The ‘Volk en Vaderland’ (VoVa) weekly newspaper served as the principal propaganda tool which allowed the Dutch fascist organisation National Socialist Movement – Netherlands (NSB) to propagate a meticulous blend of antisemitic, anti-Marxist and anti-‘establishment’ conspiracy theories, operating in complementary capacity to the ill-defined palingenetic vision of Dutch national rebirth (‘palingenesis’). Later in the wartime collaboration years, the various components of Dutch fascism were concretised (‘finished’) not by the NSB but by the Berlin-directed civilian occupation regime. As will be presented, utilising mixed-methods content analysis, VoVa’s double scrutiny in both a quantitative and qualitative examination points to the conclusion that the collaboration period had a stout germanisation effect on the completion and even replacement of the various facets of the initial NSB ideology: With pan-Dutch nationalism becoming increasingly outphased by pan-Germanicism; anti-jewish measures being introduced in the Netherlands by Berlin supported by NSB propaganda; and, finally, the revitalisation of ‘abolitionist’ antisemitic and anti-Marxist rhetoric occurring in virtue of Hitler’s invasion of the USSR. Thus, skewing the expectations of the natural fascist development under a heuristic fascist studies theory model, with particular attention paid to the elements most relevant to Holocaust & genocide studies, the NSB case study alludes to various noteworthy effects of intra-fascist wartime collaboration, and how it completed or even altered the propagated visions for societal transformations and persecutions. Therein, the thesis finishes with the recommendation that other national fascist organisations across World War Two Europe may have suffered equal changes to their abolitionist and palingenetic agendas following intra-fascist wartime collaboration with Germany and Italy; requesting further research is engaged in on other such fascist organisations across Europe, and not only for the Dutch example now treated in this study.

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Du dopage sportif à l’usage de psychotropes pour accroître les capacités intellectuelles ou mieux contrôler les émotions, du recours aux nouvelles technologies reproductives permettant une maîtrise croissante des naissances, au développement d’une médecine anti-âge qui œuvre à l’effacement de toute trace du vieillissement, jamais il n’a été autant question d’améliorer l’être humain et ses performances par le biais des avancées technoscientifiques et biomédicales contemporaines. Cette étude interroge cette aspiration à un humain augmenté à la lumière de l’idéal humaniste et politique de la perfectibilité humaine systématisé par les philosophes des Lumières au 18ème siècle, en particulier dans l’œuvre et la pensée de Jean-Jacques Rousseau. À la différence du modèle politique et humaniste de la perfectibilité, qui valorise l’amélioration de la condition humaine dans et par la société, au cœur de l’imaginaire démocratique moderne, la société de l’amélioration contemporaine paraît, elle, promouvoir un modèle de perfectibilité dépolitisé, axé sur l’adaptabilité technoscientifique de l’être humain et la transformation de la vie en elle-même. À travers une excursion au sein l’histoire de la pensée sociale, l’objectif de cette étude est de comprendre comment un tel renversement et une telle dépolitisation de la perfectibilité ont pu avoir lieu. De Jean-Jacques Rousseau à Karl Marx, de Auguste Comte à Francis Galton, des penseurs postmodernes au mouvement transhumaniste, cette thèse offre une généalogie synthétique de la société de l’amélioration dans laquelle nous entrons, seule à même d’éclairer de manière critique des transformations sociales et technoscientifiques trop souvent présentées sous le masque de l’inéluctabilité. / Whether we speak of doping in sport, the use of psychoactive drugs to improve man’s intellectual performance or better check his emotions, new reproductive technologies allowing more efficient birth control, or anti-aging medicine to erase the effects of time, there is no denying that enhancing humans through the use of technoscientific and biomedical means has grown more pervasive in our contemporary societies. This study questions today’s quest for human enhancement under the light of the humanist and political ideal of perfectibility defined by 18th century Enlightenment philosophers, particularly in the work and thought of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. In contrast to the humanist and political model of perfectibility, which promotes the improvement of the human condition by and through society, at the core of the democratic ideal, today’s enhancement society seems to champion a depoliticized model of perfectibility focused on human technoscientific adaptability and the transformation of life itself. Offering a journey through the history of social thought, the objective of this study is to understand how such a reversal and depoliticization of the concept of perfectibility may have been possible. From Jean-Jacques Rousseau to Karl Marx, Auguste Comte and Francis Galton, from postmodern thinkers to the transhumanist movement, this thesis presents a synthetic genealogy of the enhancement society we are entering, which allows for a critical analysis of social and technoscientific transformations that have too often been presented behind the mask of ineluctability. / Thèse réalisée en cotutelle, entre l'Université de Montréal, au Département de Sociologie, et l'Université de Rennes 1, à la Faculté de Droit et de Science Politique

