<p>This study deals with difficulties of different nature encountered in the process of translating a tourist booklet on Dover Castle, published by English Heritage. The study focuses on grammatical aspects as the translation of the passive and attributive adjectives, and lexical aspects as the translation of terminology and cultural words and expressions. The analysis is based on Peter Newmark's translation theory and translation strategies. Passives and adjectives have been divided into groups based on the translation models and strategies used, and the focus is on changes in the grammatical structure. Most passives were rendered as passives in Swedish by the use of s-passives, which involves a change in the grammatical structure. Most adjectives in the source text were translated by the use of a corresponding adjective in the target language, with no change in the grammatical structure. However, some adjectives were translated using for example a prepositional phrase or a compound noun.</p><p>The analysis on terminology and cultural aspects focuses on what translation strategies have been used and problems that may occur concerning such aspects. Most source language terms were translated by the use of corresponding target language terms found in dictionaries or parallel texts. Some of the terms were transferred into the target text in their source text form, with an added explanation.</p><p>The cultural aspects consisted mainly of names, which were dealt with in different ways. Some were transferred using the source language form, and in some cases conventionalised Swedish forms were used. The main aim of the translation has been to render the text as natural as possible in Swedish, and the main aim of the analysis has been to discuss certain aspects of difficulty that occurred in the translation process.</p>

<p>The focus of this essay is on examining the meanings of the <em>onomatopoeia</em> (sound imitating words) <em>snap, crack</em> and <em>pop</em>. Previous studies on onomatopoeia and sound symbolism are used to define the terms and create a model for an alternative categorization of these meanings. This model is then applied in a corpus study, conducted on the COCA (Corpus Of Contemporary American English) and BYU-BNC (The British National Corpus) corpora, to find a way to more accurately describe the meanings and functions of these words.  For this purpose the context in which <em>snap, crack</em> and<em> pop</em> are used is also addressed by observing how frequently they occur in formal and informal texts and which adjectives and adverbs frequently modify them. In the study it was discovered that these three words took on many different meanings that would be hard to list separately in a dictionary. These meanings did follow a pattern linked to the properties associated with the word. The study found <em>snap, crack and pop</em> to be informal words with a tendency to add emotion or effect to a statement. It is therefore concluded that sorting onomatopoeia by sound and non sound-related meaning and describing the informal characteristics of these words leads to a greater understanding of how they are used.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords: Arbitrariness, <em>crack</em>, emotive, ideophones, mimetics, mimes, non-arbitrariness, onomatopoeia, phenomimes, phonomimes, <em>pop</em>, psychomimes, register, semantics, <em>snap</em>, sound symbolism and style.</p>

<p>The purpose of this study was to translate a number of selected pages from the book Horses Talking by Margrit Coates into Swedish. An analysis of the source text and the translation was carried out with the focus on three aspects: hedging, adjectives and non-finite ing-participles. The subject of the translated text lies within the broad field of animal behaviour, parapsychology and telepathy, and focuses exclusively on communication between humans and horses. Given the nature of the text, which contains cautious advice and qualified recommendations to the reader, hedging has an important function to fill. Furthermore, there are many adjectives, which give the text a certain character, and they are essential to the message of the book: how to create a good relationship between humans and horses. Theories within the translation shift approach were applied to the study. In particular, Catford’s model and terminology were looked at. Hedging at word and phrase level primarily proved to be realised by the use of modal auxiliary verbs as hedges in the source text; this application was also primarily transferred into the target text. The most common translation strategy used was literal translation. A compound noun or noun (class shift) and a prepositional phrase (unit shift) were the most common translation methods for the attributive adjectives in the analysis. The predicative adjectives were primarily translated with a verb (class shift) or a verb phrase (unit shift) and with a prepositional phrase (unit shift). For the non-finite ing-participles, a variety of methods were applied, among which the most important were the att-infinitive (grammatical shift) and a relative clause (unit shift).</p>

