The purpose of this study is to determine the extent and reasons for teacher/learner sexual abuse in South Africa. Using a case study design, the researcher collected contextual data on this phenomenon at six schools in the Limpopo Province. With a view to determining whether or not national and provincial attitudes to school-based sexual abuse affect sexual behaviour at local levels, she also collected relevant national and provincial data. The combination of the three sets of data enabled her to draw not only contextual, but also general conclusions on this phenomenon. Using interview schedules and questionnaires as instruments, the researcher collected information on school-based sexual abuse from selected school principals, Grade 11 learners, departmental officials, and representatives of various organisations. Informed by the assumption that context and culture affect behaviour, the researcher recorded her observations of the physical and emotional climate and culture of the schools serving as research sites. She also collected statistical data on the incidence of sexual abuse, analysed official documents dealing with sexual issues, and consulted academic literature on the topic. The researcher used an inductive approach to data analysis, making use of open, axial and selective coding methods. Qualitative data provided information on the nature and causes of school-based sexual relations. Quantitative data provided numerical information on the extent of the problem. Together, the data enabled her not only to paint a picture of the nature and extent of school-based sexual relationships, but also to uncover the role that socio-cultural factors play in this regard. <-p> The particular significance of this study lies in the fact that it approaches sexual abuse from a socio-cultural perspective. More specifically, it investigates the possibility that teacher/learner sexual abuse has, over the years, become part of African culture, and that the silence on such practices might be rooted in traditional, patriarchal views on gender and social justice. The research findings indicate that there might well be a growing resistance to what is regarded by some communities as the imposition of liberal, urban, value systems on traditional, rural African people. Finally, the study provides evidence that legal, administrative and managerial approaches do not have the potential to resolve cultural conflict. This research opens the door to different ways of approaching a difficult problem like sexual abuse. In exploring other strategies, particularly those more tuned to the needs of traditional communities, the occurrence of sexual abuse at schools might be resolved. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

