Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to examine how German newspapers discursively constructed the #MeToo movement in order to determine whether the hashtag campaign was legitimized or delegitimized. The ideological construction can be seen as an indication of social change or respectively the upholding of the status quo in regard to gender equality. Of further interest was how the coverage can be perceived as an example of a post-feminist sensibility in mainstream media.Approach: Relevant articles published during two time periods in 2017 and 2018, following defining events of the #MeToo movement, were retrieved from selected publications, including Die Welt, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Süddeutsche Zeitung and Die Zeit. A qualitative critical discourse analysis applying Norman Fairclough’s (1995) three-dimensional approach was performed on 41 newspaper articles.Results: Through analysis, three main discursive strands emerged: (1) supportive coverage of #MeToo (2) opposing coverage of #MeToo (3) #MeToo as complex. The degree to which the articles adhered to these positions varied from publication to publication. The most conservative publication largely delegitimized the movement by, amongst others, drawing on a post-feminist discourse. Whereas the liberal publications predominantly constructed #MeToo as legitimate. Overall, there was little discussion of marginalized voices and opportunities for progressive solutions leading to social change. Conclusion: The analysis of the German media debate around #MeToo offers a perspective onto the tensions and potentials of the recent media-driven conversation about sexism and sexual harassment. Additionally, it gives some indication of the public attitudes towards gender issues in Germany.(Social) Implications: This thesis contributes to a growing pool of research on news media’s framing of social movements. With its critical impetus, it might add a small input to social change directed at gender equality.

Stridens etos är ett helt nytt begrepp i svenska doktriner som infördes i Doktrin för gemensamma operationer 2020. I och med att doktrinen är Försvarsmaktens förhållningsätt till gemensamma operationer och i förlängningen hur vi ska strida på taktisk och operativ nivå skapade begreppet ett intresse att genom diskurs studera dess funktion, position och påverkan inom den militära kulturen, doktrinen och i Försvarsmaktens som helhet. Hur förhåller sig begreppet till andra riktlinjer i redan befintliga försvarsmaktsbegrepp och dokument som beskriver förhållningsätt i Försvarsmaktens kärnverksamhet och i detta fall strid. Syftet med denna studie är att skapa förståelse om hur begreppet stridens etos påverkar Försvarsmakten genom att studera begreppets funktion, dess innebörd samt dess position inom sociala hierarkin som berör Försvarsmaktens kärnverksamhet väpnad strid. Syftet är även att bidra till diskussionen om den militära professionen och dess kultur. Studien visar att begreppet stridens etos rör sig i och påverkar flertalet sociala fält på grund av att det påverkar ett specifikt fält, nämligen striden. Begreppet påvisar en efterfrågan av ett krigarideal som kan antydas saknas idag. Stridens etos innehar en hög ställning i Försvarsmaktens hierarki, detta genom att poängtera det dödliga våldet och på så sätt även tillskriver sig en hög position i samhället. Begreppet kan påvisas revoltera mot rådande norm och förskjuta det mot en mer önskvärd position.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the discourse on immigration in mainstream media and alternative media and to compare the similarities and differences between two Swedish newspapers. These were Aftonbladet from established media and the right-winge alternative media Nya Tider.   The thesis focuses on analyzing news texts from both newspapers. The method used was critical discourse analysis based on Norman Fairclough's three-step model.   Aftonbladet and Nya tider both represent immigration as a terror threat, a threat of mass immigration, being criminal and being hostile to Swedes. Aftonbladet was alone in representing immigration as opressing women and immigrants as victims, while Nya tider was alone in representing immigration as an economic problem, a part of a exchange of the Swedish population and immigrants as violent. The main conclusion was that none of the analysed news stories containted aspects that represented immigration as someting positive in the Swedish society.

With many countries in Black Africa immersed in external debts and yet others grappling with effects of civil wars and pandemics, social services such as basic education and primary health care pose challenges to them. To mitigate such shortcomings in the region, innovative ways to provide basic education are sought by the private sector. To meet the goals of education for all, national governments fall short of alternatives which gives rise to options like low fee private schools (LFPSs). But these innovative ways which are basically home-grown have got foreign competitors who provide the same basic education services. This thesis does not address the element of competition; rather it explores latest global changes that affect almost all aspects of social life – particularly basic education. This thesis looks at the public-private partnerships (PPPs) in education with low fee private schools (LFPSs) as one of the ‘innovative’ ways of providing basic education; this has had an effect of having entire basic education systems contracted out by national governments in the region. With weak public service systems, how can Black Africa implement PPPs with LFPSs? Using Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis – theory and method as well as operationalised space-times theory by Harvey (1990), this thesis probed PPPs with LFPSs in Liberia. The objectives were to understand the nature of educational reforms advocated in PPPs with LFPSs and to examine the kind of relationship between government and private sector service providers in PPPs with a view of locating the power within such relationships. Another objective was to probe how equitable and inclusive these basic education services provided by PPPs with LFPSs were. The study revealed that PPPs with LFPSs are implicated in denying access to the rural communities, limiting equitable and inclusive education to many social groups like the poor, girls and people with disabilities as well as seeming to undermine national and local governments due to power and ideology.

