I denna uppsats har jag undersökt kreativitet i förhållande till rekvisitörens arbete. Detta har jag gjort genom att vara ansvarig rekvisitör för Malmö Operas turnéproduktion ”Jag blir nog aldrig bjuden dit igen” och på så sätt får yrkeserfarenhet som jag kunnat jämföra med de textanalyser jag gjort kring begreppet kreativitet. När jag gick in i detta projekt så var jag övertygad om att en rekvisitörs arbete var kreativt men ju mer kunskap jag fick i området så blev jag mer ifrågasättande då det fanns många förutsättningar som skulle uppfyllas för att något skulle få räknas som kreativt. Efter mycket diskuterande och analyserande fick jag dra de slutsatser jag kunde utifrån det material jag hade tillgång till och har kommit fram till att en rekvisitörs arbete är kreativt men hur mycket beror på situationen. Det finns olika förutsättningar för att kreativitet ska uppstå, ju mindre styrd och friare en rekvisitör är i sina arbetsuppgifter desto mer kreativ är hen.

Purpose of the study was to investigate how people interact with artifacts in the Church of Sweden in Vienna. Data was collected through participatory observation and analyzed using Latour's ANT theory. The study revealed that the various artefacts fulfill both a religious and social role for the congregation and the Church of Sweden is both a sacred place but also gathering point for meeting of non-religious people who want to preserve Swedish culture abroad. Together with the visual essay, a film has been created. The essay portrays the empirical evidence that emerged in the investigation such as the fields validity and artefacts in the Swedish Church of Vienna.

The aim of this study was to research which Lean principles that could be incorporated in a small company. Lean is a more and more common expression that has become popular among companies that strive to find new ways of improvement and creating ways to compete on the market.  Lean as whole can be viewed as methods to increase the effectiveness of ones working processes through handling waste and increasing customer value. The company that was chosen for this study was Lundqvist Trävaru AB, a small family company located in the city of Piteå in northern parts of Sweden. Their main product is to create wall blocks that can be assembled into garages, cottages and storage units. The study was constructed in physical visits to the company while conducting participatory interviews and observations. A theory study was also conducted to find information important to carry on studying and analyzing the subject. The collected data was compiled into value stream maps and spaghetti diagrams covering the work in the factory of the company, then a MUDA-analysis was made to locate different types of waste and suggestions of improvements to eliminate this waste. To quantify the study a capacity process index (Cp) and specific capacity index (Cpk) was calculated and compared to the numbers in theory. The results showed that there are good possibilities to implements Lean principles into the company. The Cp and Cpk -index that was calculated gave an unclear result, this probably as a result of it being a difficult process to demonstrate this type of calculation. The conclusion of the study is that it has given a result and that there are possibilities to conduct further studies on the subject. / Studien har syftat på att undersöka vilka Leanprinciper som skulle kunna inkorporeras i ett mindre företag. Lean är ett uttryck som blir allt mer vanligt bland företag som strävar efter att finna nya sätt att förbättra sig och bli mer konkurrenskraftiga på marknaden. Lean som helhet kan ses som metoder till att effektivisera arbetsprocesserna i en verksamhet genom att minska spill och öka kundvärdet. Företaget som undersöks i studien är Lundkvist Trävaru AB, ett mindre företag lokaliserat i Piteå, i norra Sverige. Deras huvudprodukt är att bygga väggblock som sedan kan monteras ihop till bland annat garage, fritidshus och förråd. Studien genomfördes med besök på företaget för deltagande observationer och intervjuer samt genomfördes en teoristudie för att hitta den information som ansågs väsentlig för att studera och analysera ämnet. Data sammanställdes därefter i form av värdeflödeskartor och spagettidiagram över processen i företagets fabrik. En MUDA-analys genomfördes över den större delen av verksamheten för att lokalisera vart det kan uppkomma spill och vilka förbättringar som skulle kunna genomföras för att motverka detta spill. Ett kapacitetprocessindex (Cp) och ett specifikt kapacitetsprocessindex (Cpk) togs fram för att jämföras mot de siffror som finns i teorin. Resultatet visade att det finns goda möjligheter att genomföra förbättringar i företaget med Leanprinciper och MUDA-analysen gav förslag om olika förbättringsmöjligheter.  De framtagna Cp- och Cpk - indexen gav ett otydligt resultat vilket troligen berodde på att det var en svår process att använda till just den typen av beräkning. Slutsatsen av studien visar att den har genererat i ett resultat och att det finns goda möjligheter till vidare studier.

