifrån en tematisk analys och utgick från en deduktiv ansats. Resultat: Den tematiska analysen resulterade i fyra huvudteman; förbättrad hälsostatus, distansvänlig kommunikation, digitala tillgångar och resurser, samt delaktighet – en del av förebyggandet. Ytterligare sju sub-teman identifierades; mindre ensamhet och social isolering, upprätthålla sociala relationer, digital kommunikation som komplement, lättanvända enheter och funktioner, brist på kunskap och erfarenhet, utbildning och stöd samt möjlighet till att påverka egen hälsa och välbefinnande. Slutsats: I stort sett finns det en del evidens som pekar åt att internetanvändning kan påverka äldres hälsostatus positivt och därmed minska ensamhet och social isolering. Dock förekommer barriärer, motgångar samt faktorer som bör tas i beaktande för att göra det möjligt för målgruppen att ta del av digitala möjligheter som finns tillgängliga och även underlätta användningen av dem. / Introduction: Loneliness and social isolation among elderly are public health problems found in large parts of the world. Elderly people are expected to increase exponentially within the next few decades. Thus, the prevalence of lonely elderly people is also expected to increase. Social contact decreases with increasing age as a result of, among other factors, an increased burden of illness. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate how internet use in the form of social connection can reduce loneliness and social isolation among older people. Method: The study was based on a structured literature review. A total of 11 scientific articles have been included in the literature review. The articles were investigated through a thematic analysis with a deductive approach. Results: The thematic analysis has resulted in four main themes; improved health status, distance-friendly communication, digital assets and resources, as well as participation – part of prevention. Additionally, seven sub-themes were identified; less loneliness and social isolation, maintaining social relationships, digital communication as a complement, easy-to-use devices and functions, lack of knowledge and experience, education and support, and the opportunity to influence own health and well-being. Conclusion: Altogether, there is some evidence that indicates that internet use can positively affect the health status of older people and thus reduce loneliness and social isolation. However, there are barriers, obstacles, and factors that should be taken into consideration to enable the target group to take advantage of digital opportunities that are available and also facilitate their use.

Studien undersöker vårdnadshavares erfarenheter av ineffektiv och effektiv digital kommunikation mellan fritidshem och vårdnadshavare. Syftet är att få insikt i vårdnadshavarnas upplevelser av att ta emot och förstå digital kommunikation. Påverkansfaktorer som teknologi, tydlighet, återkoppling, anpassning, förväntningar och erfarenheter undersöks i syfte att analysera deras inverkan på kommunikationens effektivitet eller ineffektivitet. Resultaten tyder på att vårdnadshavarna generellt sett har goda möjligheter att ta emot och förstå digital kommunikation, trots vissa problem. Identifierade negativa kommunikativa faktorer inkluderar bristfälliga plattformar, otydlig och begränsad information samt brist på regelbunden och relevant kommunikation. Slutsatsen är att ökad kunskap och medvetenhet om vårdnadshavares upplevelser av digital kommunikation och dess påverkansfaktorer är önskvärt för att gynna både vårdnadshavare, deras barn och fritidshemmet som organisation. / The study examines legal guardians' experiences of ineffective and effective digital communication between leisure-time centers and guardians. The aim is to gain insight into guardians' experiences of receiving and understanding digital communication. Factors of influence such as technology, clarity, feedback, adaptation, expectations, and experiences are examined in order to analyze their impact on the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of communication. The results indicate that guardians generally have good opportunities to receive and understand digital communication, despite some challenges. Identified negative communicative factors include inadequate platforms, unclear and limited information, and a lack of regular and relevant communication. The conclusion is that increased knowledge and awareness of guardians' experiences of digital communication and its influencing factors are desirable to benefit both guardians, their children, and the leisure-time centers as an organization.

