Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:48:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mara_Rejane_Vieira_Osorio_Tese.pdf: 1834708 bytes, checksum: 8257a13d2bc56f8b208a9c7ac5714700 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-30 / This study dealt with the analysis of discourses developed and implemented by the Open University of Brazil (UAB), with the intention to transform and modernize the brazilian teacher via distance education. The main objective of the research was to question, describe and analyze how the discourses of UAB and its priority Distance Education (EAD) act to transform teacher training, the teacher himself and what it means to be a teacher. This work is supported by theoretical focus came from elements of post-struturalist/foucauldian perspective that focuses on studies of governmentality. From this perspective, I propose to understand teacher training as a matter of government of teachers conducts, and UAB as a human technology, among others, developed to lead and manage part of this government. I observed the movement of two sets of UAB speeches: discourses presented in official documents and discourses of the Distance Bachelor in Mathematics Teaching (CLMD), one of the Federal University of Pelotas graduate courses. The following strategies were used for developing this study: analysis of official documents related to UAB and CLMD; analysis of teachers, students and manager of CLMD discourses and analysis of speeches presented in UAB events. I argued with this study, that the UAB (seen as general political discourse in the case of official speeches) produces a system of rationality that creates, directs, encourages and guides the direction of teacher training by distance education. In the case of CLMD (here, understood as a pedagogical practice of subjectivity), I have argued that the speeches focused on the Distant Education, and establish boundaries for constraining the government of teachers conducts, because they interfere in the way students act on themselves to produce their subjectivities. / Este estudo tratou da análise de discursos desenvolvidos e implementados pela Universidade Aberta do Brasil (UAB), com intenção de transformar e modernizar a formação docente brasileira através da modalidade à distância. O objetivo principal da pesquisa foi problematizar, descrever e analisar como os discursos da UAB e sua prioridade à Educação à Distância (EAD) atuam no sentido de transformar a formação de professores, o próprio professor e o que significa ser professor. O foco teórico que alimenta este trabalho segue alguns elementos da perspectiva pós-estruturalista/foucaultiana que se detém aos estudos sobre governamentalidade. Através desta perspectiva de estudo, proponho compreender a formação como uma questão de governo das condutas docentes, e a UAB como uma tecnologia humana, entre outras, fabricada para conduzir e controlar uma parte desse governo. Olhei para o movimento dos discursos da UAB sob dois aspectos: o do discurso oficial e o do Curso de Licenciatura em Matemática à Distância (CLMD), ofertado pela Universidade Federal de Pelotas. O desenvolvimento deste estudo aconteceu através dos seguintes instrumentos: análise de documentos oficiais relacionados à UAB e ao CLMD; análise de discursos de professores e alunos e gestor do CLMD e a análise de discursos proferidos em eventos da UAB. Defendi, com este estudo, que a UAB, enquanto discurso político geral, no caso dos discursos oficiais, produz um sistema de racionalidades que cria, dirige, anima e orienta os rumos da formação docente pela modalidade à distância; no caso do CLMD, enquanto prática pedagógica de subjetivação, defendi que os discursos, voltados para a EaD, condicionam e criam fronteiras para o governo das condutas dos professores, porque interferem no modo como os alunos atuam sobre si mesmos para produzirem suas subjetividades.

Syftet med denna studie är att belysa om, varför och hur några lärare i årskurserna 1-3 anser sig arbeta med matematikläxor. Syftet är även att undersöka dessa lärares definition av läxa samt att utifrån det samlade resultatet identifiera möjligheter och hinder med matematikläxa. För att samla in data till studien användes semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta lärare.  Studiens resultat visar att även om matematikläxan är inkluderad i undervisningen hos alla respondenter, skiljer sig syfte och definition åt. Vissa såg till exempel möjligheten till kommunikation med hemmen medan andra såg ett tillfälle för repetition. Resultatet visar även variation i hur matematikläxan används samt att den i sig själv kan utgöra möjligheter såväl som hinder för lärande. Vår slutsats är att matematikläxa som pedagogiskt verktyg används men är ett oreglerat område samt att en officiell riktlinje inom verksamheterna saknas. / The aim of this study is to identify if, why and how certain teachers of grade 1-3 consider to work with mathematics homework. Further the aim is to investigate the definition of homework and to identify opportunities and obstacles with including it as part of the teaching practised. To collect data for the study, semi-structured interviews have been performed with eight teachers. A presented results show that all respondents includes mathematics homework in their teaching but its purpose and definition varies. For example, some teachers sees it as a possibility of communication with the home while others sees it as an opportunity for repetition. The result also shows variations of how mathematics homework is used and that it can in itself constitute opportunities as well as obstacles to learning. The main conclusion of the study is that mathematics homework as an educational tool is an unregulated area with no official guideline in place.

