Ground motions caused by earthquakes may be strong enough to cause destruction of infrastructure and possibly casualties. If such past destructive earthquakes are analysed, the gained information could be used to develop earthquake warning systems that predicts and possibly reduce the damage potential of further earthquakes. The Swedish National Seismic Network (SNSN) runs an automated early warning system that attempts to predict the damage of an earthquake that just got recorded, and forward the predictions to relevant government agencies. The predictions are based on, e.g. earthquake magnitude, source depth and an estimate of the size of affected human population. The purpose of this thesis is to introduce an additional parameter: earthquake intensity, which is a measure of the intensity with which the ground shakes. Based on this, a new earthquake hazard scheme, the Intensity Based Earthquake Classification (IBEC) scheme, is created. This scheme suggests alternate methods, relative to SNSN, of how earthquake classifications can be made. These methods will use an intensity database established by modelling scenario earthquakes in the open-source software ShakeMap by the U.S. Geological Survey. The database consists of scenarios on the intervals: 4.0 ≤ Mw ≤ 9.0 and 10 ≤ depth ≤ 150 kilometre, and covers the whole intensity scale, Modified Mercalli Intensity, 1.0 ≤ Imm ≤ 10.0. The IBEC classification scheme also enabled the creation of the 'Population-to-Area' criterion. It improves prediction of earthquakes that struck isolated cities, located in e.g. valleys in large mountainous areas and deserts. Even though such earthquakes are relatively uncommon, once they occur, they may cause great damage as many cities in such regions around the world often are less developed regarding resistance to ground motions. / Markrörelser orsakade av jordbävningar kan va starka nog att skada vår infrastruktur och orsaka dödsoffer. Genom att analysera forna destruktiva jordbävningar och utveckla program som försöker att förutsäga deras inverkan så kan den potentiella skada minskas. Svenska Nationella Seismiska Nätet (SNSN) driver ett automatiserat tidigt varningssystem som försöker förutsäga skadorna som följer en jordbävning som precis spelats in, och vidarebefodra denna information till relevanta myndigheter. Förutsägelserna är baserade på, t.ex. jordbävnings-magnitud och djup samt uppskattning av mänsklig population i det påverkade området. Syftet med denna avhandlingen är att introducera ytterligare en parameter: jordbävnings-intensitet, som är ett mått av intensiteten i markrörelserna. Baserat på detta skapas ett jordbävnings-schema kallat Intensity Based Earthquake Classification (IBEC). Detta schema föreslår alternativa metoder, relativt SNSN, för hur jordbävnings-klassificering kan göras. Dessa metoder använder sig av en intensitets-databas etablerad genom modellering av jordbävning-scenarios i open source-\linebreak programmet ShakeMap, skapat av U.S. Geological Survey. Databasen består av scenarior över intervallen 4.0 ≤ Mw ≤ 9.0 och 10 ≤ djup ≤ 150 kilometer, vilka täcker hela intensitetsskalan, Modified Mercalli Intensity, 1.0 ≤ Imm ≤ 10.0. IBECs klassificeringsschema har även möjliggjort skapandet av "Population-mot-Area"-kriteriet. Detta förbättrar förutsägelsen av jordbävningar som träffar isolerade städer, placerade i t.ex. dalgångar i stora bergskjedjor och öknar. Även om denna typ av jordbävningar är relativt ovanliga så orsakar dom ofta enorm skada då sådana här städer ofta är mindre utvecklade rörande byggnaders motstånd mot markrörelser.

