O presente trabalho teve por objetivo incorporar a reflexão da teoria do habitus concebida por Pierre Bourdieu, nas discussões sobre as potencialidades e limites das intervenções sociais situadas, atualmente, no âmbito do Desenvolvimento Local Sustentável. Para tanto, preocupou-se inicialmente em explorar na revisão de literatura as concepções que salientam a necessidade da adoção de uma nova práxis política, com um maior envolvimento da população e das organizações da sociedade civil, na busca de um modo sustentável de desenvolvimento. Verificou-se, no entanto, que existe uma polêmica em torno do rótulo da sustentabilidade pelo fato de existirem ações que ainda não estão comprometidas em tornar este novo paradigma um projeto integrado, fruto de relações sociais complexas envolvendo conflito, competição, cooperação e reciprocidade entre os diferentes agentes. Como base empírica desta análise é apresentada a experiência da oficina de artesanato desenvolvida pelo Projeto Pé da Serra, cujos resultados permitiram demonstrar a importância de se refletir sobre o papel mediador do habitus na imbricada relação entre sujeito e sociedade. A metodologia utilizada para este trabalho, além da revisão de literatura, baseou-se também, em duas estratégias de pesquisa de campo. Primeiramente, fez-se um estudo do meio onde se procurou caracterizar o que Bourdieu denomina de campo social, entendido como território onde se opera a estruturação do habitus durante o processo de socialização do indivíduo. Com base nestas observações, pôde-se melhor interpretar e compreender, através da história oral dos agentes envolvidos no Projeto Pé da Serra, as diferentes percepções manifestadas acerca desta intervenção social que resultaram na sua insustentabilidade. / The aim of the current work is to incorporate the reflection on the habitua theory, conceived by Pierre Bourdieu, in the discussions about the potentialities and limits of social interventions situated nowadays in the field of Sustainable Local Development. With this purpose, in the review of literature this study has initially been focused on exploring the conception that emphasizes the need of adopting a new political praxis, with a greater involvement of the population and the civil society organizations, in the search of a sustainable way of development. However, it has been verified that there is a polemic around the label of sustainability due to the fact that there are still actions that are not engaged in making this new paradigm an integrated project, the result of complex social relations involving conflict, competition, cooperation and reciprocity among the different agents. The empiric basis of the current analysis is the experience of craftwork developed by Pé da Serra Project, whose results made it possible to show the importance of reflecting upon the mediating role of the habitus in the imbricated relation between subject and society. Besides the review of literature, the methodology used was based on two strategies of field research. Firstly, a study of the environment was carried out with the aim of characterizing what Bourdieu calls social field, understood as the territory in which the structuring of the habitus takes place during the process of socialization of the individual. Based on these observations, it was possible to better interpret and understand, through the oral history of the agents involved in Pé da Serra Project, the manifested different perceptions about this social intervention which resulted in its unsustainability.

During the last decades, collaborative learning as a pedagogical strategy in HE has been attracting growing interest by both scholars and practitioners. However, its methodological potential is still insufciently used in practice, especially in the virtual context. This paper provides deeper insights into the challenges of designing formative feedback in virtual group work from an e-tutors perspective. Therefore, seven expert interviews were conducted to investigate how formative feedback can be designed in the group development phases according to Tuckman & Jensen (1977). The interviews were analyzed using qualitative content analysis according to Gläser & Laudel (2010). The applied codes were formed both deductively and inductively and discussed afterwards. In line with other studies like Johnson et al. (2002), the results have revealed that Tuckman’s group phase model is also applicable in virtual settings. In a further step, this paper derives practical implications for e-tutors by identifying specifc guidelines on how to structure formative feedback in each of the group development phases.

