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141	Investiční politika Evropské unie - ochrana přímých zahraničních investic / Investment Policy of the European Union - protection of foreign direct investment Štamberk, David January 2017 (has links) Investment Policy of the European Union - protection of foreign direct investment Abstract One of the changes brought about by the Lisbon Treaty is the explicit inclusion of foreign direct investment and its protection in the common commercial policy of the European Union. This is one of the areas of exclusive competence of the EU. The European Union has subsequently stated negotiating bilateral agreements governing, inter alia, investment issues. However, it has not been spared from controversy and negative publicity that has been accompanying especially the TTIP and the CETA. This work aims to analyse the investment policy of the EU and mutual interaction of its institutions with the Member States and third parties. After general introduction to the topic of international investment law and EU law (chapters II. and III.), it is devoted to the issue of protection of foreign investment in the internal market. Its regime is then compared with the BIT regime (chapter IV.). Attention is then focussed towards the EU's external relations in the field of investment protection. Its competence is subjected to further analysis (chapter V.) and current results of efforts of the Commission and the EU as such are also discussed (chapter VI.). It is so in the light of possible impacts of foreign investment in terms of...
142	Elektronické právní jednání: Srovnávací analýza s důrazem na využití elektronického podpisu podle práva EU, České republiky a Německa / Electronic Legal Transaction: Comparative analysis with emphasis on the use of electronic signature under the EU law and laws of the Czech Republic and Germany Kment, Vojtěch January 2018 (has links) Electronic Legal Transaction: Comparative analysis with emphasis on the use of electronic signature under the EU law and laws of the Czech Republic and Germany Abstract (English) Objectives. This thesis provides a comparative analysis of electronic legal transactions under the EU law and laws of the Czech Republic and Germany, while emphasising the utilisation of higher versions of electronic signature, especially of a qualified electronic signature, which has legal effects of a handwritten signature in legal transactions performed by electronic means (Chapters 6 to 10). At the same time, increased attention is also paid to entirely novel concepts of advanced and qualified electronic seal, which are intended exclusively for use by juristic persons. The laws under scrutiny are based especially on recently adopted Regulation (EU) No 910/2014, known as eIDAS. To provide a general background, the comparative analysis is preceded by a theoretical part (Chapters 2 to 4, partially Chapter 5), dealing with the concept of legal transactions (also termed "legal acts" or "legal action") in general, while also focusing on the traditional handwritten signature and its functions, especially in view of the German and Czech legal doctrines and with occasional references to common law, as well as to requirements ensuing...
143	Implementeringen av koldioxidsnåla och klimatpositiva benchmarks samt ESG-relaterad transparens i BMR : en kritisk granskning av kommissionens föreslagna ändringar av Benchmarkförordningen och dess förenlighet med de åsyftade ändamålen / The implementation of low carbon & positive carbon impact benchmarks and ESG transparency in the BMR : a critical review of the Commission's proposed changes to the Benchmark regulation and its comparability with the intended objectives Botshinda, Amelia January 2020 (has links) Vi lever i en tid präglad av drastiska klimatförändringar och ökade utsläpp av växthusgaser, där klimatångest har kommit att bli ett problem som tycks drabba såväl privatpersoner som företag. Allteftersom vår medvetenhet för samtidens klimathot ökar, har även hållbarhet fått en allt större betydelse för europeiska investerare. En tydlig konsekvens härav är den kraftiga ökningen av antalet hållbarhetsindex som identifierats på finansmarknaden. Hållbarhetsindex används ofta som komponent i passiva investeringsstrategier eller som verktyg för att mäta prestationen av olika värdepapper i en portfölj, och får på så vis funktionen