Coach-athlete sexual relationships (CASR) and sexual harassment and abuse (SHA) in sport can profoundly impact athletes’ welfare and performance. Yet, it is often ignored due to sensitivity, secrecy, and lack of knowledge. There is no previous research on SHA in sport in Sweden, and legal, consensual, same-sex CASR is under-researched. The overall purpose of this doctoral thesis is to examine CASR in competitive sport in Sweden. More specifically: a) athletes’ experiences of CASR; b) prevalence of SHA in coach-athlete relationships; c) conceptual and theoretical issues to broaden the understanding of CASR and SHA, will be examined. Survey methodology is employed in Article I to explore the prevalence of SHA, coach-athlete relationship factors, and association between relationship factors and SHA. A random sample of current and former male and female Swedish athletes (n=477) aged 25 participated. Article II outlines critical issues of CASR, and theories and conceptualisations of romantic love, sexual consent, and female athlete sexual agency is further developed in the thesis research summary. Drawing on interviews with five female elite athletes aged 23-30, experiences of CASR are analysed in-depth using discourse analyses in Article III and narrative case study design in Article IV. Results show that athletes’ experiences of CASR are positively and negatively diverse but potentially problematic because boundary ambiguity, secrecy, and isolation are common. Social and ethical dilemmas may also occur because CASR intersect contrasting discourses regarding elite sport, coach–athlete relationships, and romantic love. Moreover, CASR integrate professional and private contexts in which equality and power deviate. The research illustrates empirically and theoretically how female elite athletes exercise agency and recognise consensual, mutually desired CASR where romantic love is priority. However, sexual consent can be ambivalent rather than a mutually exclusive yes/no dualism. Socially, consent is a process of negotiation informed by contextual factors, sexual agency, and social structure. In addition, 5.5% prevalence of SHA perpetrated by male coaches is reported, distributed throughout the sampled athletes’ gender, age, sport performance levels, and individual/team sports in the sample. In conclusion, this thesis expands knowledge of athletes’ experiences of love, sexual consent, and abuse in CASR. Previous evidence of SHA in sport is confirmed to include sport in Sweden. Implications for sport and sport sciences are offered.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 renan_goncalves_pinto_marques.pdf: 540697 bytes, checksum: 3444ed3869f93fba3c035e1e9feda4ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-16 / The analysis of the criminalization of school bullying in the Brazilian criminal legal system gains strength when the emergence of the Draft Penal Code of 2012, which now provides in Art. 148 the crime of insulting intimidation, which is the name given to bullying in Brazil. Ie, school bullying is not a crime in our criminal law, however, there is the possibility of one day come to be criminalized. Faced with this possibility, there is the chance to be reckoned with in this dissertation in the sense that school bullying is an eminently related to the field of education problem, then the criminal law would not be the most appropriate branch of law to solve this problem. To examine this hypothesis, it will be initially addressed the use of criminal policies of punitive expansion as a form of social control of the margins of society through the systematic use of prison, given that the criminalization of new pipelines has relation with the adoption of policies criminal for this purpose. Within this context, they will look at some causes that justify criminal policies of punitive expansion and can also serve to justify the possible criminalization of school bullying , such as the inclusion of " fear " in the emotional tone of crime policy , the victim's return it to the center crimina politics and populism and the politicization of criminal law . Then , still within the context of the use of criminal policies of punitive expansion as a means of social control , will be analyzed other issues that are related to this issue , namely , the symbolic criminal law and criminal policy of zero tolerance , since this speech can also be used to justify the possible criminalization of school bullying. Further, the issue of school bullying will be addressed as a social problem related to the field of education and their (contradictory) proposed criminalization. To this end, it will be seen bullying phenomenon as a form of violence in schools, which covered the first studies of school bullying and the factors that can unleash it. Soon after, it will view the possibility of criminalization of school bullying and its relation to the criminal policy of punitive expansion. Finally, it will be seen the speech that opposes the criminal policies of punitive expansion, highlighting the delegitimization of the criminal justice system and its limited operation, approaching the selectivity of the criminal justice system and the marginalizing and stigmatizing effects of the prison system are shown the theoretical platform of critical criminology. They will also be considered alternatives to criminal political delegitimization of the penal system (the abolicionismos and minimalism), at which time can be made closing remarks to address the hypothesis of this dissertation. / A análise da criminalização do bullying escolar no ordenamento jurídico penal brasileiro ganha força quando do surgimento do Anteprojeto do Código Penal de 2012, que passou a prever em seu Art. 148 o crime de intimidação vexatória, que seria o nome dado ao bullying aqui no Brasil. Ou seja, o bullying escolar não é crime em nosso ordenamento jurídico penal, entretanto, existe a possibilidade de um dia vir a ser criminalizado. Diante desta possibilidade, surge a hipótese a ser enfrentada na presente dissertação no sentido de que se o bullying escolar é um problema eminentemente relacionado à área da educação, então o direito penal não seria o ramo do direito mais apropriado para solucionar este problema. Para analisar esta hipótese, inicialmente será abordada a utilização de políticas criminais de expansão punitiva como uma forma de controle social dos marginalizados da sociedade por meio do uso sistemático da prisão, tendo em vista que a criminalização de novas condutas possui relação com a adoção de políticas criminais com esta finalidade. Dentro deste contexto, serão vistas algumas causas que fundamentam políticas criminais de expansão punitiva e que também podem servir para justificar a eventual criminalização do bullying escolar, tais como a inclusão do medo no tom emocional da política criminal, o retorno da vítima para o centro da política crimina e o populismo e a politização do Direito Penal. Em seguida, ainda dentro do contexto da utilização de políticas criminais de expansão punitiva como forma de controle social, serão analisados outros pontos que possuem relação com esta temática, quais sejam, o direito penal simbólico e a política criminal de tolerância zero, já que este discurso também pode ser utilizado para justificar a eventual criminalização do bullying escolar. Na sequência, será enfrentada a temática do bullying escolar como um problema social relacionado à área da educação e a sua (contraditória) proposta de criminalização. Para tanto, será visto o fenômeno do bullying como uma forma de violência praticada no âmbito escolar, sendo abordados os primeiros estudos do bullying escolar e os fatores que podem desencadeá-lo. Logo em seguida, será vista a possibilidade de criminalização do bullying escolar e sua relação com as políticas criminais de expansão punitiva. Por último, será visto o discurso que se contrapõe às políticas criminais de expansão punitiva, que evidencia a deslegitimação do sistema penal e a sua limitada operacionalidade, abordando-se a seletividade do sistema penal e os efeitos marginalizantes e estigmatizantes do sistema carcerário que são mostrados pela plataforma teórica da criminologia crítica. Também serão analisadas as políticas criminais alternativas à deslegitimação do sistema penal (os abolicionismos e minimalismos), momento em que poderão ser feitas considerações finais para enfrentar a hipótese levantada na presente dissertação.

No description available.

This study was designed to investigate if society's view of sexual harassment is evolving along with new legal precedents that include remedies for same-sex sexual harassment. By using an aggressive provocation questionnaire and varied scenarios where responses were recorded on a 5-point Likert scale assessing their perception of the level of sexual harassment depicted in the scenario. Thus examining the role of aggression in people's perceptions of sexual harassment.