Uppsatsens syfte är att närmare granska samverkansenheten Samba i Örebro och utifrån granskningen identifiera bärande funktioner i samverkansprocesser där barn och unga är i fokus. Samba som betyder Samverkansledning för barn och unga är en, av kommunen, särskilt inrättad samverkansenhet har efter sitt projektår 08/09 varit en permanent verksamhet i Örebro kommun. Enheten har sedan några år tillbaka en central och neutral lokal. För studien genomfördes 15 intervjuer och 2 mötesobservationer. Resultatet har analyserats och diskuterats utifrån både ett interaktionsperspektiv och ett organisationsperspektiv. De bärande funktioner som identifierats och som enligt studien kan antas bidra till att Sambas samverkansprocesser ofta blir lyckade är flera. Dels visar sig den neutrala och strukturerade Sambasamordnaren och det administrativa arbetet som den genomför, enligt studien vara funktioner av betydelse. Vidare identifieras också funktioner som den centrala och neutrala lokalen samt det ”fika” som erbjuds som viktiga för samverkansprocessen. I studien diskuteras också Sambas utmaningar där Sambas funktion jämfört med SIP-möten kan anses vara en utmaning. Resultaten av studien visar att en kombination av Samba och SIP oftast blir bäst. Detta med anledning av att den gemensamma SIP-dokumentationen uppfattas som värdefull, men att samverkansprocessen i övrigt helst hålls enligt Sambas modell. Slutligen diskuteras också några fler utmaningar som Samba kan stå inför och om en spridning av Sambakonceptet är möjlig / The purpose of the thesis is to examine the Samba collaborative unit in Örebro municipality more closely and to identify the supporting functions in collaboration processes where children and young people are the focus. Samba which means- cooperation management for children and young people is one of the municipality's specially established collaborative units, and after its project year 08/09, has been a permanent activity of the Örebro municipality. Since a few years back the unit is located in central and neutral premises. For the study, 15 interviews and 2 meeting observations were conducted. The results have been analyzed and discussed from both an interaction perspective and an organizational perspective. The identified supporting functions which, according to the study, can be assumed to contribute to Samba's collaboration processes are often successful are several. Partly, according to the study, the neutral and structured Samba coordinator and the administrative work that it carries out, prove to be important functions. Furthermore, functions such as the central and neutral premises as well as “the Swedish fika” that are offered as important for the collaboration process are also identified. The study also discusses Samba's challenges and where Samba's function compared to SIP meetings can be considered a challenge. The results of the study show that a combination of Samba and SIP is usually best. This is due to the fact that the joint SIP documentation is perceived as valuable, but that the collaboration process is otherwise preferably held according to Samba's model. Finally, we also discuss some more challenges that Samba may face and if a dissemination of the Samba concept is possible.

The purpose of this study is to qualitatively investigate how social studies teachers in a high school, use group development strategies when approaching potentially controversial topics in the classroom. The study used five semi-structured interviews with social studies teachers. Bruce Tuckman's model of group development was used to organize and analyze the teachers' experiences in a way that could be linked to the phases described in the model. The results of the study have shown the importance of using group development as a method to prepare students to handle controversial conversations in a constructive way and promote their growth together. The teachers' overall goal with group development is for the students to learn to cooperate, develop their communication skills and show respect for each other's opinions. The teacher's democratic mission also appears as part of group development. Positive group development also contributes to a cohesive social environment that creates an inclusive conversation climate. The skills acquired through group development were considered applicable when students faced controversial discussions. For example, they were seen using communication skills to actively listen and strive to understand each other's perspectives instead of trying to dominate each other. Therefore, classes may need to go through different stages of development to manage controversial conversations effectively.