av ett benchmark. Metoden för att utveckla såväl hållbara index som benchmarks kan emellertid variera, vilket ofta beror på att klimatrelaterad information kan vara extremt komplex att omvandla till finansiellt relaterbara värden. Svårigheterna härom har således minskat marknadens förtroende för sådana investeringsalternativ, trots den ökade benägenheten hos investerare att ta hänsyn till hållbarhet även i finansiella sammanhang. Bristande lagstiftning inom området föranledde Europeiska kommissionen att upprätta ett förslag om ändring av Benchmarkförordningen år 2018, som en del av sin handlingsplan för finansiering av hållbar tillväxt. Förordningen reglerar i dagsläget främst administratörer av benchmarks, vilka innehar det övergripande juridiska ansvaret för ett benchmark. Med förslaget införs nya kategorier för koldioxidsnåla och klimatpositiva benchmarks samt en reviderad transparensreglering som förpliktigar administratörer att offentliggöra hur de beaktar hållbarhet i sin metod och referensvärdesdeklaration. Även om förslaget välkomnats av flertalet aktörer, föreligger anledning att ifrågasätta huruvida marknaden kommer kunna förhålla sig till de ambitiösa ändringarna, samt om effekten av reglerna blir den som kommissionen eftersträvat. I uppsatsen identifieras och diskuteras de potentiella utmaningarna med förslagets ikraftträdande, vilka sedermera analyseras i förhållande till de åsyftade ändamålen med reglerna. Kritik riktas i uppsatsen främst mot förordningens bristande möjligheter att hålla andra aktörer ansvariga, eftersom uppfyllandet av de nya reglerna inte enbart är beroende av administratörernas eget agerande. Vidare konstateras att marknaden inledningsvis kommer att få stora svårigheter med insamling och verifiering av den klimatrelaterade information som är avgörande för användningen av miljövänliga benchmarks. Sett ur ett långsiktigt perspektiv tros emellertid ändringarna kunna skapa goda förutsättningar för en bättre inkludering av hållbarhet på finansmarknaden, utan kompromiss av ett konsument- eller investerarskydd. Law business law financial law EU law Benchmark regulation BMR benchmark index index fund sustainable investments sustainability environmentally friendly ESG Environmental Social Governance Sustainable Action Plan EU Taxonomy Scope 3 transparency benchmark statement market abuse regulation. Juridik affärsjuridik EU-rätt finansrätt Benchmarkförordningen BMR benchmark referensvärde riktmärke index indexfond gröna fonder hållbarhet miljövänlig ESG hållbara investering EU-taxonomin Taxonomiförordningen Scope 3 transparens referensvärdesdeklaration administratör vilseledande marknadsmissbruk marknadsmissbruksförordningen MAR. Law and Society Juridik och samhälle
144	Elektronické právní jednání: Srovnávací analýza s důrazem na využití elektronického podpisu podle práva EU, České republiky a Německa / Electronic Legal Transaction: Comparative analysis with emphasis on the use of electronic signature under the EU law and laws of the Czech Republic and Germany Kment, Vojtěch January 2018 (has links) Electronic Legal Transaction: Comparative analysis with emphasis on the use of electronic signature under the EU law and laws of the Czech Republic and Germany Abstract (English) Objectives. This thesis provides a comparative analysis of electronic legal transactions under the EU law and laws of the Czech Republic and Germany, while emphasising the utilisation of higher versions of electronic signature, especially of a qualified electronic signature, which has legal effects of a handwritten signature in legal transactions performed by electronic means (Chapters 6 to 10). At the same time, increased attention is also paid to entirely novel concepts of advanced and qualified electronic seal, which are intended exclusively for use by juristic persons. The laws under scrutiny are based especially on recently adopted Regulation (EU) No 910/2014, known as eIDAS. To provide a general background, the comparative analysis is preceded by a theoretical part (Chapters 2 to 4, partially Chapter 5), dealing with the concept of legal transactions (also termed "legal acts" or "legal action") in general, while also focusing on the traditional handwritten signature and its functions, especially in view of the German and Czech legal doctrines and with occasional references to common law, as well as to requirements ensuing...