The Swedish educational system has taken a step toward change in hopes of a better education by presenting a new national curriculum: Curriculum for the compulsory school, preschool class and the leisure-time centre 2011 (Lgr 11). I have therefore chosen to analyze the textbooks Champion 4 and Portfolio based on the objectives and areas of knowledge for grades 4-6 found in the syllabus for English in Lgr 11 in order to find out whether or not the textbooks are in harmony with the syllabus and if the textbooks can be used to help students meet the requirements found in the syllabus for the English subject. The purpose of this study is to analyze selected textbooks for the English subject for students in fourth grade to find out which of the curriculum’s requirements are met for grades 4-6, that is, goals and areas of knowledge and if they can be used in the compulsory school. The results of this study show that the analyzed books can be used in an education that today follows a new curriculum. However the education should not only be based on the textbooks. The teacher must take responsibility for designing an education that suits the intended student group, but also provides students with different learning styles an opportunity to develop in their individual ways. Therefore it is not a reasonable option to allow the teaching to only revolve around the textbooks even if these books offer exercises that help develop the abilities that are written in the curriculum.

Reading and analyzing literature has a long tradition of being an essential part of the teaching of English in Sweden. As the offers of entertainment have increased in popular culture with the introduction of computer games, internet and other media, interest in reading novels has decreased. Literature is still a compulsory part of English teaching and the question is how teachers of today use literature and what kind of literary instruction they use. The aim of this study is to explore and discuss the literary instruction discourse in pedagogical texts, lessons, created by and for English teachers of Swedish Upper Secondary Schools. The lessons have been collected from the site lektion.se, where teachers are able to share knowledge and lessons. The study uses an analytical method based on Norman Fairclough´s Critical Discourse Analysis in order to analyze the lessons. In the analysis aspects of language, intertextuality and assumptions are discussed. As a theoretical base, Louise M. Rosenblatt´s and Judith Langer´s ideas of reader centered literary instruction is used as well as Design Theory. The result of the study shows that the overall discourse is text orientated and, with few exceptions, there is little room for students to contribute to a creative, personal experience of literature. Furthermore, it is shown that literary texts are often used as an exercise of reading comprehension and specific literary reading is scarce. The study postulates that more effort should be put into involving the students in the reading, and less effort on literary terminology.

Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka vilka motiv som funnits till engelskämnets existens och funktion i två statliga utredningar. Som empiri tjänade SOU 1948:27, 1946 års skolkommissions betänkande med förslag till riktlinjer för det svenska skolväsendets utveckling och SOU 1992:94, Skola för bildning, på vilka en kvalitativ textanalys med hermeneutisk tolkning genomfördes. Studien tog sina teoretiska utgångspunkter och analysverktyg i Anthony Giddens teori om moderniteten, Ulf P. Lundgrens teori om läroplanskoder och tre forskardiskurser om kultur i språkundervisningen. Resultatet visade att engelskämnets existens inte var given för individen i SOU 1948:27, däremot för samhället då få samhällsresurser ansågs behövas för att ge individen relativt god färdighet jämfört med de andra stora kulturspråken, främst tyska. I SOU 1992:94 var engelskämnets existens självklar för både individen och samhället till följd av modernitetens framväxt och globaliseringen. Resultatet visade vidare att engelskämnets funktion speglade sin tid, vilket innebar att läsningen var den mest prioriterade färdigheten i SOU 1948:27. I SOU 1992:94 var däremot till följd av modernitetens framväxt och teknologiseringen, kommunikationen mellan individer den högst prioriterade färdigheten. Studien skall ses som ett inslag i debatten som ständigt behöver föras, vilka kunskaper som skall reproduceras och vilka färdigheter som bör uppmärksammas.