Detta är en kvalitativ studie av sex fritidslärares arbete med hantering av kränkande behandlingar i fritidshemmet och klassrummet. Syftet med studien är att belysa hur fritidslärare resonerar kring oönskade beteenden i fritidshemmet och i klassrummet ur ett socialkonstruktivistiskt synsätt. Vidare är syftet att få en djupgående förståelse kring hur dessa beteenden kan arbetas och förebyggas enligt fritidslärarna själva. För att syfte och frågeställning ska uppnås har vi genomfört intervjuer kring fritidslärares erfarenheter om oönskade beteenden, detta genom semisstrukturerade intervjuer. Vidare bygger studien på fritidslärarens egna perspektiv och erfarenheter till orsaker som speglar ett oönskat beteende och det kollegiala arbetet för att förebygga detta. I den tidigare forskningen framkommer det att hanteringen av kränkande behandlingar sker på olika vis (Johansson, Lunneblad och Odenbring, 2016). Studiens resultat visar att de bakomliggande orsakerna till elevernas oönskade beteenden, enligt fritidslärarna, grundar sig i hemförhållanden, relationer, skolmiljön och elevernas ålder. fritidslärarna i studien beskriver arbetet med värdegrundsfrågor som något viktigt, detta för att förebygga uppkomsten av oönskat beteende. Enligt fritidslärarna är det viktigt att ha med värdegrunden i verksamheten för att minska kränkningar och diskrimineringar samt arbetet med allas lika värde. Därav anser fritidslärarna att arbetet mot oönskade beteenden ska stärkas genom en gemenskap som bland annat består av ett elevhälsoteam. Genom att få befinna sig i en miljö som känns trygg och som är kränkringsfri är något som fritidslärarna slutligen belyste.

This study aims to research change management in routines to prevent and respond to sexual harassment in workplaces for social work after the MeToo movement in 2017. Another aim is to discuss how these changes were implemented and communicated to the employees of the studied workplaces and how the informants in this study have perceived these changes and their results. The study is qualitative with an inductive approach and the empirical data consists of five telephone interviews and in order to collect the informants perception of the change management we have used idea and ideology analysis as a method for processing the material. The results of the study show how changes have been made in all five of the studied workplaces, but to varying degrees and extent, which has made the routines for dealing with sexual harassment more or less visible. Two of the social workers describe how there have been courses for the employees to access information about the new routines, but where one of them simultaneously explains how sexual harassment still exists today, however more subtly. What also emerges is how collegial support and cohesion are unanimously viewed as protection against the possibility of sexual harassment. To analyse the data, we have looked at theories such as change management in the form of organisational culture, power, social mobilisation, and gender roles. / Syftet med studien är att undersöka förändringsarbetet kring rutiner som gjorts inom socialt arbete för att bemöta sexuella trakasserier. Detta efter att MeToo haft sin framfart 2017. Vidare syfte är att se hur dessa förändringar gjorts synliga för medarbetare och hur dessa upplevts av de informanter som fått utrymme i studien. Studien är en kvalitativ studie med fem telefonintervjuer som empirisk grund med en induktiv ansats. För att nå informanternas upplevelser av fenomenet på just deras arbetsplatser har vi använt oss av idé- och ideologianalys som metod för bearbetning av materialet. Vår ambition med studien är att bidra till ett annars relativt smalt forskningsfält där svenska studier kring sexuella trakasserier och MeToos påverkan på förändringsprocessen är knapphändig. Studiens resultat visar att förändringar gjorts på samtliga arbetsplatser, men i olika grad och utsträckning, vilket gjort rutinerna för att bemöta sexuella trakasserier mer eller mindre synliga. Två av arbetsplatserna har lyft hur det utformats utbildningar för att samtliga ska nås av samma information, men där en av dessa samtidigt förklarar hur det än idag förekommer sexuella trakasserier, om än mer subtilt. Vad som även framkommer är hur det kollegiala stödet och sammanhållningen enhälligt ses som skydd mot att sexuella trakasserier kan förekomma. För att analysera empirin har vi sett till teorier som förändringsarbete i form av organisationskultur, makt, social mobilisering och könsroller.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka eventuella svårigheter chefer kan uppleva i det förebyggande arbetet mot sexuella trakasserier och vid hanteringen av sådana händelser på arbetsplatsen. Sju semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med chefer inom kommunal förvaltning på olika kommuner i Sverige. Materialet analyserades med en induktiv tematisk analys. De huvudteman som framkom var; Organisationskultur, Känsligt ämne, Subjektiva tolkningar och attityder och Bristande intresse. Resultatet visade att respondenterna upplevde svårigheter vid både hanteringen och i det förebyggande arbetet mot sexuella trakasserier, där flest svårigheter upplevdes vid hanteringen av sexuella trakasserier. Svårigheterna som var mest framträdande vid hanteringen var ämnets känsliga karaktär, att problemet är dolt och att vissa incidenter inte kommer till chefens kännedom. Vid det förebyggande arbetet var den största svårigheten enligt respondenterna att få alla anställda engagerade i ämnet. / The aim of the study was to examine any potential difficulties managers might experience in the preventative work against sexual harassment and when managing such issues in the workplace. Seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with managers within municipal administrations at municipalities across Sweden. The material was analyzed using an inductive thematic analysis. Four main themes were found; Organizational culture, Sensitive subject, Subjective interpretations and attitudes and Lack of interest. The results showed that the respondents experienced difficulties in both managing and preventing sexual harassment, difficulties were experienced mostly within managing reports of sexual harassment. The difficulties that were most profound in managing sexual harassment was the sensitivity of the subject, that the problem is hidden, and that some incidents does not come to the managers’ attention. The most profound difficulty while preventing sexual harassment was to engage the employees and involve them in discussions around sexual harassment.