145	Extern granskning av gröna obligationer : Huruvida regulatoriska förändringar vad gäller betygsättning av gröna obligationer kan gynna marknaden för gröna obligationer / External review of green bonds : Whether regulatory changes in the rating of green bonds can benefit the green bond market Lindgren, Jessica January 2021 (has links) Genom styrning av finansiella medel har gröna obligationer fått en viktig roll i utvecklingen mot ett miljömässigt hållbart samhälle. Extern granskning av gröna obligationer styrs idag genom frivilliga marknadsstandarder, varav GBP är den vanligaste. Dessutom har EU nyligen presenterat en egen frivillig standard med särskild tillsyn. Bättre tillgång till klimatrelaterad information samt tydliga och gemensamma definitioner av gröna aktiviteter är förutsättningar för att investerare mer effektivt ska flytta kapital till miljömässigt hållbara verksamheter för att stötta omställningen till en mindre fossilbaserad ekonomi. I den här uppsatsen visas att dagens betygsättning, olika bedömningsmetoder till trots, torde vara relativt pålitlig, men att det finns utrymme att önska högre jämförbarhet och därmed ökad investerartillit. Tydligare marknadsstandarder kan vara en viktig aspekt för att öka betygens pålitlighet allt eftersom marknaden för gröna obligationer expanderar. Analysen visar att lagstiftning som leder till ökad mängd publicerad granskning genom gröna betyg torde gynna transparensen samtidigt som ryktesrisken vid intressekonflikter bör innebära motvillighet gentemot felaktig bedömning. Samtidigt kan överdriven reglering begränsa möjligheterna för innovation, utveckling och expansion av marknaden som helhet. Det torde därmed vara i lagstiftarens intresse att inte införa alltför sträng reglering, eftersom risk att inte kunna uppnå den finansiering av klimatmålen som önskas då uppstår. Eftersom gröna obligationer är ett internationellt fenomen behöver världens länder arbeta tillsammans mot gemensamma standarder i syfte att nå klimatmålen. I det fall tvingande reglering ska införas bör den vara på som lägst EU-nivå. För marknadsbalans mellan aktörerna och jämförbarhet mellan obligationerna är det viktigt att regleringen inte upplevs otydlig. Regleringen måste dessutom vara generell och så pass flexibel att den kan möta teknologisk utveckling och förändrade förhållanden på marknaderna utan att processen blir för långdragen. Så länge målet är att ha en europeisk kapitalmarknad där aktörerna kan tillhandahålla finansiella tjänster nationsövergripande krävs finansiell tillsyn som inte stannar vid nationsgränserna. På sikt torde Esma vara lämpligast att överse samtliga granskare av gröna obligationer verksamma på den europeiska marknaden. För detta krävs utökad reglering som ger Esma ökad behörighet såväl som ökade resurser för att effektivt kunna utföra tillsynsarbetet. / Through the management of financial resources, green bonds have received an important role in the development towards an environmentally sustainable society. External review of green bonds is today subject to voluntary market standards, of which GBP is the most common. In addition, the EU has recently presented its own voluntary standard, which includes supervision. Better access to climate-related information and clear and harmonised definitions of green activities are prerequisites for investors to move capital more efficiently to environmentally sustainable businesses to support the transition to a less fossil-based economy. With this paper it is shown that the current rating, despite different assessment methods, should be relatively reliable, but that there is room to wish for higher comparability and thus increased investor confidence. Clearer market standards can be an important aspect in increasing the reliability of ratings as the market for green bonds expands. The analysis shows that legislation that leads to an increased number of published reviews through green ratings should promote transparency, while the risk of rumors in the event of conflicts of interest should imply reluctance to make incorrect assessments. At the same time, excessive regulation may limit the opportunities for innovation, development and expansion of the market as a whole. Thus, it should be in the interest of the legislator not to introduce a regulation which is too strict, as the risk of not being able to achieve the desired financing of the climate goals then arises. As green bonds are an international phenomenon, all countries need to work together towards common standards in order to achieve the purpose of the climate goals. In the event that mandatory regulation is to be introduced, it should at least be at EU level. For market balance between the market participants as well as comparability between the bonds, it is important that the regulation is not perceived as unclear. In addition, regulation must be general and flexible enough to meet technological developments and new market conditions without the process becoming too lengthy. As long as the goal is to have a European capital market where market participants can provide financial services nationwide, financial supervision that does not stop at national borders is required. In the long run, ESMA should be the most appropriate authority to oversee all examiners of green bonds operating in the European market. This requires increased regulation that gives ESMA increased