Design Thinking (designtänkande) är ett kundfokuserat förhållningssätt som används för att stödja innovation. Sedan starten har designtänkandet utvecklats från ett rättframt sätt att lösa tekniska designproblem till en komplex paraplykonstruktion för innovation och förhållningssättet har genom åren blivit ett allmänt accepterat och målinriktat tillvägagångssätt för effektiv produktutveckling. Flera av de praktiska användningsfallen som finns tillgängliga om designtänkande i forskning hänvisar till ett enskilt fall för att lösa specifika problem eller dess tillämpning i business-tocustomer företag. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att kritiskt undersöka hur designtänkande kunde implementeras i ett business-to-business (B2B)-företag med välutvecklade produktutvecklingsprocesser för att balansera kundfokus med produkt strategi. För att förstå effekterna av designtänkande i sådana företag undersöktes hinder som förhindrar designtänkandets implementering och möjligheterna med att införa det med hjälp av en fallstudie på Mycronic AB-kontoret i Täby, Sverige. Materialet i studien samlades in genom interna och externa kvalitativa intervjuer. Resultaten från intervjuerna användes för att föreslå ett ramverk och ett pilotprogram för att stödja Mycronic att införa principer för designtänkande i sin befintliga PDP. Målet med ramverket är att skapa förutsättningar för ett B2B-företag att anpassa sin produktutvecklingsprocess till designprinciper för att bättre förstå slutkundernas explicita och outtalade behov och behoven hos interna intressenter samt för att öka förmågan att identifiera rätt initiativ i ett tidigt skede av ett projekt. / Design Thinking (DT) is a customer centric approach for managing innovation. Since its inception, design thinking has evolved from a straight forward approach to solve engineering design problems into a complex umbrella construct for innovation and has over the years been widely accepted as a goal-oriented approach for effective product development. Several of the practical use cases available in the existing design thinking discourse refer to oneoff case for solving specific problems or its application in a business-to-customer set-up. Thepurpose of this master thesis was to critically examine how design thinking could be implementedin a business to business (B2B) company with well-developed product development processes(PDP) to balance customer centricity with product strategy. To understand the impact of design thinking in such companies, barriers preventing design thinking's implementation and the opportunities enabling its implementation were explored using a single case study approach at Mycronic AB office at Täby, Sweden. The material for the case study was gathered through internal and external qualitative interviews. The results from these interviews were used to propose a framework and pilot programs that would facilitate Mycronic to introduce design thinking principles to its existing product development process. The goal of the framework is to empowera business-to-business company with well-developed product development processes to adapt design thinking principles so as to increase their understanding of end customers' spoken and unspoken needs, recognize the needs of internal stakeholders, and improve their ability to secure the right initiatives in the early phase of a project.