Purpose – The purpose of this study has been to analyse how activities on loading spaces can be standardized and more effective. The following two questions have been chosen to answer the purpose of the study. 1. Which activities are currently being performed in a disadvantageous manner on loading spaces? 2. Which improvements can be made to enable optimization on loading spaces? Method – A pilot study was conducted at a fall company to identify the purpose to the study and its research questions. The case study was conducted in the form of a onecase design since case study was conducted at only one company. The case study consisted of observations, interviews and document studies. In order to design a theoretical framework as a theoretical basis of the study, a literature review was made. The literature review gave a background to theories in Lean, 5S, Standardized work, Muscle memory, ABC analysis, Poka-Yoke, Warehouse layout and Process mapping. Findings – The study presents several activities that are performed in a disadvantageous way. Examples of these activities are variation in placement of sorting codes, inbound goods or consumables on the loading space and plural wastes connected to a scanning process. An ABC analysis of sorting codes, implementation of 5S and standardized work together with has led to a finding who shows the correlation between the abovementioned methods and how it leads to a standardized and effective work on the loading space. Implications – Based on an existing problem, the study has been based on previously known theories and methods in the areas of inventory and logistics. The study do not present any new theory in these areas but shows the correlations between different methods to standardize and make loading spaces more effective. The correlation between the methods has led to a standardized work process and guideline for how a loading space can be designed which is a relatively unexplored area. Limitations – The study was conducted at a fall company based on their problems at the loading space. A benchmarking within a similar business could increase the understanding of the problems at loading spaces and thus increase generalization further. In the document study have some statistics concerning sorting codes been unspecified, which may have affected the ABC classification. Further does the study only cover activities on the loading space. Activities earlier in the flow have not been taken into consideration which could lead to more solutions to the purpose of the study. Keywords – Loading space, 5S, Standardized work, ABC classification, Wastes, Sorting code, Pallets, Visual aids, Scanning

Probability of Impairment, or Probability of Default, is the ratio of how many customers within a segment are expected to not fulfil their debt obligations and instead go into Default. This is a key metric within banking to estimate the level of credit risk, where the current standard is to estimate Probability of Impairment using Linear Regression. In this paper we show how this metric instead can be estimated through a classification approach with machine learning. By using models trained to find which specific customers will go into Default within the upcoming year, based on Neural Networks and Gradient Boosting, the Probability of Impairment is shown to be more accurately estimated than when using Linear Regression. Additionally, these models provide numerous real-life implementations internally within the banking sector. The new features of importance we found can be used to strengthen the models currently in use, and the ability to identify customers about to go into Default let banks take necessary actions ahead of time to cover otherwise unexpected risks. / Titeln på denna rapport är En jämförelse av maskininlärningstekniker för uppskattning av Probability of Impairment. Uppskattningen av Probability of Impairment sker genom identifikation av låntagare som inte kommer fullfölja sina återbetalningsskyldigheter inom ett år. Probability of Impairment, eller Probability of Default, är andelen kunder som uppskattas att inte fullfölja sina skyldigheter som låntagare och återbetalning därmed uteblir. Detta är ett nyckelmått inom banksektorn för att beräkna nivån av kreditrisk, vilken enligt nuvarande regleringsstandard uppskattas genom Linjär Regression. I denna uppsats visar vi hur detta mått istället kan uppskattas genom klassifikation med maskininlärning. Genom användandet av modeller anpassade för att hitta vilka specifika kunder som inte kommer fullfölja sina återbetalningsskyldigheter inom det kommande året, baserade på Neurala Nätverk och Gradient Boosting, visas att Probability of Impairment bättre uppskattas än genom Linjär Regression. Dessutom medför dessa modeller även ett stort antal interna användningsområden inom banksektorn. De nya variabler av intresse vi hittat kan användas för att stärka de modeller som idag används, samt förmågan att identifiera kunder som riskerar inte kunna fullfölja sina skyldigheter låter banker utföra nödvändiga åtgärder i god tid för att hantera annars oväntade risker.