Grupputveckling, lärande och motivation är tre faktorer som är avgörande för att driva framgång i en organisation, oavsett storlek eller bransch. I dessa tider där allt fler arbeten utförs i projektform med fysiska eller virtuella grupper blir förståelsen för dynamiken mellan dessa tre faktorer allt viktigare. I denna rapport undersöks hur grupputveckling, lärande och motivation samverkar med varandra, samt hur denna samverkan bidrar till ett projekts inre effektivitet. För att kunna besvara rapportens forskningsfrågor utförs en litteraturgenomgång. Datainsamling sker via en kvalitativ ansats via fallstudie på en projektbaserad organisation, där observationer samt åtta semi-strukturerade intervjuer utförs. Resultaten visar att både grupputveckling och motivation direkt påverkar lärande. Lärande och motivation, tillsammans med en känsla av självbestämmande främjar motivation. Lärande och grupputveckling, tillsammans med en hög initial motivation och kundens engagemang spelar en avgörande roll i ett projekts inre effektivitet. / Group development, learning and motivation are three crucial factors for driving success in an organization, regardless of size or industry. In this day and age in which an increasing amount of work is performed in project form with physical and virtual teams, the importance of understanding the dynamics between these factors becomes increasingly important. This report examines how group development, learning and motivation interact with each other, and how this interaction contributes to a project efficiency.  To answer the research questions, a literature review is carried out. Data collection is conducted via a qualitative approach through a case study on a project-based organization, where observations as well as eight semi-structured interviews are conducted.  The results show that both group development and motivation directly impact learning. Learning and motivation, as well as a sense of self-determination affect motivation. Learning and group development, together with a high initial motivation and customer engagement play a decisive role in project efficiency.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka arbetsgrupper inom äldreomsorgen och därmed söka kunskapi eventuella faktorer som kan eller inte kan utgöra välfungerande arbetsgrupper. Kan samma gruppinneha fler faktorer? Den tidigare forskningen visar på hälsans aspekter för den välmåendemedarbetaren samt vad som kan skapa hållbar arbetsmiljö. Den lyfter även ledarskapets effekter för enarbetsgrupp samt kopplingar till maktstruktur och hur det ses vara mer lärande i anknytning till ettintersektionellt perspektiv. Tidigare forskning belyser likaså riktiga team och vad pseudo teamkarakteriseras genom olika faktorer inom grupper. Data som analyserats har tagits fram genom trefokusgruppssamtal med tre deltagare inom varje fokusgrupp där alla nio deltagare arbetade inomäldreomsorgen. Fokusgruppsträffarna hade som utgångspunkt deras arbetsvardag för att övergå tillgemensam diskussion gällande upplevelsen av faktorer att utgöra välfungerande arbetsgrupp. Därtilldiskuterades även upplevelsen av faktorer som kan inverka negativt på välfungerande arbetsgrupper.Materialet har analyserats i en tematisk analys samt inom teori i anslutning till teamperspektiv och fyragruppdefinitioner inom team samt med stöd av fyra dimensioner där team ställs emot pseudoteamperspektivet. Resultatet från studien indikerar på faktorer där gemensamma mål, tid för dialog ochkommunikation inom arbetsgrupper kan ses vara relevanta för en välfungerande arbetsgrupp, olikaledarskapsfaktorer ses också ha sin påverkan för en grupp. Studien pekar även på de faktorer som kananses vara avgörande kriterier kopplat till negativ inverkan för den välfungerande arbetsgruppen. / The purpose of this study is to investigate work groups in elderly care and thus seek knowledge ofpossible factors that may or may not constitute well-functioning work groups. Can the same groupcontain more factors? The previous research shows the health aspects of the healthy employee andwhat can create a sustainable work environment. It also highlights the effects of leadership on a workgroup and links to power structure and how it is seen to be more learning in relation to anintersectional perspective. Previous research also highlights real teams and what pseudo teams arecharacterized by different factors within groups. The data was analyzed through three focus groupdiscussions with three participants in each focus group, where all nine participants worked in elderlycare. The focus group meetings had as a starting point their everyday work life to move on to a jointdiscussion regarding the experience of factors to constitute a well-functioning work group. In addition,the experience of factors that can have a negative impact on well-functioning work groups was alsodiscussed. The material has been analyzed in a thematic analysis and in theory in connection with the2team perspective and four group definitions within teams and with the support of four dimensionswhere teams are set against the pseudo-team perspective. The results of the study indicate factorswhere common goals, time for dialog and communication within work groups can be seen to berelevant for a well-functioning work group, various leadership factors are also seen to have an impacton the team. The study also points to the factors that can be considered as decisive criteria linked to thenegative impact on the well-functioning work group.