authority, as well as increased resources in order to be able to carry out the supervisory work effectively. Law business law financial law EU law sustainability financial sustainability sustainable investments environmentally friendly Sustainable Action Plan EU Taxonomy Greenwashing ICMA Green Bond Principles GBP EU Green Bond Standard EU GBS EU Taxonomy transparency ratings grades green rating credit rating second opinion credit rating agency conflict of interest external review ESA ESMA Juridik affärsjuridik EU-rätt finansrätt hållbarhet miljövänlig hållbara investeringar grönmålning ICMA Green Bond Principles GBP EU Green Bond Standard EU GBS EU-taxonomin Taxonomiförordningen transparens betyg gröna betyg andrahandsutlåtande kreditbetyg kreditvärderingsinstitut intressekonflikter extern granskning tillsyn ESA ESMA. Law Juridik
146	De grundläggande rättsprinciperna vid direktupphandling : HFD 2018 ref. 60 och EU-rätten / The General Principles of Swedish Direct Awards : HFD 2018 ref. 60 and EU Law Lignell, Elias January 2022 (has links) This thesis examines the general principles in European Union (EU) public procurement law, as they apply to Swedish direct awards of low value, outside the scope of the EU procurement directives. A combination of Swedish and EU legal methodology is used to investigate two overarching themes. Firstly, the two different legal bases of the general principles, in the light of the Court of Justice of the EU’s definition of cross-border interest, as well as the Swedish implementation. Secondly, the central substantive consequences imposed by the principles on direct awards. The only national precedent on the subject, HFD 2018 ref. 60 of the Supreme Administrative Court, is both utilised and criticised against the backdrop of EU law to paint a picture of the principles’ inner workings in a direct award context. Pertaining to the first theme, an analysis of the applicability of EU primary law on direct awards is undertaken in order to distinguish the legal bases of the principles. If a contract is of certain cross-border interest, the general principles flow directly from EU law. In the absence of such an interest, the principles are exclusively based in Swedish law, which nationally extends the EU principles to all procurement (gold-plating). Overall, contracts valued below a quarter of the applicable EU directive threshold usually lack certain cross-border interest, unless there are concrete indications of the opposite. As a result, most direct awards fall outside the scope of EU law. An awareness of the legal bases of the principles is relevant to avoid breaches of EU primary law. It is argued that the Swedish gold-plated implementation of the general principles causes unnecessary uncertainty, and that separate national principles should be introduced outside the scope of EU primary law. As for the second theme, a thorough analysis concludes that the principles do not prohibit direct awards given without any exposure to competition, as long as the contracts are of low enough value. Direct awards can therefore be conducted through direct contact with a single supplier, in accordance with the legislative aims of the procedure. This may not be the case for social and other specific services of relatively high value. Nonetheless, the principles still affect direct awards, for instance in prohibiting flagrant cases of differential treatment without objective justification, based in arbitrary or corrupt decision-making. Unfortunately, these requirements are able to be circumvented due to the wide discretion given to procuring entities. On the other hand, if a direct award procedure is voluntarily advertised, the principles have greater practical significance. Still, the requirements in such cases are more lenient than in ordinary procurement procedures. public procurement government procurement direct award Sweden general principles legal principles EU law primary law CJEU ECJ certain cross-border interest threshold gold plating procedure competition low value contract offentlig upphandling upphandlingsrätt LOU LUF direktupphandling grundläggande rättsprinciper grundläggande principer allmänna principer upphandlingsrättsliga principer principer för direktupphandling upphandlingsprinciperna HFD 2018 ref. 60 EU-rätt primärrätt överskjutande implementering bestämt gränsöverskridande intresse kravet på insyn likabehandlingsprincipen icke-diskriminering proportionalitetsprincipen öppenhetsprincipen konkurrensprincipen olikbehandling likabehandling nationella principer frivillig annonsering direkttilldelning icke-direktivstyrd direktupphandlingsgräns tröskelvärde lågt värde anbudsinfordran konkurrensutsättning icke-konkurrensutsatt 19 a kap 19 a kap. 8 § rättsmedel överprövning obligatoriska krav sammanblandning EUF-fördraget FEUF EU-domstolen EU-rättslig metod rättsdogmatisk metod effet utile teleologisk tolkning affärsmässighet handlingsfrihet rättssäkerhet korruption Law Juridik Law (excluding Law and Society)

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Investiční politika Evropské unie - ochrana přímých zahraničních investic / Investment Policy of the European Union - protection of foreign direct investment

De grundläggande rättsprinciperna vid direktupphandling : HFD 2018 ref. 60 och EU-rätten / The General Principles of Swedish Direct Awards : HFD 2018 ref. 60 and EU Law