Bakgrunden till studien är att forskningen visar att elever i svårigheter utvecklas mest kunskapsmässigt och mår bäst socialt av att inkluderas i klassens undervisning. Trots detta finns det väldigt ofta en önskan att exkludera dessa elever eftersom många lärare inte anser sig klara elever med specialpedagogiska behov inom den ordinarie undervisningens ram. Detta har lett till en rättvise- och inkluderingsdebatt såväl som en debatt med ekonomiska förtecken. Frågor som lyfts är ”Var mår eleverna bäst och finns det metoder som fungerar så att alla elever kan inkluderas”? Min studie syftar till att undersöka möjligheten till ett inkluderande arbetssätt i engelskundervisningen med hjälp av Europeisk Språk Portfolio och Autonomous Learning. Studien visar att dessa förutsättningar finns, men att det samtidigt kräver en stor praktisk, social och strukturell insats från läraren samt en viss mognad och baskunskap från elevens sida. Det framkommer även att det optimala är ett samarbete med specialläraren samt en stor trygghet i gruppen oavsett arbetssätt och metod. Studien visar också att det finns en viss oenighet mellan hur eleverna ser på vikten av inkludering och vad forskningen och lärarna anser.

The purpose of this study is to show how some Swedish teachers in the grades four to six assess the subject of English and what impact the national tests have on teachers’ way of looking at assessments and grades and how teachers are supposed to work with assessment and grading according to the curriculum and the education act. The method of this study has been interviews with principals, teachers and pupils to get as many perspectives of the subject as possible. It has contributed to an interesting content and the end result will be as fundamental as it can be. The findings of this study show that teachers teaching English in Sweden have a great responsibility because of the lack of subject priority and communication between themselves, the government and other authorities in the world of education. They are also in a position of having to further train themselves to get new sources for their teaching and assessment of their students.

Denna uppsats, Läraren och den praktiska verkligheten, handlar om hur lärare gör för att omforma sina ämneskunskaper till ämnesdidaktiska, vilka metoder de använder i undervisningen för att medvetandegöra elevernas inlärning, samt hur lärarna gör för att utmana och inspirera elevernas lärande och kunskapsutveckling. Teorierna som använts i studien är läranderum, proximala utvecklingszonen, autonomous learning, learning to learn och pedagogical content knowledge, vilka även ligger till grund för den analyserande delen. Resultaten i studien visar att en fungerande gruppdynamik är avgörande för en god arbetsmiljö, en ständig dialog utifrån elevens perspektiv bör föras för att skapa medvetenhet hos eleven gällande lärprocessen. Utveckling av självständigt lärande sker genom tydlig kommunikation mellan lärare och elever, det vill säga att läraren är tydlig med anledningen till arbetsområdet, informationen kring anvisningarna, samt finns som en tydlig vägledare för att guida eleven genom ämnet. Vidare handlar omformning av ämneskunskaper för lärare i praktiken om att reflektera, utvärdera och utveckla planeringen och den genomförda undervisningen.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur lärare i engelska i gymnasieskolan arbetar med högpresterande och särbegåvade elever, samt vilka faktorer det är som möjliggör och försvårar lärarnas arbete med dessa elever. I studien har fem kvalitativa intervjuer gjorts med verksamma lärare på två olika gymnasieskolor. De teorier som tillämpas i studien är Lev Vygotskijs teori om den närmaste utvecklingszonen, Roar Pettersens ramfaktorteori samt ett specialpedagogiskt perspektiv. Resultatet visar att de fem intervjuade lärarna har förmåga att definiera vad en högpresterare och särbegåvning är samt skilja på dem. Alla har erfarenheter av högpresterare, men endast tre av dem har erfarenheter av särbegåvningar. Arbetssätten med dessa elever individanpassas i engelska och de får stimulerande och utvecklande arbetsmaterial på antingen avancerad nivå eller universitetsnivå. Resultatet visar också att tid, resurser och lärarnas tjänstefördelning påverkar och försvårar deras arbete med dessa elever. Tiden räcker inte till idag samt att det inte finns tillräckligt med resurser i gymnasieskolan till högpresterare och särbegåvningar. De intervjuade lärarna har också många uppdrag i sina tjänster, vilket gör att de inte hinner arbeta med högpresterare och särbegåvningar så mycket som de skulle vilja i skolan. I studien konstateras det också att gymnasielärare i engelska bland annat behöver mer resurser, Allmänna råd och kompetensutveckling från Skolverket kring högpresterare och särbegåvningar, för att arbetet med dessa elever ska bli effektivare.