[pt] Nos últimos anos, vários especialistas vêm chamando a atenção para o modo como as redes sociais se tornaram um terreno fértil para o discurso de ódio. Neste trabalho, examino uma postagem de um professor de artes marciais no Instagram, junto com os respectivos comentários, que contêm manifestações de discurso de ódio de gênero. A postagem foi feita em resposta a uma entrevista no YouTube, na qual uma atleta de alta performance faz um relato, enquadrado pela entrevistadora e por alguns comentaristas como um relato de violência sexual. Nosso foco são as práticas de linguagem de natureza discriminatória contra as mulheres, utilizadas nas ações responsivas a esse relato, publicadas no Instagram, tanto pelo professor, quanto pelos usuários que a ele se alinham e afiliam. Com base na análise de categoria de pertença (MCA), foi possível demonstrar o papel crucial desempenhado pela categorização como ferramenta para construir discurso de ódio de gênero. No corpus, categorias que foram historicamente usadas para atacar, intimidar ou excluir mulheres são invocadas, reforçando a deificação dos homens e a demonização das mulheres. A análise aponta para a necessidade de uma discussão sobre a responsabilidade das mídias sociais quanto à propagação de discurso de ódio de gênero e para a discussão jurídica acerca da criminalização da misoginia. A naturalização dessas categorias não apenas favorece o silenciamento da voz feminina, como incita a propagação da violência contra a mulher no meio físico, uma realidade no nosso cotidiano. / [en] In recent years, a number of experts have drawn attention to how social media has become a breeding ground for hate speech. In this work, I examine an Instagram post made by a martial arts teacher, along with the respective comments, which contain expressions of gendered hate speech. The post was made in response to a YouTube interview, in which an elite athlete gave an account, framed by the interviewer and by some commentators as an account of sexual violence. Our focus is on language practices of a discriminatory nature against women, used in responsive actions to this report, published on Instagram, both by the teacher and by users who align and affiliate with him. Based on Membership Categorization Analysis (MCA), it was possible to demonstrate the crucial role played by categorization as a tool to produce gendered hate speech. In the corpus, categories that were historically used to attack, intimidate or exclude women were invoked, reinforcing the deification of men and the demonization of women. The analysis points to the need for a discussion about the liability of social media regarding the propagation of gendered hate speech and for the legal discussion about the criminalization of misogyny. The naturalization of these categories not only favors the silencing of women s voice, but also encourages the spread of violence against women in the real world, a reality in our daily lives.

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The intentional spread of incorrect information, ‘disinformation’ has increased rapidly in the past couple of years. Bringing with it serious threats to aspects of modern society that constitute central parts of the European Union’s values, thus requiring protection in line with the core aims and duties under EU law. Despite this, the phenomenon of disinformation has not been the focus of regulation until recently, and any attempts to further the regulation of disinformation risks limiting the fundamental right to freedom of expression and information. This right is embedded in Article 11 of the Charter of the Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the Charter) and entails protection so fierce that it sets constraints for what actions the European Union (EU) and Member States may take to regulate any expression and information. In light of this information, the study aims to evaluate the current legal response to disinformation under EU law by assessing possible parallels with hate speech and examining possibilities for the EU and Member States to increase their response to disinformation. This aim is pursued through the use of the legal dogmatic method when investigating the sources and by juxtaposing disinformation with hate speech, which is more firmly regulated. The latter is assessed to determine whether the fiercer regulation of hate speech could arguably be a requirement for disinformation as well. The study offers a deeper understanding of the competencies and capacities within the complex and multilayered EU system and on these grounds then discusses the sufficiency of the current response to disinformation and if there are possibilities to enhance it. Through this assessment, disinformation is found homogenous to hate speech, and possibilities for the EU and Member States to enhance the regulation of disinformation are detected. The study therefore concludes that the current response to disinformation is insufficient in contrast with the response to disinformation and in line with the aims and duties to protect under EU law.