En dévoilant les violences sexuelles qu’elles subissent, les femmes exposent les droits que les hommes auteurs de ces violences, s’arrogent sur leur personne et les pouvoirs dont ils disposent. L’intervention du droit pénal dans ce domaine implique donc un positionnement du législateur puis des magistrat.es quant à ces droits et pouvoirs. L’objet de cette recherche est d’une part d’analyser, dans une perspective critique féministe, comment le droit pénal et les institutions judiciaires appréhendent des violences sexuelles masculines telles que le viol, l’agression sexuelle et le harcèlement sexuel. Puis, d’autre part, en s’appuyant sur le droit international et sur une approche comparatiste, de réfléchir aux changements légaux et de politique pénale nécessaires afin que les femmes victimes de violences sexuelles masculines puissent compter sur un droit pénal plus juste. / By disclosing the sexual violence they endure, women expose the rights that perpetrators claim and the power they wield. Penal law dealing with sexual violence therefore requires that legislators and judges take a stand as to those rights and power. This research analyzes, from a feminist perspective, how penal law and the legal system comprehend sexual violence such as rape, sexual assault and sexual harassment. Relying on international law and a comparative approach, it considers how our legal system could be changed to provide justice for women.

Bakgrund: Sexuella trakasserier bland sjuksköterskor är globalt ett stort problem. Sexuella trakasserier förekommer från både kollegor, chefer, anhöriga och patienter hos båda könen och kan definieras som både fysiskt våld, psykiskt våld, verbalt och icke verbalt. Det finns riktlinjer och lagar runt om i världen som ska förebygga mot sexuella trakasserier.  Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av sin mentala hälsa vid arbetsrelaterade sexuella trakasserier. Metod: Studien använde allmän litteraturöversikt som metod med induktiv ansats. Litteratursökning utfördes i databaserna PubMed, CINAHL och MEDLINE. Efter kvalitetsgranskning valdes tretton artiklar ut till resultatet vilka sammanställdes i en matris. Data analyserades genom Fribergs analysmodell. Resultat: Resultatet visade att sexuella trakasserier på arbetsplatsen leder till en negativ påverkan på sjuksköterskans mentala hälsa som gav psykiska, fysiska sjukdomar, påverkad arbetsmiljö och hot mot patientsäkerheten. Sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsarbete påverkas och möjligheter att ta sitt professionella ansvar. Sjuksköterskor som har upplevt sexuella trakasserier riskerar att sjukskriva sig och lämnar sitt yrke.  Slutsatser: Sexuella trakasserier påverkar sjuksköterskors mentala hälsa, ger psykiska och fysiska sjukdomar som resulterar i påverkad omvårdnad, patientsäkerhet och arbetsmiljö. Det beskriver vikten av forskning om ämnet för att utse förebyggande åtgärder som behövs på arbetsplatserna världen över. / Background: Sexual harassment among nurses is a major problem globally. Sexual harassment occurs from colleagues, managers, relatives and patients of both sexes and can be defined as both physical violence, psychological violence, verbal and nonverbal. There are guidelines and laws around the world to prevent sexual harassment.   Purpose: The purpose is to describe nurses' experiences of their mental health in the event of work-related sexual harassment.  Method: The study used general literature review as a method with inductive approach. Literature search was carried out in the databases PubMed, CINAHL and MEDLINE. After quality review, thirteen articles were selected for the result, which was compiled in an array. The data was analysed through Friberg's analysis model.  Results: The results showed that sexual harassment in the workplace leads to a negative impact on the nurse's mental health that resulted in mental, physical illnesses, affected work environment and threats to patient safety. The nurse's nursing work is affected and opportunities to take their professional responsibility. Nurses who have experienced sexual harassment risk taking sick leave and leaving their profession. Conclusions: Sexual harassment affects nurses' mental health, causes mental and physical illnesses that result in affected nursing, patient safety and work environment. It describes the importance of research on the subject in order to designate preventive measures needed in workplaces worldwide.