This dissertation deals with 199 gender related proverbs that were collected in northern Sweden and were used in an agrarian environment, approximately between the beginning of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. The conceptions of gender which these proverbs convey also belong to the same time range and place. The aim of this dissertation is to find out which conceptions of gender that is conveyed by proverbs in an older agrarian environment in northern Sweden. In order to achieve this aim the following question is examined: What conceptions are found in the proverb material of the cultural category woman, the cultural category man and of the relationship between these categories? As a base for an interpretation of the proverbs, which are written in various Swedish dialects, a linguistic analysis is carried out. The interpretation is then formed through a concept that was developed by Kirshenblatt-Gimblett (1982); namely, base meaning. This concept relates to the shared meaning of a proverb by a group of people. The proverbs that include metaphors and similes are analyzed with a method that is developed from the cognitive linguistic theory of blending (Fauconnier & Turner 1996, 1998). The proverb material is sorted in three analytical categories, and presented in separate chapters: Chapter four, The Marriage Market (Äktenskapsmarknaden), chapter five: The Household (Hushållet) and chapter six, Sexuality (Sexualiteten). These categories are in turn divided into sub categories. One example of a salient conceptions of gender that is found in the category The Marriage Market is that the man chooses a woman, not the other way around. One example of a central conception in the category The Household is that the man earns money and supply other resources and the woman takes care of these resources. The significance of the conceptions of male and female sexuality is that they convey the difficulty in controlling a virulent male sexuality. The gender conceptions are analysed as part of a system of gender hegemony and a cultural model of the successful household is suggested based on the proverb material.

The purpose of this study was to interview seven preschool teachers' experiences of meeting refugee children in six Swedish preschools. We wanted to find out the conditions underlying the meeting between the preschool teachers' and the refugee children. From an intercultural perspective, we have investigated how preschool teachers', more or less, address the children in relation to their past experiences and cultural background. In this study, we have applied a hermeneutical approach as a method that has allowed us to interpret the preschool teachers' stories of this phenomenon; the meeting between preschool teachers' and refugee children. Based on these interpretations, we’ve acquired a result that shows that children with a refugee background are received in different ways in Swedish preschool. Secondly, our readings show that there is a variation in how the preschool teachers' choose to highlight the child's previous experiences or not. We can also see a difference in what is regarded as important in the reception of the children. There is a difference in how preschool teachers' meeting with refugee children is conditioned by how they relate to the child’s refugee status and cultural background. Our result shows that the conditions underlying the preschool teachers' meeting with the refugee children is either assimilation into existing preschool frameworks, or accommodation to the child’s present situation with regard to their cultural background.

Bakgrund: Allt fler människor migrerar till Sverige och de flesta av dem kommer att komma i kontakt med sjukvården. Därför är det viktigt för sjuksköterskor att de är utrustade med kulturell kunskap.  Det ligger i en sjuksköterskas intresse att identifiera behovet som föreligger i situationer med patienter med en annan kulturell bakgrund för att kunna ge ett professionellt bemötande och en god omvårdnad. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva sjuksköterskans erfarenhet av transkulturell omvårdnad. Metod: En litteraturöversikt som är baserad på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar, varav 13 är kvalitativa och en kvantitativ samt en mixed method. Artiklarna hittades i databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. Resultat: Ett av det stora problem sjuksköterskor står inför är den kulturella mångfalden som är nödvändigt att sjuksköterskan är utrustad med kulturell kunskap. Sjuksköterskans erfarenheter som utmaning, brist kunskap om kulturella kompetens, osäkerhet, svårigheter att bedöma smärta, självkännedom och språkbarriär är de faktorer som beskrivs av sjuksköterskor som vårdar patienter med annan kulturell bakgrund. Att sjuksköterskan inte har kulturell kompetens kan leda till att relationen med patienten inte skapas. Slutsats: Kulturkompetens inom omvårdnad är en viktig aspekt vid omvårdnad av patienter med olika kulturer. Kulturell mångfald bland patienter är en av de utmaningar som sjuksköterskor står inför. Sjuksköterskor anser att vården av kulturellt olika patienter är en svår utmaning på grund av brist på kunskap om patientens olika kulturer. Sjuksköterskor behöver ha kulturell kunskap så att de kan ge individuell omvårdnad när de möter människor med olika åsikter, idéer och värderingar om hälsa, ohälsa och omvårdnad. På grund av detta finns det ett stort behov av ökad kunskap och fortbildning av transkulturell omvårdnad för att förbättra kulturella färdigheter inom sjuksköterskeutbildningen. / Background: More and more people are migrating to Sweden and most of them will come in contact with health care. It is important for the nurses that they are equipped with cultural knowledge. It is in the interest of a nurse to identify the need that exists in these nursing situations, such as security and safety, in order to be able to provide a professional treatment and a good nursing care. Aim: the aim of this study is to describe the nurse’s experience of transcultural nursing Method: a literature review based on 15 scientific articles, of which 13 are qualitative and one quantitative, one mixed method with both qualitative and quantitative. The articles were found in the databases CINAHL and PubMed. Results: One of the major problems nurses face is the cultural diversity that requires the nurse to be equipped with cultural knowledge. The nurse's experience as a challenge, lack of knowledge, uncertainty, religion, difficulties in assessing pain, cultural differences, seeing the individual and language barrier are the factors described by nurses who care for patients with different cultural backgrounds. The fact that the nurse does not have cultural competence can lead to the relationship with the patient not being created. Conclusion: Cultural competence in nursing is an important aspect in the care of patients with different cultures. Cultural diversity among patients is one of the challenges faced by nurses. Nurses believe that the care of culturally different patients is a difficult challenge because of a lack of knowledge about the patient's different cultures. Nurses need to have cultural knowledge so that they can provide individual care when they meet people with different opinions, ideas and values about health, illness and nursing. Because of this, there is a great need for increased knowledge and training of transcultural nursing in order to improve cultural skills in nursing education.