With the use of a discourse psychology approach, this study has intended to highlight and analyze the nature of the Swedish digitalized football fan culture on Instagram, which previously hasn't been studied within the field of research in Sweden. The collection of data has been gathered through a non-participatory netnographic approach, from which comments of hate speech are expressed on Instagram, regarding the first 6 rounds of the 2024 season of Allsvenskan. The three discourses (1) to discriminate, (2) fans authenticity, and (3) masculinity, has been the base of the analysis. The results demonstrate that the terms stooge, hobo, and bastard, are the three characteristics that are particularly important regards to maintaining and reinforce the use of hate speech, as well as the use of GIFs and likes. Football fans' utilization of superiority, subordination, and the othering of opposing fans, have proven to permeate the comments, especially in protecting one's fandom and team. Moreover, the results indicate Instagram as a platform which furthers online hate speech opportunities. Lastly, the study's theoretical framework has been proven to be of relevance for the results. / Studien har nyttjat ett diskurspsykologiskt angreppsätt i syfte att belysa och analysera den digitaliserade svenska fotbollssupporterkulturen på Instagram, något som inte tidigare gjorts inom det svenska forskningsfältet. Studiens datainsamlingsmetod består av en icke- deltagande netnografisk ansats, där kommentarer som gett uttryck för hat på Instagram, rörande Allsvenskans första sex omgångar under säsongen 2024, har inhämtats för en diskurs-psykologisk analys. Analysen har utgått ifrån de tre diskurserna (1) att diskriminera, (2) supportrars äkthet, och (3) maskulinitet. Resultaten visar på att de tre benämningarna dräng, luffare och horunge är synnerligen utmärkande för upprätthållandet och förstärkande av studiens hatuttryck, likaså brukandet av GIFs och gilla-markeringar. Supportrars markerande av över- och underordningar liksom andrafiering av motståndssupportrar har påvisat vara genomsyrande i kommentarerna, i synnerhet i termer av att skydda sitt supporterskap och tillhörande fotbollslag. Därtill indikerar även resultaten på att Instagram som plattform främjar tillfällen för hatuttryck online. Slutligen har de teoretiska utgångspunkterna konstaterats ha en betydande förklaringskraft för resultaten.

Hatbrott är ett problem idag som strider mot allas lika värde och väcker oro bland många i vårt samhälle, samtidigt har kritik riktats mot Sverige för utvecklingen av hatbrott och den utbredda rasismen. Flera förebyggande insatser mot hatbrott har därav i Sverige vidtagits, detta trots brist på forskning kring hatbrott generellt men framförallt förebyggandet av hatbrott. Föreliggande uppsats vill därför skapa en förståelse för hur olika aktörer i Malmö arbetar för att förebygga hatbrott, hur aktörerna tänker kring orsakerna till varför hatbrott begås och eventuella utmaningar i det förebyggande arbetet. För att besvara uppsatsens frågeställningar intervjuas tio personer från olika verksamheter i Malmö utifrån deras roll som en del av det förebyggande arbetet mot hatbrott. Resultatet visar att händelser i omvärlden, bristande kunskap, kultur och historia samt fördomar, ses som möjliga orsaker till varför hatbrott begås. Media och internets påverkan ses som bidragande faktorer till hatbrott. För att förebygga hatbrott betraktas olika former av utbildningsinsatser vara de mest framstående och effektiva, men några få mer direkta insatser nämns också. Ur resultatet framstår det att hela samhället har ett ansvar i det förebyggande arbetet och att alla aktörer måste arbeta gemensamt för ett mer inkluderande samhälle. Det är också viktigt att hantera det aktuella mörkertalet i hatbrottsstatistiken och stärka förtroendet mellan minoriteter och myndigheter. Uppsatsens informanter påpekar också att mer resurser måste läggas på det preventiva arbetet mot hatbrott. Vidare ger uppsatsen förslag på framtida forskning som bör undersöka vilka konkreta insatser de olika aktörerna i samhället ska vidta för att förebygga hatbrott, samt studera ämnet utifrån fler perspektiv. / Hate crime is a problem today that goes against everyone's equal value and arouses concern among many in our society, meanwhile Sweden has been criticized for the development of hate crimes and the widespread racism. Therefore, Sweden has implemented several preventive strategies against hate crimes, despite a lack of research on hate crimes in general and the sizable lack of research regarding prevention of hate crimes. The essay wants to create an understanding of how different actors in Malmö works to prevent hate crimes, what they consider causes hate crimes and possible challenges in the preventive work. To address the inquiries posed by the essay, ten people from different functions in Malmö are interviewed, based on their role as part of the preventive work against hate crimes. The results show that events in the world, lack of knowledge, culture and history, as well as prejudices, are possible reasons why hate crimes are committed. The influence of the media and the internet are seen as contributing factors to hate crimes. To prevent hate crimes, various forms of educational efforts are considered to be the most prominent and effective. Also, a few more direct interventions are mentioned. The result shows that the whole society has a responsibility in the preventive work and actors must work together for a more inclusive society. It is also important to deal with the current darkness in hate crime statistics, and enhancing trust between minority groups and authorities. The essay's informants also highlight that more resources must be put into preventive work against hate crimes. Furthermore, the essay suggests that future research should examine what concrete efforts various societal actors should take to prevent hate crimes. Future research should also approach the subject from different perspectives.