In the last decades a number of studies have shed light on early modern scientific experience. While some of these studies have focused on how new facts were forced out of nature in so-called experimental situations, others have charted long-term transformations. In this dissertation I explore a rather different facet of scientific experience by focusing on the case of the Prussian university town Halle in the period from the late seventeenth till the mid-eighteenth century. At this site philosophers, theologians and physicians were preoccupied with categories such as inner senses, inner experience, living experience, psychological experiments and psychometrics. In the study I argue that these hitherto almost completely overlooked categories take us away from observations of external things to the internal organisation of experience and to entirely internal objects of experience. Rather than seeing this internal side of scientific experience as mere theory and epistemology, I argue that it was an integral and central part of what has been referred to as the cultura animi tradition, that is, the philosophical and medical tradition of approaching the soul as something in need of cultivation, education, disciplination and cure. The study contains four empirical chapters. In the first chapter I analyse the meaning and function of experience in Christian Wolff’s philosophy understood as spiritual exercise and cultura animi. In the second chapter I examine experience in the theologian Hermann Francke’s cultura animi, focusing particularly on the relation between scientific experience and what scholars have referred to as religious experience. In the third chapter I chart aesthetic experience in Alexander Baumgarten’s aesthetics. In the fourth chapter I examine the role of experience in the medicine of Georg Ernst Stahl, Friedrich Hoffmann and their followers. The analysis of medical experience channels the discussion into questions regarding the relation between the cultura animi tradition and the kind of attitudes, practices and processes that have been connected to modern objectivity.

The poet Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht (1718–63) wrote extensively on the subject of love. Often, her texts discuss love in relation to Enlightenment subjects, such as female emancipation and education. Her works bear traces of so-called précieuse ideas – an adjective sometimes used to pack together learned French aristocratic women who frequented the Parisian salons in the mid seventeenth century. The précieuses have become famous for their original and radical thoughts on the role of women. This thesis examines the view of love expressed in a selection of pastorals, fairy tales and lyric poems by Nordenflycht, bringing the précieuse protofeminist heritage into focus. Nordenflycht was an extremely assured debater who, throughout her life, consistently advocated practically the same ideological messages. Her advocacy of female emancipation runs through nearly all her texts in some form and is, as this thesis demonstrates, apparent even in her pastorals, fairy tales and lyric poems. In this respect, she bridges differences of genre. Nordenflycht used the realm of fiction to create and promote an alternative to the traditional amorous attachments: tender, equal and spiritual friendships, inspired by Madeleine de Scudéry’s amitié tendre. She portrayed ideal love as a relationship between two free souls, helping each other reach true wisdom. Interestingly, this emphasis on ethereal affection seems to have led to the complete exclusion of sexuality from her writings. Furthermore, by depicting love as path to individual self-realisation, Nordenflycht heralded romantic love. This thesis provides a comprehensive picture of Nordenflycht’s philosophy of love and the way it relates to early modern protofeminist ideas.

This essay examines possible subject positions offered to a female in relations to the decadence genre in the novel Berta Funcke (1885) by Stella Kleve, pseudonym for Mathilda Malling. The aim is to study how a female can be decadent. I analyze subject positions and examine how they enable decadent expressions of the female character. To understand subject positions in relations to the historical context I use Chris Weedon’s approach to feminist poststructuralism. I define decadence as a relative concept and understand it as a wider experience of decadence and dissolution in society. The methodological framework is based on hermeneutic reading. The result shows that the female protagonist is under the influence of many subjectivities simultaneously. Her decadence can be seen as both a source of emancipation and of constraint. From the analysis, I’ve been able to distinguish four characteristic subject positions: The Erotic, The Hermaphrodite, The Actress and The Hothouse Plant. The subject positions are bound to stereotypes of the time but also permits the female protagonist to transcend gender definitions. The result shows that the decadent aesthetics, expressions and vocabulary open up new ways of being for the female character.