The purpose of this study was to investigate breast cancer patients’ experiences of their illness and of traditional nursing care (TNC) or supportive nursing care (SNC) respectively, as well as nurses' experiences of support and of caring for cancer patients. An intervention including extended co-operation between the surgical ward and primary health care, shorter waiting times, and changed routines concerning the information about the diagnosis, as well as training and systematic clinical supervision for the nurses, was implemented. Newly diagnosed breast cancer patients (n=47) from two county councils in the south-east of Sweden were interviewed (IV, V). Thirty-four of them completed scales about well-being, burnout, hopelessness, anxiety and depression (VII). The women who had TNC reported lack of professional support during the initial phase of the disease and suggested changes in the care similar to those implemented in the SNC. In the SNC group the women expressed feelings of safety and security after the professional support and the organizational changes in the care. There were significantly more single women and women who had had breast conserving surgery in the SNC group than in the TNC (VII). The hopelessness scores in the SNC group were significantly higher than in the TNC group. Thirty-nine district nurses (DNs) were interviewed at baseline (I), and thirty-three of them completed scales about burnout, empathy, and sense of coherence (SOC) before and after systematic clinical supervision (VI). Twenty-three of the 39 DNs, as well as 9 hospital nurses (HNs) who participated in the clinical supervision, were interviewed about their experiences of this intervention (III). Twenty-nine tape-recorded supervision sessions in three groups of DNs (n=23) were analysed (II). Baseline interviews and analyses of the content of the supervisory sessions strongly emphasized that DNs experienced problems in the home care of seriously ill cancer patients. Deep human contacts were a source of both strain and enrichment. The clinical supervision was said to provide relief from undesirable thoughts and feelings, confirmation of themselves both as individuals and in their professional role, a broader and deeper knowledge and increased self-confidence. There were no significant differences in the burnout, empathy, and SOC scores between the supervisory group (n=21) and a comparison group (n=12) at the first and second measures, nor over time within the groups. There were some correlations between these phenomena and the Karolinska scales of personality, as well as cor­relations between burnout, empathy and SOC. The groups of women were not entirely similar as regards demographic and medical characteristics, and the sample size of patients and nurses was small. It is obvious that patients in the TNC missed those factors that were implemented in the SNC, at the same time the latter women expressed hopelessness more often than those who had received TNC. This result may be due to the fact that support from nurses had made the women more prepared to express their feelings, that support had not been provided to an adequate extent or in the right way, or that the applied scales were not appropriate. The finding that the nurses experienced the clinical supervision as very positive but that, despite this, there were no significant differences in attitudes measured by scales within or between the groups, can be interpreted in a similar way. Consequently, further research is needed to judge the effects of intervention. The study has, above all, produced qualitative descriptions of patients' experiences of the nursing care after discharge from hospital, and of DNs’ experiences of the care of cancer patients in their homes, and of systematic clinical supervision. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1995, härtill 7 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu

Text in Afrikaans / The research was directed at setting up guidelines for the counsellor dealing with the adolescent in a multicultural environment. The supposition of the study was that the adolescent in a multicultural environment should be treated by the counsellor with cultural empathy, understanding and insight. This process should be free from stereotyping and prejudice. Guidelines were set up using a combination of Gestalt philosophical principles, existing literature and semi-structured interviews with cultural therapy experts. For the purpose of this study Thomas and Rothman's intervention research model was applied. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to gain information on the adolescent in therapy, which was combined with information found in literature in order to set up guidelines for counsellors. The researcher concludes that the counsellor dealing with the adolescent in a multicultural environment, has to possess sufficient cultural knowledge, cultural efficiency and cultural empathy to achieve a successful theurapeutic outcome. Guidelines for the counsellor who works with adolescents in a multicultural environment were set up successfully to bridge the current lack of knowledge in the field. / Social Work / M. Diac (Play Therapy)

Training in psychotherapy needs to involve more than merely skills and techniques. The field of psychotherapy needs to involve more than the application of formulas in a modernistic framework. This study proposes an approach to training in psychotherapy where the emphasis is on the client and the therapeutic relationship. Psychotherapy training should be an ongoing process and this study aims to facilitate and enhance that process for students. The study combines basic therapeutic skills and interpersonal psychotherapy to form a training programme referred to as the Basic Relational Skills Training (BRST) programme. The first part of the study provides a historical perspective of basic therapeutic skills, followed by a review of the relevant literature. The second part of the study constitutes a possible format for a training manual for the proposed BRST programme. The researcher hopes that the proposed BRST programme be utilised by trainers to assess the programme's efficacy. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

