Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des arts et des sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de M.A. (Maîtrise ès Arts) en Études Hispaniques option Langue et littérature. / Manuel del Socorro Rodriguez (1758-1819) est reconnu comme le père du journalisme colombien et comme partie intégrante de l'environnement des lumières dans Santafé de Bogotá. Cette recherche propose dans un premier temps un aperçu de la vie, de l’œuvre, et de l'héritage de l’auteur, en tant qu’éditeur des journaux Papel Periódico de la Ciudad de Santafé de Bogotá (1791-1797), Redactor Americano (1806-1808), Alternativo del Redactor Americano (1807-1809), Los Crepúsculos de España y de Europa (1809) et La Constitución Feliz (1810). Le document El Reino Feliz (1794) dans lequel Rodríguez a fait un rapport des maux qui affligent la société néo-grenadine sera pris en compte. L'analyse proposée s'attachera principalement à comprendre l’œuvre de Rodríguez comme l'ensemble des efforts personnels d'un citoyen de la République des Lettres, cherchant à atteindre et concrétiser un bonheur insaisissable mais nécessaire, pour sa patrie d'adoption. Cette section couvre aussi les vicissitudes rencontrées par l’auteur lors de l'exercice de ses fonctions en tant que bibliothécaire public, journaliste et loyal sujet du Roi, face au défi de concilier sa condition de catholique avec celle d’homme éclairé, son américanité avec son hispanité, son inclination pour la tradition avec sa passion pour la modernité. Les transcriptions de 12 documents d’archive seront ensuite proposées : il s’agit de l'échange épistolaire entre Rodríguez et les agents de l'ordre monarchique espagnol. Parmi ces transcriptions on trouve 3 déjà présentées dans une recherche précédente et 9 transcriptions inédites. La lecture de ces transcriptions expose les concepts développés dans ce mémoire. Ils mettent en lumière la relation entre les idées du bibliothécaire, exprimées dans la sphère privée (quoique officielle), avec celles exposées dans ses journaux. Enfin, le lecteur sera introduit à la notion de bonheur au XVIIIe siècle et début du XIXe. Sa réalisation était un des objectifs des Lumières et, par conséquent, plusieurs voies ont été proposées pour l’atteindre. / Manuel del Socorro Rodriguez (1758-1819) is recognized as the father of Colombian journalism and as a participant in the Enlightened milieu of Santafé de Bogotá. This research proposes, in a first chapter, an approach to his life, his work and his legacy, tracing his work as editor of the Papel Periódico de Santafé de Bogotá (1791-1797), the Redactor Americano (1806-1808), the Alternativo del Redactor Americano (1807-1809), Los Crepúsculos de España y de Europa (1809) and La Constitución Feliz (1810). This chapter also introduces the document El Reino Feliz (1794), in which Rodriguez produces a report on the evils afflicting the society of New Granada. The proposed analysis seeks to understand the work of Rodriguez as a set of the efforts of a citizen of the Republic of Letters to achieve an elusive happiness in his adopted homeland. This section will also deal with the vicissitudes that this lettered, public librarian, newspaper publisher and enlightened subject, lived through, facing the challenge of reconciling his Catholicism and his enlightened views, his americanity and his hispanity, his deep respect for tradition and his strong passion for modernity. Then, we present a set of 12 transcriptions. These are excerpts from the epistolary exchange generated between Rodríguez and agents of the Spanish monarchic system. Among these transcriptions, the reader is going to find 3 already presented in a previous research and 9 unpublished transcriptions. This exercise allows the reader to see the relationship between Rodriguez’s ideas, expressed within the private sphere (although official), with those formulated in his newspapers. Finally, the reader is introduced to the concept of happiness in the XVIIIth and early XIXth century. Happiness was a main goal of the enlightened world and numerous ideas were produced to achieve this objective. / Manuel del Socorro Rodríguez (1758-1819) es reconocido como padre del periodismo colombiano y como participante del entorno ilustrado de Santafé de Bogotá. Esta investigación propone, en un primer instante, una aproximación a su vida, obra y legado, rastreando su labor como editor del Papel Periódico de la Ciudad de Santafé de Bogotá (1791-1797), del Redactor Americano (1806-1808), del Alternativo del Redactor Americano (1807-1809), de Los Crepúsculos de España y de Europa (1809) y de La Constitución Feliz (1810). También se utilizará el documento El Reino Feliz (1794), en el cual Rodríguez (MdSR) produce un informe de los males que aquejan a la sociedad neogranadina. El análisis propuesto se encamina a comprender la obra de MdSR como el conjunto de esfuerzos propios de un ciudadano de la República de las Letras, tendiente a alcanzar y a concretar una felicidad esquiva pero imprescindible para su patria adoptiva. Se presentarán los esfuerzos de este letrado, bibliotecario público, periodista y vasallo leal, ante el reto de conciliar su condición de católico con la de ilustrado, su americanidad con su hispanidad, su inclinación por lo tradicional con su pasión por la modernidad. Posteriormente se propondrá un conjunto de doce transcripciones de documentos de archivo formado por tres transcripciones elaboradas en una investigación anterior y nueve inéditas. Todas ellas se ocupan del intercambio epistolar establecido entre MdSR y estamentos del orden monárquico español, y que sirven para exponer nociones desarrolladas en este trabajo. Ellas permiten ver la relación entre las ideas del bibliotecario, expresadas dentro del ámbito de lo privado (aunque oficial), con aquellas formuladas en sus publicaciones. Finalmente, se presenta al lector el concepto de felicidad durante el siglo XVIII y comienzos del XIX. Su consecución era una de los fines del mundo ilustrado y en consecuencia diversos caminos fueron propuestos para alcanzarla.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the dynamics of family support and public pension systems, and their impact on late-life happiness in contemporary South Korea. For this, three specific research questions, namely (1) the dynamics of intergenerational solidarity, public pension systems, and happiness; (2) the association between intergenerational solidarity and happiness; and (3) the association between public pension systems and happiness, are analysed by exploiting the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing. The analyses show that (1) the structural solidarity of older people is relatively stronger than of middle-aged people; (2) contacting is the key player in associational solidarity in later life; (3) middle-aged people supply more financial aid to their adult children than they receive from them, but the reverse applies to older people. Both middle-aged and older people actively exchange food, household items, and health-care supplies; (4) more older men receive the National Pension Scheme benefit than older women but the reverse is true for the Basic Old-Age Pension benefit; (5) the level of happiness in later life is very high but decreases as people age; (6) the number of adult children, frequency of contact, and amount of financial support are positively associated with the happiness of older people; and (7) the National Pension Scheme is positively associated with the happiness of older men while the Basic Old-Age Pension is negatively associated with the happiness of older people. The results suggest some policy implications for late-life happiness in contemporary South Korea. At the individual level, increased frequency of contact, availability of the children, and the amount of financial support can enhance late-life happiness. At the governmental level, the research suggests that the gendered structure of the National Pension Scheme and means-tested structure of the Basic Old-Age Pension should be reformed.

The diploma thesis discusses the relationship between humanism and hedonism. However, its main objective is not to explain the terms in their summarized historical relatedness but to point out their internal coherence. The fundamental issue the thesis deals with is the fact that sentient beings suffer from sorrow. Enumerating the reasons why it is important to search for a solution would be a waste of our reader's time. It is necessary to understand that we don't expect empirical science to solve the problem since - despite the enthusiasm significant for this modern period - has not introduced any relief from sorrow. Here comes the opportunity for philosophy and, eventually, ethics. In its first part the thesis maps out the context of humanism and hedonism, studies their apparent as well as hidden nature, and lays the conceivable foundations of humanistic hedonism. The following section suggests a set of particular steps. Adhering to these instructions makes it possible to experience delight and to eliminate sorrow.