<p>A study of air mass origin’s effect on marine stratus and stratocumulus clouds has been performed on clouds north of Scandinavia between 2000 and 2004. The aerosol number size distribution of the air masses has been obtained from measurements in northern Finland. A trajectory model has been used to calculate trajectories to and from the measurement stations. The back trajectories were calculated using the measurement site as receptor to make sure the air masses had the right origin, and forward trajectories were calculated from receptor stations to assure adequate flow conditions. Satellite data of microphysical parameters of clouds from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) has been downloaded where the trajectories indicated that clouds could be studied, and where the satellite images displayed low-level clouds. The 25 % days with the highest number of aerosol with a diameter over 80 nm (N₈₀) and the 35% with the lowest N₈₀ have been used to represent polluted and clean conditions respectively. After screening trajectories and satellite imagery, 22 cases of clouds with northerly trajectories that had low N₈₀ values (i.e. clean) and 25 southerly cases with high N₈₀ values (i.e. polluted) where identified for further analysis.</p><p>   The average cloud optical thickness (τ) for all polluted pixels was more than twice that of the clean pixels. This can most likely be related to the differences in aerosol concentrations in accordance with the indirect effect, yet some difference in τ caused by different meteorological situations cannot be ruled out. The mean cloud droplet effective radius (a_ef) was for the polluted pixels 11.2 µm and for the clean pixels 15.5 µm, which results in a difference of 4.3 µm and clearly demonstrates the effect that increased aerosol numbers has on clouds. A non-linear relationship between a_ef and N₈₀ has been obtained which indicates that changes in lower values of aerosol numbers affect a_ef more than changes in larger aerosol loads. The results from this study also indicate that there is a larger difference in the microphysical cloud parameters between the polluted and clean cases in spring and autumn than in summer.</p>

A study of air mass origin’s effect on marine stratus and stratocumulus clouds has been performed on clouds north of Scandinavia between 2000 and 2004. The aerosol number size distribution of the air masses has been obtained from measurements in northern Finland. A trajectory model has been used to calculate trajectories to and from the measurement stations. The back trajectories were calculated using the measurement site as receptor to make sure the air masses had the right origin, and forward trajectories were calculated from receptor stations to assure adequate flow conditions. Satellite data of microphysical parameters of clouds from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) has been downloaded where the trajectories indicated that clouds could be studied, and where the satellite images displayed low-level clouds. The 25 % days with the highest number of aerosol with a diameter over 80 nm (N80) and the 35% with the lowest N80 have been used to represent polluted and clean conditions respectively. After screening trajectories and satellite imagery, 22 cases of clouds with northerly trajectories that had low N80 values (i.e. clean) and 25 southerly cases with high N80 values (i.e. polluted) where identified for further analysis.    The average cloud optical thickness (τ) for all polluted pixels was more than twice that of the clean pixels. This can most likely be related to the differences in aerosol concentrations in accordance with the indirect effect, yet some difference in τ caused by different meteorological situations cannot be ruled out. The mean cloud droplet effective radius (aef) was for the polluted pixels 11.2 µm and for the clean pixels 15.5 µm, which results in a difference of 4.3 µm and clearly demonstrates the effect that increased aerosol numbers has on clouds. A non-linear relationship between aef and N80 has been obtained which indicates that changes in lower values of aerosol numbers affect aef more than changes in larger aerosol loads. The results from this study also indicate that there is a larger difference in the microphysical cloud parameters between the polluted and clean cases in spring and autumn than in summer.