The history of Brazilian education is marked by traditional teaching, so that the school curriculum has contributed for many decades to the passive formation of students. In this context, the teacher was the central figure of knowledge and the student was seen as being incapable, therefore, it was up to him to only listen to the teacher and memorize formulas devoid of meanings. Obviously listening to the teacher remains important, and memorizing formulas may be helpful in some circumstances. However, to restrict the teaching of mathematics to such procedures would be to limit the potential of the human being and would no longer meet the aspirations of contemporary society. The actuality is marked by the excess of information, therefore, the learner can collect data in the virtual world directly, not needing the mathematics teacher to transmit a formula. Faced with this reality, the teaching of mathematics needs to be rethought, so that the contents worked out have a social (or personal) sense for the student, as well as enable students to use early research techniques, to value collective work, contributing to that act in a critical, patitious and autonomous way. Based on these principles, the theme PROBABILITY IN AVERAGE EDUCATION: active methodology as support presents a rescue of the socio-historical dimension of this area of knowledge, valuing the challenges and contributions of several mathematicians precursors of Pascal. These studies focused on the properties and applications of probability in random phenomena and experiments, emphasizing their use in the area of genetics. As a pedagogical proposal, Webquest presented itself as an alternative, since it presents activities structured in virtual environments, which, when guided by research and collaborative work, contribute to the development of the student's critical and autonomous sense. / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A história da educação brasileira é marcada pelo ensino tradicional, de modo que o currículo escolar contribuiu por muitas décadas para a formação passiva dos alunos. Neste contexto, o professor era a figura central do conhecimento e o aluno era visto como ser incapaz, portanto, cabia ao mesmo apenas ouvir atentamente ao professor e memorizar fórmulas desprovidas de significados. Obviamente que ouvir o professor permanece importante, e a memorização de fórmulas pode ser útil em algumas circunstâncias. Todavia, restringir o ensino de matemática a esses procedimentos seria limitar o potencial do ser humano e não atenderia mais aos anseios da sociedade contemporânea. A atualidade é marcada pelo excesso de informação, assim sendo, o educando pode coletar dados no mundo virtual de forma direta, não necessitando do professor de matemática para transmitir uma fórmula. Diante desta realidade, o ensino da matemática precisa ser repensado, de modo que os conteúdos trabalhados apresentem um sentido social (ou pessoal) para o aluno, bem como possibilitem aos educandos fazer uso de técnicas iniciais da pesquisa, valorizar o trabalho coletivo, contribuindo para que atuem de forma crítica, participativa e autônoma. Partindo destes princípios, o tema PROBABILIDADE NO ENSINO MÉDIO: metodologia ativa como suporte apresenta um resgate da dimensão socio-histórica dessa área de conhecimento, valorizando os desafios e as contribuições de diversos matemáticos precursores de Pascal. Estes estudos enveredaram em direção as propriedades e aplicações da Probabilidade em fenômenos e experimentos aleatórios, enfatizando seu emprego na área de genética. Como proposta pedagógica, apresentou-se a Webquest como alternativa, uma vez que a mesma apresenta atividades estruturadas em ambientes virtuais, que ao serem norteadas pela pesquisa e pelo trabalho colaborativo, contribuem para o desenvolvimento do senso crítico e autônomo do alunado.

Background, the preschool class has in recent years become a compulsory grade in the Swedish schools. At the same time the academic demands in mathematics increased. Simultaneously the Swedish National Agency of Education called Skolverket points out the benefits of learning through play. The purpose of this empirical study is to find out what kind of play-based methods teachers use while teaching mathematics in the preschool classes, and what might cause these selections. By the method of a case study four teachers were observed while combining play and mathematics in their preschool classes. Even individually interviews were made. The results indicated a variety of play-based methods existed in the mathematical activities in preschool classes. Both between schools and teachers. The majority of the teachers based their teaching more on methods with academic learning rather than play. Education, time for planning, experience, academic demands and the teachers view on play all affected the choice of method. As a conclusion we can submit that teachers in the preschool classes use different play-based methods to establish mathematical learning for their students. While teachers can see the gain of working with play there are many factors that influence the play-based method.