Title: This is the end of the hotel industry, the way we know it – A qualitative study of the influence of the convergence culture, review sites and the digital communication on the hotel industry. This study aims to examine the digitalisation of the hotel industry and how the industry relates to review sites, partly from an organisational point of view and partly how the communication and the replies at the review site may look like. The study focuses on three hotel employees and how they relate to the review site TripAdvisor. Through a qualitative content analysis and interviews I aim to find out how the industry relates to digital communication. As a complement to the three internal voices I have interviewed a digital expert in the digital communication industry.   We live in a convergence culture where old and new media meet. Earlier studies in the area show that reviewers leave many digital footprints that indicates identity, demography an situation based information at review sites. It has shown that it is easier for a reader to percieve information from people the can identify themselves with. This study aims to complement current and previous studies in the area with a inside-out perspective, and a perspective from inside the hotel industry.   The study shows that the responding hotel employees have their own tone of voice and the relate to the medium in their own unique way. Despite different tone of voice it is clear that there is some kind of unwritten formula on how to organize the arguments in a review. Many tracks of intertextuality were found in the reponses of the hotel employees, either to other web texts such as other reviews or references to web pages. There is a explicit desire to interact and to connect with the guest or the reviewer. This confirms previous studies made on the topic.   This study shows that digitalisation has contributed to the increase of decentralisation in the industry and this decentralastion is necessary for digitalisation. Decision-making power in regards of publishing has moved from one department to involve and engage many departments and levels in the organisation. The three hotel employees who were interviewed had three different approaches to digital communication. One of them was well integrated and seemed to move naturally between the digital and the analogue world. When she answered digitally, she would often refer to the analouge world and in the analogue world she would refer to the digital. One of the others had a more segregated view on Internet. She is a occasional visitor at the review site and interpret the organisation as an analogue unit, where you actively have to visit the Internet. At the same time she would highlight how serious and important the reality of Inernet is. When she responds on review sites, she act carefully, systematically and with great consideration.            The last hotel employee experienced Internet at young age and act as a native citizen there. He claims that Internet has changed the analogue reality for him, his staff and for the guests. He refers to digital sources when he is online, as well as to the analogue reality. The digital reality incuses the analogue reality and vice versa. He claims that there is a clear before and after The Internet.   None of the employees address issues connected to reliability and the trustworthyness in the reviews they respond to. This is something that the digital expert on the other hand adresses. This is worth continue studying. In addition, every month 2,000 reviewers write a review at a hotel in the Nordic Choice Hotel group. At the same time and during the same month, more than 100,000 guests leave digital footprints at the social platforms Facebook and Instagram. Even though this is the end of the hotel industry, the way the industry knows it, the research on digital footprints has just begun.

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<p>This thesis-project aims to research the possibilities of new wireless technologies in general control-situations. We have studied different existing control protocols, and developed a new protocol focusing on textbased menus. Our protocol is scaleable, easy to implement, and platform- and media independent. Since our protocol supports Plug and Play with dynamically allocated id’s, it does not require a unique id in the hardware. </p><p>To test the protocol we have developed a prototype system, consisting of a mobile phone connected to a server, which in turn is connected to two slave units, controlling peripheral equipment on 220 Volt. </p><p>The phone is an <i>Ericsson T28,</i> equipped with a Bluetooth unit. The server is runningthe real-time OS <i>eCos </i>on an A<i>RM 7TDMI Evaluation Kit</i>, and the slave units consist of two developer boards equipped with <i>PIC-processors</i>. Communication between the phone and the server is done over Bluetooth. However we did not find a working Bluetooth protocol stack ported to eCos, so a serial cable was used instead. Communication between the server and the slaves is done over a RS-485 serial network which simulates the traffic over a radio-network. </p><p>The results show that our protocol is working, and that our system would be easy to implement, cheap to produce and very scalable.</p>

I den här uppsatsen undersöks tre trafikbolags webbplatser utifrån en utvald mottagargrupps upplevelser. Mottagargruppen utgörs av studerande på universitet eller högskola och undersökningarna genomfördes med hjälp av att personer ur denna mottagargrupp agerade informanter. Syftet var att ta reda på i vilken mån mottagarna upplevde webbplatserna som användarvänliga och begripliga och hur detta påverkade deras helhetsintryck av webbplatserna. I uppsatsen redogörs för två undersökningar; dels ett praktiskt experiment och dels en digital enkätundersökning. Det praktiska experimentet var en kombination av metoderna observation och intervju, där 15 informanter fick testa webbplatsernas användarvänlighet genom att svara på frågor om struktur och visuellt utseende samt göra ett praktiskt test där de skulle hitta specifika webbsidor. I enkätundersökningen ställdes webbplatsernas begriplighet i fokus genom att 29 informanter svarade på frågor om textinnehållet på utvalda webbsidor. I båda undersökningarna ingick även en jämförelse av informanternas helhetsintryck av de tre webbplatserna. Resultaten visade att alla tre webbplatser upplevdes som mer eller mindre begripliga, dock med vissa skillnader mellan webbplatserna. Däremot uppstod tydliga problem och skillnader gällande användarvänligheten och det framkom kritik mot innehållets mottagaranpassning. I båda undersökningarna värderade informanterna sina sammanfattande helhetsintryck på ett liknande sätt, vilket visar på ett samlat resultat där en av webbplatserna värderades som bäst medan en bedömdes ge sämst intryck.