This thesis interprets the concept of human being in the work of Maimonides and ibn Rushd, two representatives of major Arab and Jewish medieval philosophy. It combines the ancient Greek philosophical tradition, especially Aristotle, with a religious context. When Maimonides and Ibn Rushd tried to harmonize these two traditions, they had to deal with many opposite views, that stemmed from the difference between religious and ancient world. Behind this intellectual ground have they created the original thesis and approaches to grasping reality, the world and the human being in it. The issue of human being is analyzed in three levels. The first level consists of the relationship between human being and creation, which addresses the question about origin of the world the human soul and the resurrection. The second level, i.e. the man and the world, is devoted to describing a scheme of the world, human knowledge and the theory of prophecy. Ethical and political views are analyzed on the third level, which represents the position of human being in relation to the polis. Keywords Ibn Rushd, Maimonides, Aristotle, Plato, neoplatonism, philosophy, religion, The Koran, Torah, human being, world, creation, eternity, soul, resurrection, emanation, knowledge, illumination, active intellect, prophecy, politics,...

À partir de quarante-huit extraits empruntés à dix-huit manuels de Portugais Langue Étrangère (PLE) publiés au Brésil et aux États-Unis entre 1954 et 2008, s’effectuera une analyse de la représentation de la brésilianité – traduction du mot « brasilidade » en portugais, un concept qui condense les principales caractéristiques de la culture et de l’histoire brésiliennes – depuis sa construction à l’époque du Brésil colonial (1500-1815), jusqu’à son utilisation à l’ère de la mondialisation (période considérée à partir des années 1950). En me basant sur le système de conception des auteurs, j’observe que la manuélisation ne se limite pas à rendre compte des ruptures et des continuités qui s’établissent entre le savoir savant et le savoir réellement enseigné, ce qui équivaudrait à un cas spécifique de transposition didactique (Verret 1975). Bien davantage, ces extraits corroborent l’idée selon laquelle les manuels dont ils sont issus expriment un ensemble d’idéologies, en particulier l’idéologie du bonheur (Ellul, 1998), caractéristique fréquemment attribuée aux images d’un certain Brésil ainsi réduit à n’être perçu que comme un lieu de joie, dansant et chantant (Almeida Filho, 2005). / This analysis of the representations of Brazilianness (translation of the word « brasilidade » in Portuguese, a concept that embodies the main features of Brazilian culture and history) – from its construction in colonial Brazil (1500-1815) through to its use in the era of globalization (starting in the 1950s) – is based on forty-eight excerpts taken from eighteen Portuguese as a Foreign Language textbooks published in Brazil and the United States from 1954 to 2008: considering the authors’ process of conception, it can be noted that manualization is not only satisfied by the interruptions and continuities established between scholarly knowledge and knowledge to be taught, which would be classed as a specific case of didactic transposition (Verret 1975). These excerpts confirm the idea that their respective textbooks express certain ideologies, which include the ideology of happiness (Ellul, 1998), a characteristic frequently attributed to images of Brazil as a joyful place where singing and dancing abound (Almeida Filho, 2005). / Por intermédio de quarenta e oito excertos provenientes de dezoito manuais de Português Língua Estrangeira (PLE) publicados no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos entre 1954 e 2008, são analisadas as representações da brasilidade (conceito que concentra as principais características da cultura e da história nacionais) – desde sua construção no período do Brasil colonial (1500-1815) até seu uso na era da globalização (a partir da década de 1950): partindo do sistema de concepções dos autores percebe-se que a manualização não se satisfaz apenas com as rupturas e continuidades estabelecidas entre o saber sábio e o saber a ser ensinado; o que seria um caso específico de transposição didática (Verret 1975). Tais extratos validam a idea de que seus respectivos manuais expressam certas ideologias; dentre elas, a ideologia da felicidade (Ellul, 1998), característica frequentemente atribuída às imagens do Brasil enquanto lugar de alegria cantante e dançante (Ameida Filho, 2005).