The aim of the thesis is to contribute to a growing understanding on how Venezuelan refugees are being constructed by the Brazilian media during the ongoing refugee crisis in South America and the main discourses related to them. The fact that South-South migration has so far been understudied and the relevant and fast-escalating displacement of people from Venezuela are the motivations for this study. The theoretical framework consists of Fairclough’s three-dimensional model of CDA and the theoretical concepts of stereotypes and othering. Twenty-one articles about Venezuelan refugees, published between 2016 and 2021, were analyzed. The findings of the thesis show that Venezuelans were mainly associated with negative aspects, entailing two sub discourses: in the first one, they were constructed as the origin of diseases at the borders and associated with violence and tension, and in the second one they were constructed as exploited, underemployed and poorly integrated into the formal labor market.

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Denna kandidatuppsats berör hur Pompeji är framställd i vetenskapliga och populärkulturella källor genom böcker och artiklar. Skillnaden är även något som kritiskt diskurs analyseras. Mängder av populärkulturell- och vetenskaplig information finns om Pompeji och dess invånare. Är vetenskapliga och populärkulturella böcker från vitt skilda världar? Skriver vetenskapliga och populärkulturella författare olika? Svaret är att skillnaden inte är så stor men att den finns. Gränsen mellan populärkultur och vetenskap kan bli otydlig. / The bachelor thesis concerns how Pompeii is written about in scientific and popular culture sources through books and articles. The differences between them is also something that is critical discourse analyzed. A great deal of popular culture- and scientific information is written about Pompeii and it's citizens. Are scientific and popular culture books from different worlds? Does scientific and popular culture writers write differently? The answer is that the difference is not big but it's present. The line between popular culture and science can be ambiguous.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the potential of travel blogs, as a form of popular new media travel writing, to renegotiate conventional discourses about the ‘Middle East’. By conducting a critical discourse analysis on six travel blogs authored by female writers from both the US and the ‘Middle East’, this thesis examines representational practices found in travel narratives, discloses their discursive tendencies, and interprets those in a sociocultural context. Thereby, the analysis draws on a twofold theoretical approach. Postcolonial theory, on the one hand, allows to relate the findings of the analysis critically to the colonial heritage that is inseparable from the genre of travel writing and that informs the discourse about the Oriental ‘other’. Affordance theory, on the other hand, makes it possible to examine how blogging can be seen as a tool that allows disrupting common practices of ‘othering’ in travel writing. The analysis shows that travel blogging has transformative potential and can, mainly through the affordances of self- representation and innovative expression, challenge long-established discourses about the ‘Middle East’. Limiting factors of this potential are mostly arising from neo-imperialistic structures that carry traces of the colonial past. Essentially, the results of this thesis imply that the genre of travel writing is evolving in new media and that it expands the discursive framework of media representations, making it a promising site for future research seeking to explore transcultural encounters and the societal implications of such.

Este trabajo investiga la construcción de la depresión en artículos de prensa españoles durante una década con el objetivo de identificar discursos “públicos” en 60 artículos de prensa españoles durante los años 2010-2020. Se aplicó una perspectiva teórico-metodológica del Análisis Crítico del Discurso, y dentro de esta, el modelo tridimensional de discurso desarrollado por Norman Fairclough, igual como la teoría de metáforas conceptuales de Lakoff y Johnson. Fueron explorados los componentes discursivos resultando en la identificación de tres discursos primarios: el discurso de riesgo; el discurso de la narrativa personal; el discurso biomédico. Se destaca el modo en que dichos discursos construye la depresión como algo unitario, negativo y peligroso conceptualizado en términos biológicos. El análisis realizado demuestra cómo la depresión se construye como un estado individual, fuera de la agencia individual pero al mismo tiempo la responsabilidad de prevención y tratamiento parece estar ubicado dentro de la habilidad individual. Finalmente la tesina concluye que los medios de comunicación (en este caso los periódicos españoles) forman parte en plan productivo y constitutivito en la construcción de la depresión como algo negativo, peligroso e individual.

Bearing in mind the big role media plays in shaping public opinion and the importance of understanding how ideologies can be conveyed to the public through language, this study uses qualitative analysis to investigate the discursive representation changes around the existence of the Taliban or what they call themselves now, the Islamic Emirate, in the Afghan media before and after the power shift. In specific, it illustrates how linguistic devices are used to transmit the discourse changes through the used language in the Afghani newspaper to legitimize or delegitimize having the Taliban in Afghanistan. The primary data of this study consists of articles published in English from a digitalized newspaper published in Afghanistan. This study uses Corpus Linguistics to organize the findings around the representation of the Taliban in the gathered data. Findings results were analyzed through CDA and Fairclough, the three-dimensional model, to reveal the alteration that occurred to the discourse, which can, in turn, show the way how language devices are used to circulate the Taliban’s various images among the recipients.