Syftet för detta arbete är att undersöka relationer mellan matematikundervisning och matematikläxor i högstadiet. Litteraturstudien ska besvara vilken betydelse matematikläxor har för elever, föräldrar och lärare. Flera tidigare forskningsstudier har redan visat att läxor är ett viktigt verktyg för elevers allmänna lärande i skolan, men fokus för denna studie ligger på matematikundervisning. För att hitta litteratur som är relevant för undersökningen används sökmetoder beskrivna i metodlitteratur. Litteratursökningen sker i den nordamerikanska databasen ERIC och den nordiska databasen DIVA. Anledning till dessa två databaser valdes är att sökresultat i ERIC kan ge mer globalt perspektiv i matematikutbildning, medan resultat av litteratursökning från DIVA innehåller forskning från nordiska länder, vilka har mer liknande skolsystem som Sverige. Litteraturen ska vara refereegranskad för att den ska ha en god tillförlitlighet. Resultatet från litteraturstudien visar att samverkan mellan föräldrar, elever och lärare i matematikläxor har stor betydelse. Genom att förtydliga utformning av matematikuppgifter samt återkoppling kan lärare positivt påverka kvaliteten hos matematikläxor. Genom automatisk återkoppling blir digitala matematikläxor mer effektiva än traditionella matematikläxor. Forskning visar även att elevernas motivation är det allra viktigaste när det gäller matematikläxor. Föräldrars roll varierar beroende på kulturbakgrund. I en kultur där föräldrar brukar engagera sig i barnens läxor, kan deras roll vara stor, men om föräldrar saknar engagemang i barnens läxor, då är deras påverkan svag. Tänkbar forskning inom området i framtiden kan handla om hur många föräldrar som har förutsättningar att hjälpa barnen med läxor. Eftersom det finns läxhjälp i svenska skolan, kan man också forska om hur läxhjälpen påverkar elevers prestationer i läxor samt deras skolresultat i matematik. Nyckelord: Matematikundervisning, matematikläxor, grundskola, årskurs 7–9, familjens påverkan i matematiklärande / The purpose of this work is to investigate relationships between mathematics teaching and mathematics homework in grades 7 to 9 . The literature study will answer the importance of mathematics homework for students, parents and teachers. Several previous research studies have already shown that homework is an important tool for students' general learning in school, but the focus of this study is on mathematics teaching. To find literature that is relevant to the study, search methods are used that were described in the literature about methods. The literature search takes place in the North American database ERIC and the Nordic database DIVA. The reason for choosing these two databases is that search results in ERIC can provide a more global perspective in mathematics teaching, while results from literature searches from DIVA include research from Nordic countries, which have school systems more similar to Sweden. The literature must be peer-reviewed in order for it to have good reliability. The results from the literature study show that collaboration between parents, students and teachers in mathematics homework is of great importance. By clarifying the design of mathematics assignments and feedback, teachers can positively influence the quality of mathematics homework. Through automatic feedback, digital math homework becomes more efficient than traditional math homework. Research also shows that students' motivation is the most important thing when it comes to math homework. The role of parents varies depending on cultural background. In a culture where parents tend to get involved in their children's homework, parents' roles can be large, but if parents lack commitment to their children's homework, then their influence is weak. Possible research in the field in the future may be about how many parents have the potential to help their children with homework. Since there is study help for homework in the Swedish school, one can also research how such study help affects students' performance in homework and their school results in mathematics. Keywords: Mathematics teaching, mathematics homework, middle school, grades 7-9, the family's influence in mathematics learning

Denna studie ämnar undersöka på vilka sätt läromedlet Singma är utformat för att utveckla elevers problemlösningsförmåga. Studien syftar också till att undersöka lärares generella upplevelse och uttryckta användning av Singma samt av hur lärarna beskriver att läromedlet ger dem förutsättningar att utveckla elevers problemlösningsförmåga. Studien utgörs av en läromedelsanalys av Singma och en teoretisk tematisk analys av lärares upplevelser av läromedlet. Resultatet av läromedelsanalysen ger slutsatsen att Singma skulle kunna anses vara utformat på ett sätt som möjliggör utvecklandet av elevers problemlösningsförmåga. Resultatet av den tematiska analysen belyser flera olika faktorer som påverkar lärares upplevelse av Singma samt möjligheter och utmaningar med läromedlet. Slutsatsen av den tematiska analysen visar på vikten av utbildning om läromedlet samt att lärare och elever behöver ompröva sin syn på matematikundervisning vid arbete med Singma.