Pareils à nombre de révolutionnaires français, Robespierre et Condorcet souhaitent rompre avec l'Ancien régime en reconnaissant la souveraineté naturelle du peuple et les droits naturels des hommes. Cependant, en démocrates assumés et conséquents, ils se singularisent en présentant la nécessité du gouvernement représentatif comme une étape provisoire de la réalisation libre et heureuse des hommes et non comme une fin. Convaincus d’une nature humaine perfectible, habilitant l’homme à un devenir libre et heureux, les deux révolutionnaires sont conduits à promouvoir, l’idée d’un droit perfectible et celle d’une constitution transitoire capable d’articuler souveraineté du peuple et gouvernement à la naturalisation progressive des institutions et des hommes. Les progrès de l’autoconstitution du peuple souverain, appuyés par ses représentants provisoires, engagent les conditions d’une autonomisation de la société et ouvrent la voie à celle de l’individu en réconciliant l’État et la société. / Like many French revolutionaries, Robespierre and Condorcet wish to break with the Ancien Régime (Old Regime) by acknowledging the natural sovereignty of the people and the natural rights of men. However, as asserted and consistent democrats, they stand out by presenting the need of a representative government, not as an end, but as a provisional step to men’s achievement of freedom and happiness. Convinced of a perfectible human nature, empowering man to become free and happy, the two revolutionaries are led to promote the idea of a perfectible right and a transitional constitution which can connect sovereignty of the people and government to progressive naturalization of institutions and men. The progress in self-constitution of popular sovereignty, supported by its temporary representatives, sets the conditions of society’s empowerment and paves the way to that of the individual by reconciling the State and the society.

Rêver d'un monde parfait caractérise la pensée de l'homme. C’est l’utopie. Le rêve de ce monde idéal inspire les écrivains ainsi que les philosophes dont Ernst Bloch qui appelle à qu’une vie autre qui commence. C’est par une attitude de contestation et de révolution qu’il accède à réaliser son rêve. Or nous nous demandons si l’utopie exprime les rêves comment pourrait-elle être un outil pour appréhender le monde réel ? Pour dépasser cette objection à l’utopie, il faut la considérer comme refus positif de l’ordre institué et ouverture à des possibilités de création historique. C’est-à-dire une utopie concrète. L’œuvre de Bloch et essentiellement Le principe espérance en offre un soubassement précieux. L’insatisfaction face à l’existant et le sentiment tristement éprouvé que « quelque chose manque » forment cet apport d’où émerge la conscience utopique. Celle-ci marque une projection dans un futur grâce à la pensée et l’imagination ; une projection qui témoigne d’une capacité proprement humaine. / Every man dreams about a perfect world. This is the utopia. The dream of this ideal world inspires many writers and philosophy like Bloch who tells from a beginning an another life. This is be realized with an attitude of revolution. However we ask, if the utopia express dreams, how to can be a tool for apprehender the real world? For overtake this objection, we must consider utopia like a refusal positive from the order introduce and opening for possibility of historic creation. It’s an concret utopia. Bloch’s Books especially the principal of hope offer a base precious for this utopia. The insatisfaction facing the bad feeling trying “every thing lack” shapes this contribution which emerging the utopic consciousness. This consciousness marks a projection which testify that an human ability.

Cette thèse présente l’analyse de la trilogie de José Manuel Fajardo (1957) constituée par les trois romans, Carta del fin del mundo (1996), El Converso (1998) et Mi nombre es Jamaica (2010). Ces trois œuvres font partie du sous-genre, roman istorique d’aventures. À travers l‘étude du temps, de l’espace et des personnages, ce travail de recherche a pour objectif de délimiter la part de l’histoire et de l’aventure au sein de ces trois œuvres qui renvoient à des périodes marquantes de l’histoire de l’Espagne (la conquête, le Siècle d’or). Les nombreuses références à l’expulsion des Morisques ou à la diaspora sépharade témoignent de la volonté de l’auteur de faire œuvre d’historien en sauvant de l’oubli certains pans de l’histoire d’Espagne délaissés par l’Histoire officielle. Cette récupération historique va de pair avec une fictionnalisation de cette matière historique (la découverte de l’Amérique, la piraterie au XVIIe siècle, dans les Caraïbes et en méditerranée) qui permet à l’auteur de créer de l’aventure. Cette aventure est vécue par les héros comme une quête identitaire qui les conduit, à travers la traversée d’innombrables espaces, vers leur Terre promise ; ce qui leur confère une indéniable épaisseur humaine. / This thesis introduces the trilogy by José Manuel Fajardo (1957) composed of Carta del fin del mundo (1996), El Converso (1998) and Mi nombre es Jamaica (2010).These three works are part of the historical adventure novel sub-genre. Focusing on time, space and characters, this research work is aimed at making a distinction between history and adventure in these three works that refer to significant periods in the history of Spain (the conquest, the Golden Age). The numerous references to the expulsion of the Moriscos or the Sephardic diaspora show the author's willingness to work as a historian by saving fromoblivion some parts of Spanish history neglected by official history. This historical exploitation goes hand in hand with fictionalizing the historical matter _such as the discovery of America or piracy in the seventeenth century in the Caribbean and the Mediterranean seas_ which makes it possible for the author to create adventure. This adventure is experienced by the heroes as a search for identity that leads them, through the crossing of countless spaces, to their promised land; whichgives them potent human depth.