I den här uppsatsen har en lärares och tre elevers åsikter kring kulturell och språklig identitet i klassrumssammanhang undersökts och analyserats i form av en enkät och tre intervjuer. Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på hur elevers kulturella och språkliga identitet beaktas i undervisningen i svenska som andraspråk II. Tidigare forskning inom detta område påstår att identitet är en viktig aspekt i elevers utveckling och undervisning då identitet kan betraktas som kunskapsresurser och bör därför utnyttjas istället för att ignoreras. Tidigare studier tar även upp begreppet identity texts som kan ses som ett verktyg för att göra elever mer medvetna om olika värderingar och olikheter som finns emellan dem. Föreliggande studie utfördes på en komvuxskola där en lärare fick svara på en enkät och tre elever blev intervjuade. Resultatet visade att informanterna och läraren hade delvis olika syn på huruvida elevers identitet integreras i klassrumsundervisningen.

<p>In recent times statistical findings suggesting a deteriorating mental health among teenagers, have been published. Not only did I find the lack of an all-inclusive analysis problematic, but also the fact that the studies themselves where often insufficient. Thus my purpose has been to chart these statistical studies, and then scrutinize the results.My method has been inspired by critical theory, where an interpretive starting point, self-reflection, and the idea that man and society interacts as a whole, is of great importance. Aside from the above mentioned studies, I have also employed secondary empirical data from TV, newspapers and the Internet. My own experience as a social worker has also been an important resource for this paper. The results from the statistical studies are analysed through theories regarding cultural modernisation, in particular Thomas Ziehe's ideas about cultural release of constraints, and Aaron Antonovsky's ideas concerning the importance of SOC (sense of coherence). Rapports from the Welfare Commission pertaining to developments in the Swedish welfare during the 1990's are also central for this thesis. I have found that the results from the statistical studies could be the outcome of other factors than mental illness per se - such as the play down in society concerning some of the taboos associated with it. This means that today's youth have easier access to psychiatric care (in so far as they are more willing to talk about psychiatric problems) and therefore necessarily don't feel worse than preceding age groups. Having said that, my conclusion is that today's youth is more inclined to mental illness than teenagers 10-15 years ago. My belief is that this is due to cultural modernisation and growing shortcomings within the social welfare. Cultural modernisation can make for an arduous upbringing, and a society where traditional norms are being replaced by everlasting possibilities, do put a fair amount of strain on the young individual. In my final discussion I'll conclude that SOC, which was previously created collectively, is now an undertaking of the sole individual. Therefore, I mean, today's teenagers are in the need of sufficient tools in their identity work. Naturally these can be found within the perpetual bombardment of information and symbols that surrounds them, but this should not diminish the importance of an everyday contact with sensible grownups, who understands the need to counterbalance a manipulative market.</p>