This research was undertaken to analyse and evaluate the nature and quality of the role of parents in terms of the development of emotional intelligence in their adolescents. The results of this study indicate that emotional intelligence does appear to be higher in adolescents who have been exposed to a caregiver whose predominant style of parenting is that of an emotion coach. Parenting style therefore, appears to be related to a nurturant interaction with open communication and empathy. The adolescents who displayed less of the characteristics of emotional intelligence and experienced a low self-concept, perceived their primary caregivers as less empathetic, as communicating their emotions less effectively and as less able to put strategies into place to deal with their emotions. The researcher recognised limitations of the research and made recommendations on ways in which parents and adolescents can create more suitable environments for the development of emotional intelligence. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

Il est reconnu que le développement social des enfants et des adolescents est soutenu par l’évolution des capacités cognitives et sociocognitives en interaction avec les expériences relationnelles quotidiennes. Ce développement offrirait une compréhension de plus en plus vaste du monde social et culturel, permettant aux individus de s’intégrer à la société en tant que citoyen autonome et responsable au début de l’âge adulte. Malgré la validité de ce portrait global, il reste beaucoup à comprendre sur l’influence entre les capacités cognitives (ex. : fonctions exécutives) et sociocognitives (ex. : raisonnement moral (RM), théorie de l’esprit (TdE), reconnaissance des émotions) durant le développement, ainsi que sur leur impact individuel et additif sur le comportement social. Encore moins d’informations existent sur ces interactions dans le cadre du développement atypique, comme celui des jeunes présentant des troubles neurodéveloppementaux. L’objectif général de cette thèse est donc d’explorer les interrelations entre les différentes composantes du fonctionnement exécutif (FE) et de la cognition sociale chez les jeunes et leur contribution à l’adaptation sociale. Le but des travaux est aussi d’observer les effets potentiels d’un développement déficitaire de ces fonctions dans le contexte d’un trouble neurodéveloppemental, le Syndrome de Gilles de la Tourette (SGT). Cette thèse est composée de trois articles empiriques concernant trois études qui abordent ces objectifs généraux. Les deux premières études explorent le FE, la cognition sociale et les tendances d’interaction sociale chez des enfants neurotypiques de 6 à 12 ans. La première étude, centrée sur les interrelations entre les capacités cognitives et sociocognitives, montre que la maturité du RM est associée positivement au FE, à la reconnaissance des émotions et à la TdE. Le FE et la cognition sociale contribueraient de manière significative à la maturité du RM et joueraient un rôle médiateur dans la relation entre l’âge et le RM. La deuxième étude, plus centrée sur les tendances comportementales dans la vie quotidienne, montre que le FE quotidien joue un rôle médiateur qui expliquerait partiellement le lien entre l’empathie et les tendances prosociales des enfants et complètement le lien avec leurs tendances agressives. La troisième étude montre pour la première fois l’existence d’un fonctionnement plus pauvre de la TdE chez les jeunes ayant le SGT. Ces jeunes présentent également un moins bon FE quotidien et plus de difficultés et comportementales, notamment au niveau des aspects sociaux. Cette étude révèle des liens entre le RM des jeunes atteints du SGT et leur flexibilité cognitive, fluence verbale et FE quotidien, de même qu’avec la sévérité de leurs tics et leurs difficultés sociales. Les difficultés de comportement sont expliquées en grande partie par la sévérité des tics, le FE et la cognition sociale. Ensemble, les données des études présentées dans cette thèse contribuent à établir un portrait plus détaillé des relations réciproques entre le FE, la cognition sociale et l’adaptation sociale, lors du développement typique et atypique. Les résultats offrent de nouvelles pistes pour la compréhension clinique des difficultés d’adaptation sociale précoce et suggère un fondement empirique pour l’élaboration de programmes d’intervention sur les compétences sociales. / It is recognized that the social development of children and youth is supported by improvements in their cognitive and social cognitive abilities, which are driven by everyday interpersonal experiences. This development provides a broader understanding of the social and cultural world, allowing individuals to become integrated members of society and autonomous and responsible citizens in early adulthood. Despite the validity of this overall picture, there is still much to be learned about the mutual influence between cognitive (e.g.,executive functions) and socio-cognitive abilities (e.g., theory of mind, moral reasoning, emotion recognition) during development, as well as their individual and additive impact on social behavior. Even less is known about these interactions in the context of atypical development, such as in youth with neurodevelopmental disorders. The main objective of this thesis is to explore the reciprocal associations between different components of executive