Detta examensarbete har utförts som en del av högskolutbildningen Maskinteknik vid Linköpings universitet. Rapporten är skriven på uppdrag av Blomberg &amp; Stensson AB i Katrineholm som ingår i en företagsgrupp med företaget X-modul samt Engströms Verkstäder. Företaget erbjuder produkter i stor variation som verktygsvagn, renhetsskåp, arbetsbänk och en flexibel barack som kan byggas som ett boende, fältsjukhus, toaletter med mera. Produktionen i Katrineholm består främst av plåt- och rörbearbetning.Blomberg &amp; Stensson har på våren 2017 flyttat in i nya lokaler och ska därför optimera sina arbetsområden. Området som fokuseras i detta arbete är kapningsområdet där rör- och balkmaterial kapas. För närvarande finns det inget sätt att kapa material längre än sju meter vilket är grundproblemet i detta arbete, eftersom material måste kapas för hand innan den kan tas in i lokalen. Syftet är att skapa en ny layout för kapningsområdet, samt eliminera säkerhetsrisker, ergonomirisker, slöseririsker och miljörisker. Lösningsförslag ska presenteras på en ny layout samt lösningsförslag på åtgärder för eventuella risker som uppkommer.Genom en övergripande kartläggning av området och dess avgränsningar samt datainsamling genom intervjuer, observationer och litteraturstudier har förståelsen av kapningsproduktionen ökat. Tillgång till egen arbetsplats hos företaget har också varit betydande för arbetets resultat. Med närhet till produktionen och kunnig personal har lett till ett effektivare arbete och ökat förståelsen för arbetsprocessen.När kunskap hade samlats in analyserades området och lösningsförslag på layouts skapades. Layouten fokuseras på att utformas med Lean production, bra ergonomi och bra arbetsmiljö. Lösningsförslag skapades och gick igenom en process där de ansvariga på företaget fick säga sina åsikter och kritisera förslagen. Det tredje förslaget blev godkänt och bestämdes som den layout kapningsområdet skulle ha och en renovering tog fart. Under arbetsgången påpekades flertal gånger om att det behövdes ett koncept för att ta upp vätska som spills under rullbanorna. Ett lösningsförslag till detta skapades samtidigt som en riskanalys utfördes med ansvarig operatör när kapningsområdets design var bestämt.Resultatet presenterar layoutens design som gör det möjligt att kapa material på tolv meter vilket löser problemet. Dessutom presenterar den lösningsförslaget på problemet där vätska som spills samt resultatet från en framgångsrik riskanalys.I diskussionskapitlet har jämförelser före och efter arbetet på layouten och hur förändringarna har tillämpats på arbetsstationen dessutom har frågorna från syftet besvarats. I slutsatsen presenteras bidraget som detta arbete har gett. / This project has been carried out as part of the college education Mechanical Engineering at Linköping University. The report is written on behalf of Blomberg &amp; Stensson AB in Katrineholm and who is a part of a company group with the company named X-module and Engströms Verkstäder. The company offers products in a wide variety such as utility wagon, cleaner cabinet, workbench and a flexible shed that can be built as accommodation, field hospital, toilets and more. Katrineholm’s production consist mainly of sheet- and pipe processing.Blomberg &amp; Stensson has in spring 2017 moved into new facilities and therefore shall optimization be done on their work areas. The work area focused on in this paper is the cutting area where pipe- and beam materials are cut. At present time there is no way to cut materials longer than seven meters which is the basic problem in this paper, as materials must be cut by hand before it can be transported inside the facility. The purpose is the create a new layout for the cutting area and to eliminate any security risks, ergonomics, waste risks and environmental risks. Solution proposals will be presented on a new layout and solution proposals for measures on possible risks that have arisen through the steps of the work.Through an overall mapping of the area and its delimitations and data collection through interviews, observations and literature studies, the understanding of the production increased. With access to an own workspace at the company has also been significant for the work’s results. With close proximity to the production and knowledgeable personnel, has led to more efficient work and has increased understanding of the work process.Once knowledge had been gathered the area was analyzed and layout solutions were created. The layout focuses on being designed with Lean production, good ergonomics and good working environment. Solutions proposals were created and went through a process whereby the personnel in charge in the company were allowed to say their opinions and criticism of the proposals. The third proposal was approved and determined as the layout the cutting area should look like and a renovation took off. During the work of the paper, it was pointed out several times that there was a concept needed for taking up liquid that was spilled out under conveyor belts. A solution proposal for the liquid situation was created while a risk analysis was carried out with the main operator when the design of the area was determined.The result presents the layout design that enables cutting of twelve-meter materials which solves the main problem. In addition, it also presents the solution proposal for the problem where liquid spills as well as the result of the successful risk analysis.In the discussion chapter have before and after comparisons of the differences of the layouts and how changes have been applied to the workstation and answers the questions from the purpose. In conclusion, the contribution of the paper is presented.