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En välfungerande och effektiv ledningsgrupp är en framgångsfaktor inom såväl privat som offentlig sektor. Ledningsgruppens speciella karaktär gör att alternativa grupputvecklingsmodeller, utöver de mer klassiska, kan vara mer användbara. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om faktorerna tillit, konflikt, åtagande, ansvarsskyldighet och resultat i Lencionis (2002) modell är relevanta utgångspunkter i arbete med ledningsgruppers effektivitet, med fokus på tillit. Utifrån en egenkonstruerad enkät med självskattning från 74 ledares bedömningar, har deskriptiva analyser utförts. Vidare har t-test, regressionssamband och principalkomponentanalyser genomförts för att besvara studiens frågeställningar. Utifrån denna studies resultat ges endast ett måttligt stöd för att de fem faktorerna förklarar ledargruppsdeltagares syn på ledningsgruppens effektivitet även om de individuellt bedöms som relevanta. Det finns indikationer på att med ytterligare frågor skulle reliabiliteten öka och därmed ge ett tydligare stöd åt de fem faktorerna. Ytterligare studier behövs för att klargöra detta samband. Studien ger dock stöd för betydelsen av tillit och dess oberoende av demografiska variabler som kön, ålder, sektor eller ledningsgruppserfarenhet. Vidare visar studien att ledningsgruppens effektivitet kan beskrivas i två komponenter med flera delar där komponenterna handlar om inre och yttre effektivitet, vilket också är i linje med Granberg och Wallenholm (2017). Sammantaget ger detta en bild av att alternativa modeller som Lencionis (2002) kan vara relevanta att använda och att de fem faktorerna tillit, konflikt, åtagande, ansvarsskyldighet och resultat ändå kan vara relevanta utgångspunkter i arbetet med ledningsgruppens effektivitet, med fokus på tillit. / A well-functioning and efficient management team is a success factor in both the private and public sectors. The special nature of the management team means that other than classic group development models can be more useful. The purpose of the study is to investigate whether the factors trust, conflict, commitment, responsibility and results in Lencioni's (2002) model are relevant starting points in work with the management teams' effectiveness, with a focus on trust. Based on a self-constructed survey with self-assessment from 74 leaders' assessments, descriptive analyzes have been performed. Furthermore, t-tests, regression analysis and principal component analyzes were performed to answer the study's questions. Based on the results of this study, only moderate support is given for the five factors to explain the management group participants' views on the management group's effectiveness, even if they are individually assessed as relevant. There are indications that with additional questions, the reliability would increase and thus provide clearer support to the five factors. Further studies are needed to clarify this. However, the study provides support for the importance of trust and its independence from demographic variables such as gender, age, sectors or management team experience. Furthermore, the study shows that the management group's efficiency can be described in two components with several parts where the components are about internal and external efficiency, which is also in line with Granberg and Wallenholm (2017). All in all, it gives an idea that alternative models like Lencioni (2002) can be relevant to use and that the five factors trust, conflict, commitment, responsibility and results can still be a relevant starting point in the work with the management group's efficiency, with a focus on trust.

High-quality group psychotherapy training is considered more important than ever in the current mental health care environment. With the need for ongoing education and development in the field of group psychotherapy, concern has been raised regarding the lack of group psychotherapy training guidelines for trainee psychologists. Findings from numerous empirical studies show that at present, most training courses often maintain a rather unstructured format for fostering an experiential group process. The literature suggests that without standardized course objectives, students are vulnerable to harm, they are ill equipped to meet professional demands, and trainers are not provided with adequate guidelines for instruction. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to review the relevant literature in order to describe the principles of group psychotherapy as they manifest in group interaction, and to compare the subjective experiences of trainee group psychotherapists with the findings from the literature. The aim of this investigation was to generate hypotheses about the effectiveness of the use of an experiential group as a training medium, in group psychotherapy. Further objectives included exploring the merits of an experiential approach to training in group psychotherapy, and identifying factors that could potentially aid/hinder trainee development. In order to adhere to the objectives of the investigation, a qualitative, exploratory research design was used. Data for the study was gathered by means of a client-centered interview conducted with five group psychotherapy trainees who received training in a Clinical Psychology Masters program. In addition, these trainees were also required to complete a semi-structured questionnaire. The interview focused on how the trainees' subjective, affective experiences influenced their perceptions of the qualitative aspects of group life, while the questionnaire was designed to elicit information about the ways in which trainees cognitively conceptualized their understanding of group process, group dynamics and group facilitation skills. The results of the study were analysed through the qualitative method of content analysis. Results showed that, while trainees may have perceived that they gained tremendous benefits through exposure to the experiential group, an analysis of their interaction patterns highlighted certain areas which can be considered problematic. For example, it was found that trainees did not have a theoretical understanding of group process and group dynamics, and were therefore, not equipped with the necessary skills required to facilitate groups. This is further substantiated by the finding that the group facilitator had a pervasive influence on the development of the individual trainee and on the development of the group as a whole. Furthermore, results obtained raised certain concerns regarding the suitability and adequacy of using an experiential group as a tool for training, in group psychotherapy. The research findings suggest that, while the experiential group may provide the trainee with an invaluable experience, it alone is insufficient as a training method, in group psychotherapy. This study also raises questions about the ethics of such a training program in its current form. One of the major conclusions of this investigation is that there is a need for ongoing research and evaluation of the training programs. Finally, recommendations are made for improving the group psychotherapy training experience. These recommendations are based on the evaluation of the trainees' subjective experiences / Psychology / (M.A.(Clinical Psychology))