functioning (EF) and social cognition in youth and their contribution to social adaptation. We also aimed to observe the potential effects of impaired development of these functions in a neurodevelopmental disorder, Tourette’s Syndrome (TS). This thesis is composed of three empirical articles pertaining to three studies that address these main objectives. The first two studies explore EF, social cognition and social interaction patterns among neurotypical children aged 6 to 12 years. The first study focuses on the interrelations between cognitive and social cognitive abilities, showing that moral reasoning (MR) maturity is positively associated with EF, emotion recognition and theory of mind. EF and social cognition contribute significantly to the MR maturity and play a mediating role in the relationship between age and MR. The second study, which focuses more on behavioral patterns in everyday life, shows that everyday EF plays a mediating role that partly explains the link between empathy and prosocial tendencies in children and completely explains the link with their aggressive tendencies. The third study shows for the first time that theory of mind skills are poorer among youth with TS, and they have reduced everyday EF and more emotional and behavioral difficulties, particularly in the social domain. This study also reveals links between the MR skills of youth with TS and their cognitive flexibility, verbal fluency, everyday EF, tic severity and social difficulties. Social difficulties in this group are largely explained by tic severity, EFand social cognition. Overall, the results of the studies presented in this thesis contribute to building a more comprehensive picture of the interrelationship between EF, social cognition and social adaptation during typical and atypical development. The findings offer new avenues for improving our clinical understanding of early social adjustment difficulties and provide an empirical basis for the development of social skills intervention programs.

L’étude de la mémoire, du point de vue de son fonctionnement et de ses troubles, entre neurosciences cognitives et psychanalyse, avec comme maillon intermédiaire la psychologie développementale, permet une lecture d’éléments entrant en résonance les uns avec les autres ainsi qu’une matière composite propre à enrichir l’ensemble de ces disciplines. Il ne s’agit pas d’effectuer un amalgame de concepts dont la source est différente, mais de saisir comment des analogies entre ces concepts peuvent créer un nouvel espace pour une compréhension des processus de représentation et de façon corollaire pour une compréhension des processus de la mémoire. Pour entrer dans le champ des troubles de la mémoire, cette étude met en évidence deux fils rouges, la désarticulation du système perception-conscience en tant qu’elle est la signature des phénomènes psychiques dans lesquels prédomine un amorçage perceptif et l’émotion en tant qu’elle est un processus dont l’aboutissement conduit à la création des représentations de choses. Celles-ci marquent l’entrée du moi naissant dans une temporalité primaire, nécessaire à la future mémoire des souvenirs dont le développement est plus tardif au niveau des processus cérébraux. D’un point de vue psychique, la seule maturité cérébrale n’est pas suffisante pour la production des souvenirs, leur entrée dans le champ de la conscience passe par des conditions d’admissibilité de l’affect, encore faut-il qu’une représentation de l’affect ait été produite. Des hypothèses de travail sous-tendent l’élaboration de trois cas cliniques. Elles sont fondées sur la nécessité de la présence empathique de l’objet maternel primaire dans les états précoces de la psyché, afin de soutenir l’œuvre des processus de représentation et conséquemment celle des processus mnésiques. A contrario, son absence lors des situations de détresse éprouvées par l’enfant comporte le risque d’une atteinte portée aux processus de représentation et le risque de la production d’une mémoire demeurant sous l’emprise de stases émotionnelles. / The study of memory, regarding how it works and its disorders, between cognitive neuroscience and psychoanalysis, added to the intermediate link of developmental psychology, enables to read elements which start to resonance one with another and also offers composite material helping to enhance both these disciplins. This doesn’t mean making an amalgam of concepts from different origins, but to grasp how the analogies between these concepts can create a new approach in order to understand the process of representation and consequently to understand the process of memory. To enter the field of memory disorders, this study follows two red lines, the dislocation of the perception-conscience system as being the signature of psychic phenomena dominated by a perceptual priming and emotion as the process ending up in thing representations. These are the signs of the ego being born in primary temporality, a necessity for the future capacity to remember which is a cerebral process appearing later. From the psychological point of view, cerebral maturity is not solely required in order to produce recollections, their entry into the field of consciousness requires the possibility of acceptance of affect, gathering that the representation of affect has been produced. Working hypothesis are entwined with three clinical cases. They are grounded on the need for the empathic presence of the primary maternal object in the initial states of the psyche, in order to underline the work of the process of representation and, consequently, those of the memory process. On the contrary, if it is missing when the child is distressed, there is a risk of interference with the representation process and the risk of producing a memory in the grip of emotional stasis.