<p>Medical devices are becoming more important in the health care sector. One of the major issues for companies developing and producing medical devices is to be updated on the regulatory requirements and implement them in the process. This thesis examines the regulatory requirements for medical devices in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, India, Japan, Mexico, Russia, South Korea and Taiwan and compares them with the requirements in the European Union.</p><p>The conclusion of this thesis is that most countries have similar requirements for registration of medical devices and are striving to harmonize with the GHTF guidelines. A company goes far by following the requirements in EU, USA or the GHTF guidelines.</p>

The survey aims to problematize masculinity in the exhibitions of the museum.  In what way is masculinity interpreted and valued in exhibitions? What is the attitude towards masculinity in gender oriented museological texts? This study investigates in which way masculinity is written about – how interpretations of masculinity emerge in the texts and what consequences this may have. The survey is based on the method of discourse analysis and the material is processed from a gender perspective. The source material consists of museological texts dealing with the topic of gender and museology, which also is the core material. A complement to this is a selection of exhibition catalogs from museums as well as reviews which are also based on art exhibitions. The main point of the source material consists of the museological texts. The survey highlights that the gender-conscious museological discourse understands, interpret and evaluate masculinity on a more or less given regulatory framework. The classification of this framework means that masculinity is understood in terms of power or unmanliness as a norm and representation. The result is a definition that is reproduced and transmitted via testimony, texts. This contributes to a perception of masculinity which is formulated in evaluative attitudes – about masculinity itself seen as a problem. The discursive framework which the gender-conscious texts consists of constructs the perception of masculinity, and are not merely observations about masculinity as reflections of reality. The discursive classification presumes what there is to know, or what can be found in the study and interpretation of masculinity, men or masculinity. The gender conscious museological discourse affects how truths and statements are constructed, developed and reproduced. The attitude towards masculinity – the perception of masculinity – in the gender-conscious museological discourse as it manifests itself in these texts, is that masculinity in practice doesn’t need to be problematized.

The aim of this study is to examine the significance of having a music department at the public library in Enköping, and how the organization of the phonograms is handled. The different areas examined are the reason of the reintroduction of a music department, its budget, its users, the work with selection, the marketing, statistical data concerning loans, the work with classification, indexing, and organization of the phonograms and the future of the music department. The empirical material consists of qualitative interviews with staff connected to the music department at the public library in Enköping. For the theoretical frame, Sanna Taljas discourse analysis of music libraries in Finland is used. Talja presents three discourses which all show different views on what kind of material a music library should contain. The first discourse, The General Education Repertoire, advocates that the music library should supply a collection that could serve as educational and represent the history of music and its different genres. The second discourse, The Alternative Repertoire, advocates that the music library should serve as an alternative to the sources of commercial music and offer material with a more alternative character. The third discourse, The Demand Repertoire, advocates that the music library should build its collection based on the users demands and needs. The study shows that all three of the discourses are present when material for the collection is selected, even though The General Education Repertoire and The Demand Repertoire are the two most conspicuous. The study also shows that a music department was reintroduced in the library stock based on things like an interest in the art form as such in the library management. The department has had a positive impact on the library's entire statistics, even though loan figures of phonograms have showed a negative trend since the opening. The figures still remain fairly high so the music department is believed to have a future, even though its future also appears uncertain. When classifying phonograms, judgements made by other libraries regarding the work in question, and different sources on the Internet are helpful tools in the process before making a final decision. The organization of the phonograms on the shelves do not in detail follow their classification. Instead they are organized in more rough divisions in order to make the music department more user-friendly.

No description available.

Medical devices are becoming more important in the health care sector. One of the major issues for companies developing and producing medical devices is to be updated on the regulatory requirements and implement them in the process. This thesis examines the regulatory requirements for medical devices in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, India, Japan, Mexico, Russia, South Korea and Taiwan and compares them with the requirements in the European Union. The conclusion of this thesis is that most countries have similar requirements for registration of medical devices and are striving to harmonize with the GHTF guidelines. A company goes far by following the requirements in EU, USA or the GHTF guidelines.