This thesis-project aims to research the possibilities of new wireless technologies in general control-situations. We have studied different existing control protocols, and developed a new protocol focusing on textbased menus. Our protocol is scaleable, easy to implement, and platform- and media independent. Since our protocol supports Plug and Play with dynamically allocated id’s, it does not require a unique id in the hardware. To test the protocol we have developed a prototype system, consisting of a mobile phone connected to a server, which in turn is connected to two slave units, controlling peripheral equipment on 220 Volt. The phone is an Ericsson T28, equipped with a Bluetooth unit. The server is runningthe real-time OS eCos on an ARM 7TDMI Evaluation Kit, and the slave units consist of two developer boards equipped with PIC-processors. Communication between the phone and the server is done over Bluetooth. However we did not find a working Bluetooth protocol stack ported to eCos, so a serial cable was used instead. Communication between the server and the slaves is done over a RS-485 serial network which simulates the traffic over a radio-network. The results show that our protocol is working, and that our system would be easy to implement, cheap to produce and very scalable.

Covid-19 medförde att skolundervisningen behövde flytta sin verksamhet till distans, för att minska på smittspridningen. Det resulterade i att alla studenter och lärare behövde flytta arbetet till det digitala. Rapportens syfte är undersöka hur kommunikationen mellan lärare och studenter har påverkats när utbildning sker digitalt. Rapporten undersöker även hur inlärningsprocessen hos studenter påverkas av att utbildningen är på distans. Studien bygger på en induktiv ansats där intervjuer genomfördes med nio stycken studenter och tre stycken lärare samt en dokumentundersökning. Dokumentundersökningen utgjorde rapportens litteraturkapitel och intervjuerna som genomfördes bildade rapportens empiri. Empirin användes sedan för att analysera den litteratur som samlades in. Resultatet visar på skillnader hur studenter uppfattar att kommunikationen är i dagsläget samt hur lärarna uppfattar situationen. Studentens kommunikation med läraren har försämrats då den har uteblivit helt eller övergått till en svårtolkad textkonversation. Lärarnas upplevelser är att kommunikationen har förflyttats till Zoom. Studentens inlärning har visats sig ha en negativ effekt under en digital utbildning då hemmiljön har många störningsmoment. / Covid-19 resulted in schools needing to move their operation to a distance education, to reduce the spread of the Covid-19 virus. It resulted in all students and teachers needing to adapt to a digital environment. The purpose of the report is to gain an increased understanding on how the communication between a teacher and a student is affected, when the education takes place remotely. The report also examines how the learning process affects students when they have to study remotely. The report builds on an inductive approach where interviews were conducted with nine students and three teachers and also a document survey. The document survey constituted the literature chapter and the interviews who were conducted formed the reports empirical. The empirical was later used for analyzing the literature that was collected. The result points out the difference between how students perceive the communication today and how the teacher perceives the situation. The student's communication with the teacher has deteriorated as it has disappeared completely or turned into a difficult text interpretation conversation. The teachers' experiences are that the communication has been moved to Zoom. Student's learning has shown to have a negative effect during a digital education, because in a home environment there are a lot of distractions.

As a consequence of the Covid-19 global pandemic, many occupational groups have been forced to readjust to teleworking. This has resulted in meetings held through different digital platforms, such as smartphones and video-meetings, instead of seeing each other physically face-to-face. This study aims to investigate social workers' experience of performing social work from home based on the aspects of relationship and communication. Central questions that are covered is how collegial- and client relationships are affected when digital means of communication becomes the leading way to communicate. Previous research that is referred to in this study illustrates aspects such as how relationships are affected when communication is done through digital means, what social workers' work situation looks like and the importance of relationships at work for social workers. The theories that are used in this study is symbolic interactionism, communication theory and control-demand-support. The study is based on the qualitative research method semi-structured interviews, containing six participants. The results of this study shows that performing work from home has both positive and negative aspects. Teleworking social workers have a need for social interaction and support from colleagues. Also, physical encounters are perceived as important when it comes to the assessment of clients, but the more established the relationship is, the less of a need for physical encounters. Having client contact from home can generate a negative feeling that clients comes to close, while for others an emotional distance is created through the calming effect of the home environment. / På grund av omständigheterna med covid-19 har organiseringen av arbetet kommit till att ställas om till distansarbete för flera yrkesgrupper ute i samhället. Detta har bland annat inneburit möten via digitala medier, som till exempel mobiltelefon och videomöten istället för att mötas fysiskt. Denna studie undersöker socialsekreterares upplevelse av att utföra socialt arbete på distans utifrån aspekter relation och kommunikation. Centrala frågor som behandlas i är hur kollegiala relationer och klientrelationer påverkas när digitala kommunikationsmedel blir det ledande sättet att kommunicera på. Den tidigare forskning som hänvisas till i denna studie belyser aspekter av bland annat relationsskapande när kommunikationen sker digitalt, hur socialarbetares arbetssituation ser ut och vad vikten av relationer på arbetet innebär för socialarbetare. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna i denna studie är symbolisk interaktionism, kommunikationsteori och krav-kontroll-socialt stöd. Studien är baserad på en kvalitativ forskningsmetod där sex stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts. Socialsekreterare som arbetar på distans har ett behov av fysisk social samvaro och stöd från kollegor, att fysiska träffar upplevs som viktiga vid bedömningar av klienter, men ju mer etablerad relation desto mindre behov av fysiska träffar har man. Det visade sig även att utförandet av klientrelaterat socialt arbete hemifrån kunde ge en negativ känsla av att klienter kommer för nära, medan för andra skapades en emotionell distans genom hemmiljöns lugnande inverkan.