This study aims to investigate young boys’ construction of gender with particular focus on their expression of empathy, caring and vulnerability. Four focus groups and four in-depth interviews were carried out with a total of 12 senior high school students aged 16-18. Using thematic analysis, five themes were identified: boys care about and comfort each other; physical contact as an expression of friendship and caring; homophobia is the problem - not sexuality; crying and managing vulnerability; and gender fluidity. This analysis makes the complexity of gender construction visible: how boys, to greater or lesser extents, express both traditionally feminine- and masculine-coded expressions. All of the boys described situations where they felt empathy and expressed caring and vulnerability. Based on these results, a critique is developed: partly against a gender-binary understanding of gender construction, and partly against the categorisation of different (masculine) identities. To facilitate a better understanding of boys’ gender construction; in relation to feeling/expressing empathy, caring and vulnerability; a model was created to show the complexity of the relationship between traditionally feminine- and masculine-coded expressions in boys’ gender construction.

Male youths ages 13-18 incarcerated at two minimum security detention facilities participated in a program to determine if Alfred Adler's concept of social interest could be developed through group interactions led by non-professionals. The youths answered a self-report attitudinal scale, the Sulliman Scale of Social Interest and were rated by their classroom teachers on the Behavior Dimensions Rating Scale as pre-test measures. Volunteers from a liberal arts college sociology classes were randomly assigned to work in male-female pairs over a ten week period of time with the experimental population. These pairs led their constant group of incarcerated youths in ninety minute discussion sessions once per week for the duration of the program. Structured human relations exercises specifically designed to encourage elements of social interest; belonging, cooperation, and significance were assigned for each of the sessions. At the end of ten weeks, the youths in the experimental groups and the control population were tested again on the two scales. The results of Pearson Product Moment Correlations Test indicated no relationship between attitude and behavior for either the experimental or control groups on the pre-test and the post-test. A Mann Whitney U t-test indicated a highly significant increase in the social interest of the experimental group at the end of the program. While the control group showed no change over the course of the ten weeks, those who participated in the developmental groups increased their scores on the Sulliman Scale of Social Interest by an average of 12 points. Another Mann Whitney U t-test indicated that there was no difference between the social interest of Caucasian and non-Caucasian youths.