Detta är en studie av artikelplaceringar på logistikföretaget som är placerade pålagerplatser som inte gynnar artiklarnas omsättning. Lagerplatser som är ogynnsamma avA-klassicerande artiklar har påverkat plockfrekvens negativt. Det har bidragit att ledtidenfrån att hämta en A- artikel tar längre tid än att hämta en annan A-artikel med lägreomsättning. Studien identifierar de negativa aspekter som påverkar plockfrekvens och vill bidra medförbättringsförslag för logistikföretaget. Studiens metod skapades genom att samla in datafrån både primär-och sekundärdata. Frågeställning var en del av strukturerad observationoch olika vetenskapliga artiklar relaterade till ämnesområdet samt litteratursökning varen del av primärdata. Studien har resulterat att orsakerna som är ABC-klassificering och Lean har en kopplingtill sambandet mellan artikelplacering och plocktid. Orsakerna som förekommer harbidragit negativ påverkan hos logistikföretaget. Vidare har studien kommit fram till ett resultat genom intervjuer och litteraturteorier därlogistikföretaget förlorar många produktionstimmar kring orsaken. Logistikföretagetbehöver implementera nya åtgärder för förbättring och utveckling. Slutsatsen iundersökningen redovisar vad logistikföretaget ska åtgärda de negativa aspekterna sompåverkar artikelplacering och plocktiden. • Minimera slöseri genom att förkorta gångavståndet. • Omsortera artiklarna. • Kompetensutveckling inom Lean och 5S för att jobba smartare. • Implementera olika standarden som hjälper till att förnya arbetssätt ochutveckling. • Upprätthålla ordning och reda genom att identifiera artiklar som behöverplaceras om och leverantörer. • Utöva mer av parametrar (försäljning, uttag och plockfrekvens). • Effektivisera lagerhanteringssystem (in-och utleveranser, plock, lagerplatser). Arbetet avgränsas till en del av artikeloptimering inom logistik och placering av Aklassificerade artiklar samt påverkan i plockfrekvensen. COVID-19 har varit understudiens tid ett hinder som begränsade studiens författare vistelse hos logistikföretaget. / The purpose of the survey is to investigate article placements at the logistics companythat are unproductively located. Unproductive places of A-classing articles have had anegative effect on picking frequency, which has contributed to the lead time to retrieveone A-article taking longer than retrieving another A-article with lower turnover. The purpose of the survey is to identify the negative aspects that affect the pickingfrequency in order to provide the logistics company with information about the aspectsthat indicate improvement. The method survey was created by collecting data throughboth primary and secondary data. Structured observation and questioning were part of a semi-structured interview andvarious scientific articles related to the subject area as well as literature search were partof secondary data. The investigation has resulted in the current reasons behind theconnection between article placement and picking time having been negatively affectedby the logistics company. Furthermore, research has come to a result where the logistics company loses manyproduction hours around the cause that need to implement new measures for improvementand development. The conclusion of the survey reports that the logistics company shouldaddress the negative aspects that affect item placement and picking time. • Minimize waste by shortening the walking distance. • Rearrange the items. • Skills development within Lean and 5S to work smarter. • Maintain order by identifying items that need to be repositioned and suppliers. • Exercise more parameters (sales, withdrawals and picking frequency). • Streamline inventory managementsystems (inbound and outbound deliveries,picks, warehouse locations). The work was limited to part of article optimization in logistics and placement of Aclassified articles and the impact on the picking frequency. During the study, COVID-19 has been an obstacle that limited the study's authors to stay longer with the logisticscompany.