The rapid expansion of technology has posed challenges in moderating hateful content on social media platforms, particularly in non-text formats like TikTok videos. This study addresses a significant gap in scholarly research by examining the intersection of TikTok and journalistic content within the Ethiopian diaspora community. The research aims to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of hate speech in ethnic-based social media platforms operated by the Ethiopian diaspora, focusing on two prominent platforms: Ethio 360 Media and Gadaa Media Network (Gadaa MN), representing the Amhara and Oromo ethnic groups, respectively. Employing content analysis methodology, the study examines a hundred TikTok video clips from these platforms, drawing upon the theoretical framework of Framing Theory. This framework encompasses Frame Amplification, Frame Transformation, and Frame Contest, allowing for the identification of distinct patterns in hate speech language and content presentation between the two platforms. Key findings highlight several significant insights: (1) Both Ethio 360 Media and Gadaa MN exhibit similarities in hate speech, particularly in incitement of violence or threats. However, Ethio 360 Media employs uniquely demeaning and dehumanizing language, absent in Gadaa MN's journalistic content; (2) Analysis of hate speech types reveals differences in prevalence and focus within journalistic content, with both platforms engaging in politics-based hate speech but disparities emerging in ethnicity-based hate speech; (3) Examination of targeted entities unveils differing framing strategies, with both platforms targeting the Ethiopian government but diverging in their approaches toward other entities such as the Oromo ethnic group and educational institution; (4) Analysis of news coverage genres indicates variations in content presentation, with Ethio 360 Media relying more on commentary while Gadaa MN focuses predominantly on straight newscasts; (5) Exploration of news coverage areas reveals distinct content focuses between the two platforms, with Ethio 360 Media covering Ethiopia as a whole and various regions within the country, while Gadaa MN primarily focuses on the Oromia Region, occasionally covering foreign countries or regions.

The aim of this thesis is two-fold. Firstly, the aim is to analyze the three aspects institutional racism, double-consciousness and importance of minoritized voices in Angie Thomas’ novel The Hate U Give in connection to the thesis’ theoretical framework, Critical Race Theory. Secondly, the aim is also to argue for the inclusion of The Hate U Give in the Swedish EFL classroom, by investigating potential pedagogical implications in connection to the literary analysis and the thesis’ pedagogical framework, Critical Race Pedagogy. Potentially as a way of hoping for social justice and change for a minoritized group of people, the literary analysis of the three aspects demonstrates that Thomas depicts racial inequality as natural and fixed within many layers of American society such as economic opportunities, law enforcement, education, identities and which voices are heard vs. ignored. Therefore, this thesis argues that Thomas’ counter narrative The Hate U Give, with its portrayal of the racially inequal American society and the effects on the African American characters, could serve as a point of departure for discussions of institutional racism, double-consciousness and the importance of minoritized voices in the Swedish EFL classroom, to raise awareness of the situation for a minoritized group of people in America and connect it to the students’ own experiences and knowledge of these aspects.

The study makes an analysis of Charles Mungoshi's Shona works from a Modernist perspective. In this study, Modernist literature is shown as full of change and adventure that has seen characters failing to catch up with the speed at which their social lives are going. The change is continuos and has resulted in many characters continuously failing to cope, which in turn has resulted in continuous frustrations, here described as despair. The study also shows how the despair is being nurtured in the circumstances of crumbling social institutions which, in the past, had acted as the haven for devastated individuals. The crumbling social institutions are shown to be triggering the despair and the characters are given no room to recuperate. The study makes an analysis of what brings this despair and how in the end, particular individual characters fight to ward off the despair. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