Ce mémoire en recherche création est divisé en deux principales sections : un recueil de poésie et un essai. Le recueil, intitulé Le Cœur est une permanence, explore différentes interprétations du phénomène d’empathie dans la création littéraire. Afin que l’empathie devienne l’objet du discours, ce dernier est centré sur la relation à l’autre. L’empathie prend vie à travers deux entités, un « je » et un « tu ». Alors que le « je » entre en contact avec ses propres zones d’ombres, il s’ouvre tranquillement aux souffrances du « tu ». Au fil des poèmes, le « je » et le « tu » apaisent leur douleur en la partageant, faisant de l’empathie une voie d’accès à l’intimité. Ce déploiement de l’intime prend forme en trois temps : les sections replis de voix, point archimédien et ensembles vides. Le recueil accorde une importance particulière à la figure du corps comme véhicule de la souffrance. Il propose une réflexion sur l’amour, balançant entre naufrage et terre promise, et fait de l’enfance une pierre de touche pour interroger la douleur. La deuxième partie de ce mémoire est un essai intitulé Empathie et souffrance dans Tête première / Dos / Contre dos de Martine Audet. Divisé en trois chapitres, cet essai étudie l’empathie à l’œuvre dans le recueil de Audet, selon une approche bioculturelle. Il allie interprétation littéraire, sciences cognitives de deuxième génération et philosophie de l’esprit. Dans le premier chapitre, le concept de « simulation incarné », développé par Vittorio Gallese, permet d’interpréter la figure du corps et de suggérer qu’elle véhicule la douleur tout en étant la manifestation d’un effacement identitaire. Le deuxième chapitre se penche sur l’intersubjectivité en lien avec l’empathie. Il intègre certaines notions clés de la phénoménologie husserlienne afin d’analyser les manifestations du lien empathique unissant les deux présences parcourant le recueil de Audet. Le dernier chapitre explique comment les représentations de l’environnement dans lequel évoluent ces présences peuvent refléter leur souffrance. Pour ce faire, certains concepts liés à l’environnement, particulièrement importants pour l’écocritique actuelle, sont analysés dans Tête première / Dos / Contre dos, comme ceux de place et de nature. Ces derniers, étant construits par les perceptions propres à la cognition humaine, sont envisagés d’un point de vue bioculturel. En interprétant ces trois principaux aspects du texte (figure du corps, intersubjectivité et environnement), l’hypothèse selon laquelle la perception de la souffrance dans Tête première / Dos / Contre dos repose essentiellement sur l’empathie comme effet et objet du discours s’en voit validée. / This M.A. thesis, combining research and creative writing, is divided in two parts: a poetry collection and an essay. The first part, Le Cœur est une permanance, explores different interpretations of empathy phenomenon in creative writing. In order for empathy to become the subject of my poetry collection I focused it’s discourse on the possibilities of a relation to another self. This relation takes form through the two entities of “I” (je) and “you” (tu). While the "I" comes into contact with its own darkness, it opens to the sufferings of the "you". Throughout the poetry collection, the "I" and the "you" soothe their pain by sharing it, making empathy a pathway to intimacy. This use of intimacy takes shape in three stages: the sections: replis de voix, point archimédien and ensembles vides. The poetry collection also gives special importance to the conception and representation of the body as a vehicle of suffering. The compilation proposes an interpretation of love that balances between shipwreck and promised land and uses childhood as a touchstone for questioning pain. The second part of this M.A thesis is an essay entitled Empathie et souffrance dans Tête première / Dos / Contre dos de Martine Audet. The essay, divided into three chapters, examines empathy throughout Audet’s poetry collection, through a biocultural approach. It specifically combines literary interpretation with second-generation cognitive sciences and philosophy of mind. The first chapter analyzes literary representations of the body taking into account the concept of "embodied simulation", developed by Vittorio Gallese. It suggests that literary representations of the body convey pain while revealing identity issues. With this theoretical basis, the second chapter studies the relation between the “I’ and the “you”. It also examines Husserl's phenomenology point of view of intersubjectivity to suggest the presence of an empathic, albeit problematic, link between the two presences in Audet’s collection. The final chapter explains how the representations of the environment, in which the two presences progress, mirror their suffering. To do this, it takes interests in the presence of certain key concepts related to the environment in Tête première / Dos / Contre dos, such as place and nature. These concepts are particularly important for present ecocriticism. They can also be considered from a biocultural point of view in this essay, since being built by the perceptions belonging to human cognition. By interpreting three main aspects of Audet’s poetry collection (literary representations of the body, intersubjectivity and environment), the hypothesis that the perception of pain in Tête première / Dos / Contre dos is essentially based on empathy as an effect and object of discourse is being validated.