Children’s right to participation in situations that matter to them is stated in law and convention texts and is emphasized by the children themselves in research studies, too. When actively involved, their perspective is visualized. Children’s use of interactive technology has increased considerably during the last decade. The use of applications and web sites are becoming a regular occurrence in paediatric healthcare. The overall aim was to develop and test, together with children, an interactive communication tool meant to facilitate young children’s participation in healthcare situations. To understand children’s varied perceptions of their involvement in healthcare situations, interviews, drawings and vignettes were used in a phenomenographic approach (I). A participatory design iteratively evaluated evolving prototypes of an application (II). Video observations and hermeneutics captured the meanings of the participation cues that the children demonstrated when they used the application in healthcare situations (III). A quantitative approach was used to identify patterns in the children’s cue use (IV). In total, 114 children in two clinical settings and in a preschool were involved. The result showed that the children perceived themselves, their parents and the professionals as actors in a healthcare situation, although all were perceived to act differently (I). The children contributed important information on age-appropriateness, usability and likeability in the iterative evaluating phases that eventually ended up in the application (II). When using the application in healthcare situations, the cues they demonstrated were understood as representing a curious, thoughtful or affirmative meaning (III). Curious cues were demonstrated to the highest extent. The three-year-olds and the children with the least experience of healthcare situations demonstrated the highest numbers of cues (IV). Conclusion: when using the application, the children demonstrated a situated participation which was influenced by their perspective of the situation and their inter-inter-action with the application as well as the health professional. The children’s situated participation provided the professionals’ with additional ways of guiding the children based on their perspectives. / I lag- och konventionstexter, liksom i forskning, som använder barnens egna uttryck betonas deras rättighet att vara delaktiga i situationer av betydelse för dem. Genom att delta kan de göra sitt perspektiv synligt. Under det senaste årtiondet har barns användning av interaktiv teknik ökat kraftigt. Applikationer och web-sidor används nuförtiden även flitigt inom barnsjukvården. Avhandlingens övergripande syfte var att utveckla och pröva, tillsammans med barn, ett interaktivt kommunikationsverktyg avsett att möjliggöra yngre barns delaktighet i vårdsituationer. Intervjuer, teckningar och vignetter användes för att, fenomenografiskt, förstå barnens uppfattningar av att vara i en vårdsituation (I). En iterativ deltagarbaserad design användes för att utveckla en prototyp av en applikation. En hermeneutisk tolkning av video-observationer fångade meningen i barnens sätt att visa sin delaktighet (hintar) vid användningen av applikationen i vårdsituationer (III). En deduktiv, kvantitativ ansats användes för att identifiera mönster i barnens sätt att visa sin delaktighet när de använde applikationen (IV). Resultatet visade att barnen uppfattade sig själva, föräldrarna och vårdpersonalen som aktörer i situationen, även om alla uppfattades agera på olika sätt (I). Barnen bidrog i den iterativa processen med viktig information gällande aspekter som åldersanpassning, användbarhet och hur väl den tilltalar dem, vilket slutligen ledde fram till den färdiga applikationen (II). Barnens sätt att visa sin delaktighet när de använde applikationen förstods ha en nyfiken, tankfull och självbekräftande mening (III). Nyfikenheten visades mest vid användningen av applikationen. Treåringarna samt barnen med minst vårderfarenhet använde applikationen i störst utsträckning (IV). Sammanfattning: när applikationen användes i vårdsituationen visade barnen en situerad delaktighet vilken byggde på deras perspektiv på den aktuella situationen samt på deras inter-inter-aktion med applikationen och vårdpersonalen. Genom detta erbjöds vårdpersonalen ytterligare ett sätt att guida barnet utifrån barnets eget perspektiv.

The importance of sound financial risk management has become increasingly emphasised in recent years, especially with the financial crisis of 2007-08. The Basel Committee sets the international standards and regulations for banks and financial institutions, and in particular under market risk, they prescribe the internal application of the measure Value-at-Risk. However, the most established non-parametric Value-at-Risk model, historical simulation, has been criticised for some of its unrealistic assumptions. This thesis investigates alternative approaches for estimating non-parametric Value-at-Risk, by examining and comparing the capability of three counterbalancing weighting methodologies for historical simulation: an exponentially decreasing time weighting approach, a volatility updating method and, lastly, a more general weighting approach that enables the specification of central moments of a return distribution. With real financial data, the models are evaluated from a performance based perspective, in terms of accuracy and capital efficiency, but also in terms of their regulatory suitability, with a particular focus on the Swedish market. The empirical study shows that the capability of historical simulation is improved significantly, from both performance perspectives, by the implementation of a weighting methodology. Furthermore, the results predominantly indicate that the volatility updating model with a 500-day historical observation window is the most adequate weighting methodology, in all incorporated aspects. The findings of this paper offer significant input both to existing research on Value-at-Risk as well as to the quality of the internal market risk management of banks and financial institutions. / Betydelsen av sund finansiell riskhantering har blivit alltmer betonad på senare år, i synnerhet i och med finanskrisen 2007-08. Baselkommittén fastställer internationella normer och regler för banker och finansiella institutioner, och särskilt under marknadsrisk föreskriver de intern tillämpning av måttet Value-at-Risk. Däremot har den mest etablerade icke-parametriska Value-at-Risk-modellen, historisk simulering, kritiserats för några av dess orealistiska antaganden. Denna avhandling undersöker alternativa metoder för att beräkna icke-parametrisk Value-at‑Risk, genom att granska och jämföra prestationsförmågan hos tre motverkande viktningsmetoder för historisk simulering: en exponentiellt avtagande tidsviktningsteknik, en volatilitetsuppdateringsmetod, och slutligen ett mer generellt tillvägagångssätt för viktning som möjliggör specifikation av en avkastningsfördelnings centralmoment. Modellerna utvärderas med verklig finansiell data ur ett prestationsbaserat perspektiv, utifrån precision och kapitaleffektivitet, men också med avseende på deras lämplighet i förhållande till existerande regelverk, med särskilt fokus på den svenska marknaden. Den empiriska studien visar att prestandan hos historisk simulering förbättras avsevärt, från båda prestationsperspektiven, genom införandet av en viktningsmetod. Dessutom pekar resultaten i huvudsak på att volatilitetsuppdateringsmodellen med ett 500 dagars observationsfönster är den mest användbara viktningsmetoden i alla berörda aspekter. Slutsatserna i denna uppsats bidrar i väsentlig grad både till befintlig forskning om Value-at-Risk, liksom till kvaliteten på bankers och finansiella institutioners interna hantering av marknadsrisk.