Elitidrottssponsring är ett kraftfullt marknadsföringsverktyg som företag använder sig av för att generera intresse, engagemang och lönsamhet, där allt mer idag sker i snabbt utvecklande digitala miljöer. Tidigare forskning har identifierat fem steg som utgör sponsringsprocessen, men det har däremot inte beskrivits hur den allt mer påverkande digitala kommunikationen påverkar elitidrottssponsorer i sponsringsprocessen. Syftet med studien är att beskriva hur elitidrottssponsorer påverkas av digital kommunikation i arbetet med sponsringsprocessen. För att uppnå detta har en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med en tolkande analys tillämpats. Studiens teoretiska ramverk baseras på sponsringsprocessens delar, och digital kommunikation. Empirimaterialet är insamlat från semistrukturerade intervjuer med representanter från fyra företag som sponsrar elitidrott. Studien visar att företagen arbetar systematiskt i sponsringsprocessen, som i allt högre grad präglas av digital kommunikation. Uttryck och omfattning på hur digital kommunikation påverkar arbetet varierar under sponsringsprocessen, men bidrar generellt med ökad affärsmässighet. Sponsringsprocessens inledande målsättning, primärt kopplat till högre krav på ROI och stärkt varumärke att kommunicera digitalt, genomsyrar beslut som fattas under processen. Företag påverkas som mest av digital kommunikation i sponsorförvärvet- och implementeringen, då arbetsstrategier anpassas till ökad konkurrens på marknaden och utveckling av användandet av nya digitala kommunikationsplattformar, såsom sociala medier. Digital kommunikation präglar även analys av centrala parametrar i sponsringsprocessen, främst kopplat till budgetering och utvärdering. Slutligen rapporteras vikten av att balansera kundcentrering och analog verkan, med ett tillvaratagande och utvecklande av strategier för digital kommunikation. Studiens implikationer främjas av att en modell som integrerar digital kommunikation i sponsringsprocessen presenteras. / Elite sports sponsorship is a powerful marketing tool that companies use to generate interest, engagement and profitability. Today, a revolutionizing big part of it takes place in rapidly developing digital environments. Previous research has identified five parts that constitute the sponsorship process, but it has not been described how digital communication affects elite sports sponsors in the sponsorship process. The purpose of the study is to describe how companies sponsoring elite athletes are influenced by digital communication when working in the sponsorship process. To achieve this, a qualitative research method with an interpretive analysis has been used. The theoretical framework is based on the sponsorship process, and digital communication. The empirical material is collected from semi-structured interviews with elite sport sponsors. The study shows that companies work systematically in the sponsorship process, which is increasingly influenced by digital communication. The expression of and extent to which digital communication influences varies during the sponsorship process, but overall, it contributes with increased commercialism. The initiating goal setting, mainly connected to higher demands on ROI and a strong brand to communicate digitally, perpetuates the decisions during the process. Companies are mostly influenced by digital communication in the sponsorship acquisition and implementation, as they adapt to increased competition and develop the use of digital communication platforms, such as social media. Digital communication also characterizes how companies analyze key figures, mainly in budgeting and evaluation. Finally, the importance of balancing customer centricity and operating analogically, with using and developing a strategy for digital communication is reported. The implications of the study are furthered by presenting a model integrating digital communication in the sponsorship process.