<p>Denna uppsats är en kritisk granskning av Samuel P. Huntingtons modell att förstå världspolitiken utifrån, som han presenterar i boken The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. Granskningen utgår från en analys av hans grundläggande begrepp, ”civilization” och ”clash”, och från ytterligare en analys av hur hans modell skiljer sig från andra modeller om världen. Med hjälp av dessa analyser diskuterar jag rimligheten i den tes som han ställer upp och konsekvenserna som hans förutsägelser och policyrekommendationer får, för att sedan kunna bedöma om hans modell är användbar eller inte. Min slutsats är att den inte är särskilt användbar, främst på grund av den oklara betydelsen av hans begrepp. En modell utifrån fler faktorer skulle istället ge oss en bättre förståelse av världen.</p> / <p>This paper is a critical examining of Samuel P. Huntington’s model for understanding world politics, that he presents in his book The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. The examining is based on an analysis of his basic concepts, “civilization” and “clash”, and on another analysis of how his model differs from other models about the world. With the help of theses analyses I discuss the reasonableness of the these he formulates and the consequences that his predictions and policy recommendations have, to be able to judge if his model is useful or not. My conclusion is that it’s not very useful, mainly because of the unclear meaning of his basic concepts. Instead, a model based on more factors would give a us a better understanding of the world.</p>

<p>Då Sverige är ett mångkulturellt land med en expanderande population ställs vi inför många möten i vården med patienter av annan kulturell bakgrund. Syftet med studien var att beskriva vilka faktorer som kan påverka sjuksköterskans möte med patienter av annan etnisk bakgrund än den svenska. Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie där 14 vetenskapliga artiklar analyserades. Resultatet visar olika faktorer som påverkar mötet, vilka kan vara kommunikation, utbildning, attityder, miljö, etnicitet och religion, där kommunikationen som är både verbal och icke-verbal, kan ses som den viktigaste aspekten för ett bra patientmöte. Personalen behöver insikt i hur människor av annan etnicitet kan uttrycka sig för att kunna uppfatta deras behov. Kunskap och förståelse om andra etniciteter krävs för att kunna utöva adekvat omvårdnad. Sjuksköterskan bör därtill utveckla sin kulturella kompetens genom utbildning. Ämnet bör ingå i grundutbildningen för all vårdpersonal. Dessutom bör en evidensbaserad eller åtminstone forskningsförankrad handlingsplan för transkulturella möten finnas på varje vårdavdelning. <strong></strong></p> / <p>Since Sweden is a multicultural country with an expanding population we are faced with many meetings in the care of patients of different origin. The aim of the study was to describe the factors that may influence the nurse’s meeting whit patients of different ethnical background than the Swedish. The study was conducted as a literature review in which 14 scientific articles were analyzed. The result shows the different factors that affect the meeting, which may be communication, education, attitudes, environment, ethnicity and religion, were communication is seen as both verbal and non-verbal, and can be seen as the most important aspect of a high-quality patient meeting. The personnel need an understanding of how people of different ethnicity express themselves in order to understand their needs. Knowledge and understanding of other ethnicity is required to provide an adequate care with the best results. Nurses should develop their cultural competency through education. These skills should be learned in the basic education for health professionals. In addition, clinical practical guidelines for multicultural meetings should be found on each nursing ward.</p>

<p>Studien visar att Bollnäs Bostäder bör utveckla gemensamma arbetsmetoder och introduktionsmaterial för sina bovärdar när det gäller lägenhetsintroduktionen med de invandrare som har svårigheter med det svenska språket. Jag anser att det skulle skapa förutsättningar för en jämnare kvalitet i kundprocessen. Studien visar också att det inte alls är säkert att de invandrade hyresgästerna upplever samma kommunikationssvårigheter som Bollnäs Bostäder upplever, vilket jag anser kräver en djupare undersökning. Genom att intervjua andra fastighetsföretag har jag också kommit fram till förslaget att Bollnäs Bostäder kan undersöka fördelarna med att utveckla en introduktionsfilm till sina lägenhetsintroduktioner för att lättare nå fram med sina budskap. Slutligen anser jag att det är viktigt att ha kunskap, inte bara i verbal-, utan även i icke-verbal kommunikation för att kommunicera med invandrade hyresgäster som inte kan det svenska språket. Därför tror jag att det skulle vara värdefullt för bovärdarna att få utbilda sig inom detta område.</p> / <p>The study shows that Bollnäs Bostäder should develop common working methods and introductory material for their caretakers in the case of apartment introduction. I think it would create the conditions for the consistent quality of the customer process. The study also shows that it is not at all certain that the immigrant tenants is experiencing the same communication problems as Bollnäs Bostäder experience, which I think requires a deeper investigation. By interviewing second property I have also come to the proposal to Bollnäs Bostäder that they can explore the benefits of developing a movie to their apartment introductions to better reach with their message. Finally I think it is important to have knowledge, not only in verbal-, but also in non-verbal communication to communicate with immigrant tenants who has difficulties with the Swedish language. Therefore I belive it would be useful for the caretakers to receive education in this area.</p>