L'argomento di questa tesi è una particolare forma di ripresa tedesca dell'etica delle virtù, ad opera di Anselm W. Müller, sorta in quel movimento di rifondazione della filosofia morale che prende il nome di Rehabilitierung der praktischen Philosophie. Una prima parte del lavoro ricostruisce tale contesto, la cui causa è l'esigenza di restituire all'etica la sua capacità di guidare l'azione. Esaminando la filosofia politica e la scuola ermeneutica, è possibile risalire alla loro matrice comune: l'interpretazione heideggeriana di Aristotele. Nel neoaristotelismo pratico si radica, infatti, l'etica delle virtù tedesca (Tugendethik), che si propone come risposta all'impasse della filosofia morale denunciata dalla Rehabilitierung. Vengono evidenziate innanzitutto le differenze rispetto alla più ampia Virtue ethics angloamericana e poi i concetti intorno a cui questo modello di etica si costruisce: la virtù, la saggezza, la vita buona come attuazione di tutte le potenzialità umane realizzata grazie alle virtù; il carattere come struttura costantemente in fieri, modellata da una pratica continua di atti virtuosi o viziosi. L'influsso di ciascuna azione non è rivolto, dunque, verso l'esterno, ma verso l'interno della personalità del soggetto. L'etica delle virtù è, pertanto, un'etica “di prima persona”, concentrata sull'agente, piuttosto che sulle sue singole azioni. / The topic of this Ph. D. thesis is the latest discovery of virtue ethics in Germany, developed in the frame of that moral philosophy Renaissance called Rehabilitierung der praktischen Philosophie. I use as a model the latest Anselm Müller's work. The first part of my work describes this context, whose cause is the requirement of giving back to ethics its ability to lead action. Observing political philosophy and hermeneutic school, we can discover their common origin: Heidegger's interpretation of Aristotle's ethics. German virtue ethics (Tugendethik), which is the main topic of the second part, is based on practical Neoaristotelism. Tugendethik can be a possible answer to the difficulty of moral philosophy that Rehabilitierung has shown. At first, I have highlighted the differences from the largest Anglo-American virtue ethics; then I have exposed the main concepts of this ethics model: virtue, wisdom, good life – as total human fulfilment and flourishing, allowed by virtues - and character – as a permanent changing fabric, woven by a continuous practice of virtuous or vicious acts. The main influence of every action is, in fact, not external, but internal: its target is the agent's personality. Therefore virtue ethics is a “first person-ethic”, because it cares more about the person who acts than about his singular actions.

This research project explores whether the delivery of positive psychology interventions in the workplace through an employee assistance program (EAP) can improve employees’ authentic happiness/flourishing as well as decrease symptoms of depression. A small convenience sample of 13 Manitoba public school educators accessing employee assistance were recruited for a quasi-experimental research design. Nine participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the remaining participants assigned to the control. Experimental group members participated in a six session psychoeducational, experiential, and process-oriented positive psychotherapy group that met once a week over six weeks. Experimental group participants’ scores on the authentic happiness/flourishing measure increased by a statistically significant 9% and depression scores decreased by a statistically significant 45% from pre-intervention to one month post-intervention. The study’s findings therefore provide promising confirmation that positive psychology interventions delivered through EAPs can make a meaningful difference as both secondary prevention and primary enhancement strategies in the workplace.