Detta examensarbete genomfördes i samarbete med Trafikverket och analyserar möjliga orsaker till avvikelser mellan karaktärisering utförd på kärnborrhål vid förundersökningar, uppförande av ingenjörsgeologisk prognos och karaktärisering och klassificering utförd i tunnel vid byggnadsskedet för Citybanan. Två av projektets delentreprenader utvärderades – Norrströms- och Norrmalmtunneln. Totalt analyserades 4596 löpmeter tunnel (Norrströmstunneln) och 2557 meter (Norrmalmstunneln) i syfte att identifiera varför och vart i processen som avvikelser uppstod. Den utförda studien tyder på att inom de två undersökta delentreprenaderna uppstod en skillnad i resultat mellan karaktärisering utförd i kärnborrhål och karaktärisering och klassificering utförd i tunnel. Övergripande visar resultat från karaktäriseringen i samband med tunnelkartering generellt sämre bergförhållanden jämfört med det som prognostiserats. Skillnaderna  otsvarade sämre förhållande uttryckt i 5 (för Norrströmstunneln) respektive 7,5 enheter (Norrmalm) i RMR-systemet från borrhål till tunnelkaraktärisering. Analysen av det utvärderade resultatet indikerar att avvikelserna mellan karaktärisering på borrkärnor jämfört med karaktärisering och klassificering utförd i tunnel antagligen till viss del beror på den använda metodiken vid karaktärisering och klassificering av bergkvaliten med RMR- och Q-systemet. Detta på grund av att parametrarna i systemen inte bestäms på exakt samma sätt vid karaktärisering i förundersökningsskede och karaktärisering och klassificering i byggnadsskede. Dessutom indikeras att anvisningarna för karteringsrutiner vid karaktärisering och klassificering hanteras olika av karterande geologer vid tunneldrivning. Baserat på resultaten från den utförda analysen diskuteras även om det för vissa parametrar för karaktärisering och klassificering finns ett behov av uppdatering i den använda metodiken. Detta för att få förundersökningsprocessen att samspela med det arbete som sker i en tunnel. Resultaten tyder också på att geologerna vid tunnelkartering har en tendens till att kartera sämre bergförhållanden jämfört med det som är prognostiserat samt att vissa egenskaper hos berget kan vara lättare att beskriva på plats i tunneln än vid karaktärisering av berget från en borrkärna. Genom att harmonisera processen för beskrivning av ingående parametrar i de system som används vid karaktärisering mellan förundersökning och karaktärisering och klassificering i byggskede kan skillnader mellan stegen reduceras och risken för prognosavvikelser kan minska för tunnelprojekt i framtiden. / This thesis was carried out in cooperation with the Swedish Transport Administration and analyzes the possible causes of differing rock mass quality assessed in boreholes, engineering geological forecast and tunnel mapping. Two contracts from the City Line project where investigated - in total has 4596 meters (the Norrström tunnel) and 2557 meters (the Norrmalm tunnel) of tunnel mapped during construction been analyzed. The purpose was to identify the reason and where differences in the process of rock evaluation arose. The performed study indicates that in the two investigated tunnels it arose a difference in the results between the characterization performed in boreholes and the subsequent geological forecast compared with the characterization in the tunnel. The assessed rock mass quality became generally successively poorer as the process progresses. This was particulary the case when comparing the geological forecast with tunnel mapping during construction The differences corresponded to a difference of a downgrade of 5 (for the Norrström tunnel) and 7,5 units (the Norrmalm tunnel) in the RMR-system from bore holes to tunnel mapping. The analysis of the evaluated results indicates that the differences between the characterization of boreholes and geological forecasts compared to the characterization and classification performed in the tunnel is probably due to the methodology in the characterization and classification of rock quality with the RMR- and Q system. This is because the parameters of the  ystems is not determined exactly in the characterization of the preliminary investigation stage and the characterization and classification in the construction stage. Also the instructions for mapping routines for the characterization and classification are handled differently by the mapping made by geologists during tunneling. Based on the results of the analysis it is recommended that the way in which some parameters in the systems of characterization and classification of rock are determined should be updated. This is in order to standardize the process for characterizing the rock mass when mapping boreholes, creating geological forecast and conducting tunnel mapping. It is also indicated  that geologists tend to conservatively scale down the rock quality in the tunnel and that certain features of the rock is easier to determine in the tunnel than during characterization of bore holes. By harmonizing the description of parameters of the systems used in the characterization of bore holes and characterization and classification in the construction stage, differences between the steps can be reduced for projects in the future.