Det finns mycket forskning som handlar om barns läsinlärning, men inte om barns egen högläsning. Syftet med den här studien var att se om högläsning för ett djur kunde öka motivationen för läsning hos barn med lässvårigheter. Studien hade 2 deltagande barnmed lässvårighetersamt 3 deltagande föräldrar som rekryterades av logoped som är verksam hos Lära med djur, den förening där läsinterventionen genomfördes. Metoden var single subject design (A-B-A) där varje barn utgjorde sin egen kontroll. Studien var indelad i tre olika faser. Under baslinjen (A) läste barnet högt i hemmiljön. Under interventionen (B) läste barnet högt för ett djur vid fem tillfällen. Under uppföljningen (A) läste barnet hemma igen. All högläsning videoinspelades och föräldrarna intervjuades 3 gånger, en gång i respektive fas. Viss förändring hos barnen kundekonstateras på områdena aktiv lästid och antal avbrott under läsningen. Intervjuerna med föräldrarna visade på att interventionen med djur förefaller ha haft en positiv påverkan på åtminstone ett av barnens läsmotivation. Båda föräldraparen valde att låta sina barn fortsätta läsa hos Lära med djur efter studiens avslut. Sammantaget visade resultaten att läsning med djur kan ha en viss effekt på barnets läsning, men vidare studier krävs på området. / There is a lot of studies done about children’s learning to read but not a lot about themselves reading aloud. The purpose of this study was to see if reading aloud to an animal can increase the reading motivation in children with reading difficulties. The study had 2 participating children with reading difficulties and 3 participating parents who were recruited by a speech and language pathologist who works at Lära med djur, the association where the reading intervention took place. The method was a single subject design (A-B-A) where each child constituted as their own control. The study was divided into three different phases. During the baseline (A), the child read aloud in the home environment. During the intervention (B), the child read aloud to an animal on five occasions. During the follow-up (A), the child read at home again. All readings were videotaped. The parents were interviewed three times, one time in each of the phases. The children showed some change in the areas of active reading time, the correct number of words read and the number of interruptions during reading. The interviews with the parents showed that the intervention with animals seemed to have had a positive effect on foremost one of the childrens’ motivation for reading. Both parent couples said that they chose to let their child continue to read at Lära med djur atthe end of the study. Overall, the resultsshowed that reading with animals can have a certain effect on the child's reading, but further studies are required in this area.

Abstract This empirical study investigates how students in secondary school 7-9 learn the English language outside of school, in an informal setting, and how they can benefit from it in a formal setting in school. The usage of digital technology is more common nowadays amongst youngsters than it used to be before. Digital technology has become a part of young people’s daily lives, whether it is for social media, schoolwork, gaming or blogging. Most students in Swedish secondary schools have their own computers, mobile phones, and have the opportunity to borrow an iPad from school, if needed. For this reason, it is relevant and interesting to investigate how students use their informal knowledge of English in a school setting, and how teachers take advantage of that knowledge. The research focused primarily on how the incorporation of extramural English can be used as a motivating factor for students to develop their English language in a formal setting. The results showed that students who are given the opportunity to use their previous knowledge in the classroom, appeared to be more encouraged to engage in classroom activities. They were also more motivated to work with the assignments handed to them. Teachers who involved students’ interests and previous knowledge in the classroom were experienced in the use of different media in the classroom and had good knowledge about students’ daily lives and experiences, something that helped them establish a positive teacher-student relationship. Keywords: extramural English, out-of-school English, teaching materials, motivation, informal- and formal settings, students’ perceptions.