Denna uppsats belyser några av förskoleklassens läromedel i matematikämnet. Vi har undersökt specifikt i vilken utsträckning leken tar plats i läromedel, samt vilket stöd läraren får att genomföra lek som kan bidra till elevernas begrepps och/eller resonemangsförmåga. Förskoleklassen har nyligen blivit obligatorisk och ska fungera som en bro mellan förskolan och skolan. Den förväntas ta över förskolans lekpedagogik samtidigt som den ska introducera skolans rutiner och undervisningsmetoder. Vi har använt innehållsanalys som metod för att undersöka läromedel både kvantitativt och kvalitativt. Studiens resultat visar att lek som bidrar till elevernas begrepps- och/eller resonemangsförmåga finns i lärarhandledningar. Det finns även olika typer av stöd för läraren att genomföra lekbaserad undervisning som bidrar till elevernas begrepps- och/eller resonemangsförmåga. Det kan bidra till att eleverna utvecklar och befäster sina kunskaper om matematiska begrepp och/eller resonemang via leken. Studien visar också att lek i läromedlets elevböcker i stort sett saknas. Vilket kan innebära att eleverna går miste om lek i matematikundervisningen om läraren väljer att endast använda elevboken. / This master thesis focuses on mathematics textbooks for preschool class. We have studied to what extent play is found in the textbooks and what kind of the support for implementation is offered to the teacher. We have focused on play which can contribute to the pupils’ concept and/or reasoning ability.  Preschool class is now a compulsory school form. Preschool class is a class between preschool and primary school and is expected to function as a bridge between these two. There are many expectations for preschool class: implementing preschool pedagogy while introducing the primary school’s routines and teaching methods. We have used content analysis as a method in this study. The method has been used in both a quantitative and a qualitative way.  The results show that teacher guides offer play contributing to conceptual and/or reasoning. The results also show that the teacher gets support for implementing such play in the classroom. This offers opportunities for pupils to consolidate and develop their knowledge of mathematical concepts as well as their reasoning. Further, the study shows that play in the pupils’ textbook largely is lacking. If the teacher chooses to only use the pupil’s textbooks, the consequence can be that the pupils are missing out on play in mathematical education.

Denna uppsats belyser några av förskoleklassens läromedel i matematikämnet. Vi har undersökt specifikt i vilken utsträckning leken tar plats i läromedel, samt vilket stöd läraren får att genomföra lek som kan bidra till elevernas begrepps och/eller resonemangsförmåga. Förskoleklassen har nyligen blivit obligatorisk och ska fungera som en bro mellan förskolan och skolan. Den förväntas ta över förskolans lekpedagogik samtidigt som den ska introducera skolans rutiner och undervisningsmetoder. Vi har använt innehållsanalys som metod för att undersöka läromedel både kvantitativt och kvalitativt. Studiens resultat visar att lek som bidrar till elevernas begrepps- och/eller resonemangsförmåga finns i lärarhandledningar. Det finns även olika typer av stöd för läraren att genomföra lekbaserad undervisning som bidrar till elevernas begrepps- och/eller resonemangsförmåga. Det kan bidra till att eleverna utvecklar och befäster sina kunskaper om matematiska begrepp och/eller resonemang via leken. Studien visar också att lek i läromedlets elevböcker i stort sett saknas. Vilket kan innebära att eleverna går miste om lek i matematikundervisningen om läraren väljer att endast använda elevboken. / This master thesis focuses on mathematics textbooks for preschool class. We have studied to what extent play is found in the textbooks and what kind of the support for implementation is offered to the teacher. We have focused on play which can contribute to the pupils’ concept and/or reasoning ability.  Preschool class is now a compulsory school form. Preschool class is a class between preschool and primary school and is expected to function as a bridge between these two. There are many expectations for preschool class: implementing preschool pedagogy while introducing the primary school’s routines and teaching methods. We have used content analysis as a method in this study. The method has been used in both a quantitative and a qualitative way.  The results show that teacher guides offer play contributing to conceptual and/or reasoning. The results also show that the teacher gets support for implementing such play in the classroom. This offers opportunities for pupils to consolidate and develop their knowledge of mathematical concepts as well as their reasoning. Further, the study shows that play in the pupils’ textbook largely is lacking. If the teacher chooses to only use the pupil’s textbooks, the consequence can be that the pupils are missing out on play in mathematical education.

School-based professional learning communities (PLCs) have become an important means of “building capacity” among teachers in a wide variety of areas, including those with a subject focus. Very often, these PLCs are mandated by administration, and operate under an established structure. This paper describes an attempt by a mathematics coordinator and school level “lead’ teachers to establish relatively informal PLCs in mathematics in an effort to improve mathematics teaching, and thus student learning, in an environment that focused very much on literacy. The four PLCs created are discussed, as are the opportunities and the challenges that go with the relative freedom offered to the teachers. Sustainability is a central challenge to these groups.

In this paper we examine an Australian project in which we seek to develop leadership capacity in staff and students throughout the country, such that they may contribute to and lead others to contribute to the development and sharing of learning support resources for mathematics and statistics across disciplines and universities. One of the tangible outputs is a set of video based learning support resources that can be embedded in subjects across disciplines and shared across institutions. However the guiding aim is to develop leadership capacity, in its simplest form leading others to lead others to contribute to the project. Leadership may also be developed and exercised across different aspects of the project whether it be mapping needs, drawing together disciplines groups, finding ways to recognise and reward those engaged in the process, developing resources and the associated skills, ensuring copyright adherence, creating learning designs for optimal use of resources, evaluating the impact on student outcomes, peer review and the dissemination of findings.