Estudos demonstram que o treinamento aeróbio é capaz de reduzir a razão parede/luz (RP/L) de arteríolas musculares esqueléticas e reduzir a pressão arterial média, PAM (em hipertensos), além de causar bradicardia de repouso e aumentar a densidade de capilares e vênulas (em hipertensos e normotensos) após 13 semanas de treinamento. Investigamos em ratos normotensos (WKY, Wistar Kyoto) e hipertensos espontâneos (SHR) as alterações estruturais da microcirculação muscular esquelética, cardíaca e renal, relacionando-as aos valores de PAM e frequência cardíaca (FC) em diferentes fases de um protocolo de treinamento. Para tal, WKY e SHR (2 meses de idade) foram submetidos ao protocolo de treinamento físico de baixa intensidade por tempos crescentes (semanas 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 e 12) ou mantiveram-se sedentários (semanas 0 e 12). Ao final de cada tempo de estudo foram mensurados de modo direto a PAM e a FC e coletados coração, rim e músculos temporal, sóleo e gastrocnêmio. Realizou-se análise da RP/L e quantificação de capilares e vênulas (através do ácido periódico de Schiff). O treinamento aeróbio aumentou a densidade capilar e venular de WKY e SHR (apenas em territórios exercitados e com maior magnitude nos hipertensos), em seguida causou redução da razão parede/luz das arteríolas musculares esqueléticas (apenas em SHR, precocemente e em maior magnitude em territórios exercitados) e só então reduziu a PAM de SHR e a FC de WKY e SHR. A partir dos resultados obtidos, podemos dizer que alterações estruturais da microcirculação antecedem a melhora dos níveis pressóricos de hipertensos e ainda, são capazes de proporcionar melhoras vasculares aos normotensos / Previous observations have shown that aerobic training reduce the wall/lumen ratio (RW/L) of skeletal muscle arterioles and reduce mean arterial pressure (MAP) in hypertensive rats, cause bradycardia, and increase capillary and venular density also in hypertensive and normotensive rats after 13 weeks of training. We investigated simultaneously the time-course changes of arterioles remodeling, MAP, HR and capillary and venular density during the development of low-intensity exercise protocol. Normotensive rats (WKY, Wistar Kyoto) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR), two-months old were submitted to aerobic training protocol (weeks 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12) or remained sedentary (weeks 0 and 12). In each study time were measured the MAP and HR and collected heart, kidney, temporalis, soleus and gastrocnemius muscles to analyze the RW/L and quantificate capillaries and venules (by Periodic Acid-Schiff staining). Aerobic training increased capillary and venular density of WKY and SHR (only in exercised territories), caused a reduction of the RW/L of skeletal muscle arterioles (only in SHR, early and in greater magnitude in exercised territories) and only then reduced MAP of SHR and HR of WKY and SHR. The structural changes of microcirculation preceded improvement of blood pressure levels in hypertensive rats and provided vascular improvements to normotensive rats

This study has focused on how the Facebook group #jagärhär has been working on inviting people to participate in the conversation against hate culture online. To examine this, we have conducted qualitative interviews with members and administrators from the group, and made a rhetorical text analysis on posts made in the group. The theoretical concepts used in the analysis are: convergence, participatory culture and democracy, collective intelligence, collective identity and doxa. By using these theoretical concepts, certain strategies in the group could be seen. Some of the most important strategies and tactics that could be seen were that the group had a strict structure - to facilitate engagement and participation - and that there was great focus on being encouraging and motivating in their language. It was also seen that it was important for the group to be visible in traditional media, and to be noticed by public figures - like celebrities - in order to be more visible and to inspire more people to participate / Denna studie har undersökt hur Facebookgruppen #jagärhär har gått till väga för att bjuda in till deltagande i samtalet mot hatkultur online. För att undersöka detta har vi gjort kvalitativa intervjuer med medlemmar och administratörer från gruppen, samt gjort en retorisk textanalys på inlägg som gjorts i gruppen. De teoretiska begrepp som använts i analysen är: konvergens, deltagarkultur och demokrati, kollektiv intelligens, kollektiv identitet och doxa. Genom att använda dessa teoretiska begrepp kunde vissa strategier i gruppen skönjas. Några av de viktigaste strategier och taktiker som kunde ses var att gruppen hade en tydlig struktur - för att underlätta engagemang och deltagande -  och att det var stort fokus på att vara uppmuntrande och motiverande i sitt språk. Det gick även att se att det var viktigt för gruppen att synas mycket i traditionella medier, samt att uppmärksammas av offentliga personer, för att kunna bli mer synliga och kunna inspirera fler till att delta.