In recent times statistical findings suggesting a deteriorating mental health among teenagers, have been published. Not only did I find the lack of an all-inclusive analysis problematic, but also the fact that the studies themselves where often insufficient. Thus my purpose has been to chart these statistical studies, and then scrutinize the results.My method has been inspired by critical theory, where an interpretive starting point, self-reflection, and the idea that man and society interacts as a whole, is of great importance. Aside from the above mentioned studies, I have also employed secondary empirical data from TV, newspapers and the Internet. My own experience as a social worker has also been an important resource for this paper. The results from the statistical studies are analysed through theories regarding cultural modernisation, in particular Thomas Ziehe's ideas about cultural release of constraints, and Aaron Antonovsky's ideas concerning the importance of SOC (sense of coherence). Rapports from the Welfare Commission pertaining to developments in the Swedish welfare during the 1990's are also central for this thesis. I have found that the results from the statistical studies could be the outcome of other factors than mental illness per se - such as the play down in society concerning some of the taboos associated with it. This means that today's youth have easier access to psychiatric care (in so far as they are more willing to talk about psychiatric problems) and therefore necessarily don't feel worse than preceding age groups. Having said that, my conclusion is that today's youth is more inclined to mental illness than teenagers 10-15 years ago. My belief is that this is due to cultural modernisation and growing shortcomings within the social welfare. Cultural modernisation can make for an arduous upbringing, and a society where traditional norms are being replaced by everlasting possibilities, do put a fair amount of strain on the young individual. In my final discussion I'll conclude that SOC, which was previously created collectively, is now an undertaking of the sole individual. Therefore, I mean, today's teenagers are in the need of sufficient tools in their identity work. Naturally these can be found within the perpetual bombardment of information and symbols that surrounds them, but this should not diminish the importance of an everyday contact with sensible grownups, who understands the need to counterbalance a manipulative market.

Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka hur undervisningen i historieämnet kan bidra till en interkulturell identitetsutveckling. Min målsättning var att utifrån lärarnas upplägg och metoder kunna dra slutsatser om hur lärare arbetar med den kulturella identiteten i historieämnet. För att får svar på detta har jag dels fördjupat mig i teorin om kulturell identitet och interkulturell kompetens samt intervjuat tre lärare verksamma i olika kommuner i Sverige och med olika stor erfarenhet av elever med annan kulturell bakgrund. Metoden jag använde mig av var kvalitativ intervju där jag intervjuade lärare enskilt och ställde övergripande frågor och dels följdfrågor. Svaren har jag analyserat och resultatet av undersökningen visade att lärarna inte har någon medveten strategi i undervisning utifrån elever med annan kulturell bakgrund i klassen. Lärarna använder sig av flera metoder så som läroboken, att belysa olika kulturer men framförallt lägger ansvaret på lärarna som undervisar i ett annat modersmål. I min undersökning framkom inte någon skillnad i undervisningssätt utifrån många eller få elever med annan kulturell bakgrund och den kulturella identiteten tas för givet. Min undersökning visar att de två senaste århundradena av historien inte hinns med och just de två århundradena anser lärarna viktiga för den kulturella identiteten. / The purpose of this paper was to examine how teaching of history can contribute to an intercultural identity development. My goal was, that on the basis of teachers' concepts and methods, to draw conclusions about how the teacher works with the cultural identity in the subject of history. To answer this, I first look into the theory of cultural identity and the intercultural competence. I also interviewed three teachers working in different municipalities in Sweden with different experiences of students with different cultural backgrounds. The method I have used is a qualitative interview where I interviewed the teachers individually. I asked them both global issues questions and follow-up questions.The answers I have analyzed, resulted in that teachers do not have a conscious strategy of teaching students with different cultural backgrounds in the class. Teachers use different methods such as textbooks, to highlight the different cultures but above all they places the responsibility on the teachers who teach in another mother tongue. In my study it did not revealed any difference in teaching methods from many or few students with different cultural backgrounds and the culture identity is taken for granted. My study shows that teachers belives that the last two centuries of history is most important for the cultural identity but they do not teach in the last two centuries.