Das so genannte „Lange 19. Jahrhundert“ ist von ungewöhnlich häufigen, starken Umwertungen von epistemischen und politischen Begriffen gekennzeichnet. Beispielhaft für die Berührung von Wissenschafts- und Ideengeschichte ist der Begriff des „Konkreten“, dessen unterschiedliche Interpretation von Hegel über Marx, Kierkegaard und Cassirer die Gegensätze des 19. Jahrhunderts exemplarisch greifbar werden lässt. Bilder haben an dieser Wissenschafts- und Ideengeschichte des Konkreten einen substantiellen Anteil gehabt. Die vorliegende Studie geht dieser Bild- und Begriffsgeschichte des Konkreten im 19. Jahrhunderts anhand von Fallbeispielen der wissenschaftlichen Zeichnung nach. / Typical for the so called „long Nineteenth Century“ is an dynamic change of epistemic and political ideas. The notion “concrete” represents this change as a development in the history of science and the history of political thought, for instance in the work of great philosophers like Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Karl Marx, Sören Kierkegaard or Ernst Cassirer. Pictures took part on this change in the history of the concrete. The study discuss the iconology and ivarious definitions of the concrete in the Nineteenth Century in connection with the scientific drawing.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-11-14T19:12:15Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Daniel Lucio.pdf: 1849801 bytes, checksum: 9f40c703e84f294bfa4ce9a95e933cc1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-14T19:12:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Daniel Lucio.pdf: 1849801 bytes, checksum: 9f40c703e84f294bfa4ce9a95e933cc1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-06 / O presente trabalho procurou examinar algumas considerações do intelectual brasileiro João Cruz Costa sobre a relação entre a história e a filosofia. Esta relação perpassou por toda a trajetória intelectual do autor, sendo, portanto, observada desde seu primeiro texto sobre a história das ideias no Brasil, em 1938, até as suas últimas intervenções, em meados da década de 1970. Durante toda a sua trajetória intelectual, Cruz Costa buscou compreender, a partir das noções de “experiência histórica” e de “sentido”, as vicissitudes das ideias no Brasil, desde o século XVI até meados do século XX. Em seus textos se desprende uma discussão mais geral que indica a preocupação do autor em refletir sobre a relação entre a história e a filosofia. A partir de algumas considerações do próprio autor sobre esta relação, o presente trabalho lançou, como fio condutor, a seguinte questão: seria Cruz costa um pensador cético? Longe da pretensão de apontar uma resposta, este trabalho apenas procurou incidir um pouco de luz sobre o problema. Pode-se dizer que a única conclusão satisfatória deste presente trabalho foi a convicção da necessidade de um retorno à obra de Cruz Costa e, por consequência, a instauração de um exame minucioso sobre os textos do autor. Retorno que deve responder a duas questões ainda em aberto sobre o pensamento de Cruz Costa: 1) o que foi o ceticismo de Cruz Costa? e 2) o que foi o seu ensaísmo? / This work aims to examine a set of considerations regarding the relation between history and philosophy by the Brazilian philosopher João Cruz Costa. The matter played a central role throughout the writer’s intellectual trajectory, being present from his very first writings about the history of ideas in Brazil, in 1938, until his last interventions, in the decade of 1970. In his works, the author looks for the vicissitudes of ideas in Brazil from the 16th to the 20th century, in terms of historical and sense perception. Thus, a wholesome discussion on the aforementioned relation can be extracted from his production, from which was selected as leading thought for this research, the question: was Cruz Costa a sceptical philosopher? It is not the main objective here to pose a direct and objective answer to that, but to raise an axiomatic discussion, which points out to the necessity of a more detailed reexam of the referred works. Two main unanswered questions regarding Cruz Costa’s philosophy are: 1) what was his scepticism? 2) what was his essayism?

[pt] A tese trabalha sobre o progressivo consentimento - na década de 1880 na cidade do Rio de Janeiro - a uma cultura democrática e científica, na qual inscrito estava o regime republicano. Na rua positivamente ressignificada, operouse uma disposição afetiva e mental a novos sinais, visíveis e auditivos, a linguagens, discursos e significações que permitiram a percepção da crise e decadência da monarquia por uma camada estendida da população. Sugere-se com isso a possível complementaridade de outras interpretações que, conjugadas, melhor dêem conta da variedade histórica na explicação da instalação da República no Brasil. / [en] This thesis works on the progressive consent - in the 1880 s in the Rio de Janeiro city - of a democratic and scientific culture in which was included the republican regime. In a positively re-signified street an affective and mental disposition towards new visibles and auditives signals, languages, speechs and meanings became effective what made possible to an extensive layer of the population the perception of the crisis and decadence of the monarchy. With that on suggest the possibility of a complementary interpretation that taken togheter with others ones can give a better picture of the historical variety in the stablishment of the Republic in Brazil.

This study examines the production and the introduction of a fertility treatment which gained great attention both in Sweden and internationally during the 1960s. In the procedure, hormones were extracted from human pituitary glands which had been collected from autopsies. After this, the hormones were purified and injected into the female patients as a treatment for certain kinds of sterility. Carl Gemzell, professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Uppsala University, was a key figure in the development of the treatment. He was described by the media as a medical pioneer and later became one of Sweden’s most famous doctors and scientists. The fertility treatment also gained a lot of attention in the media as ”the miracle drug that made barren women pregnant”, especially since it often resulted in multiple pregnancies. In the 1960s, pregnancies with quadruplets, quintuplets, sextuplets and even septuplets became world sensations. By using the sociology of expectations as theoretical approach, which focuses on the performativity of expectations and visions in science production, this study aims to investigate how expectations of an effective fertility method were articulated in both the scientific sphere and in the media. This of course also relates to how the risks of the multiple pregnancies were dealt with. The analysis is divided into three chapters, where the first chapter examines the politics of science in Sweden during the post-war period and how Gemzell’s work in Uppsala generated expectations of a scientific milieu on the front line of fertility research. The next chapter is focused on the media’s interest in Gemzell and how he became a celebrity. A central argument for the study is that his public status helped to create scientific credibility for the treatment, especially among the public. The final chapter focuses on the media reporting about the multiple pregnancies. They were often treated as sensations, which was somewhat paradoxical as they were hazardous and frequently resulted in the death of the premature children.