Studien sökte besvara hur det kompensatoriska uppdraget uppfattades, vad som kompenserades, vilka strategier som användes samt förutsättningar för det. Social bakgrund i relation till det kompensatoriska uppdraget har genomsyrat skolans utveckling över tid och därav låg studiens fokus på det. Tidigare forskning visade att social bakgrund samt språknivå korrelerar väl med skolprestation. Data samlades in med hjälp av 18 semistrukturerade intervjuer med lärare, specialpedagoger, rektorer och skolchef från förskola till gymnasiet, mejlkonversation med tre statliga skolmyndigheter samt personliga samtal med två statstjänstemän. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter inbegrep intersektionalitet, specialpedagogiska perspektiv, sociokulturellt och salutogent perspektiv samt habitus. Enligt Skollagen ska skolan kompensera för elevers olika behov och förutsättningar. Trots att informanterna kompenserade för många saker, framförallt neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar, framkom en viss osäkerhet kring uppdraget då det var relativt okänt och dels uppfattades tolkningsbart. Förutsättningarna för uppdraget varierade. De största hindren tycktes vara brist på kommunikation kring uppdraget samt resurser. Statstjänstemännen var tydliga med att det är språket som ska kompenseras. De flesta av informanterna ansåg inte att kopplingen mellan social bakgrund samt språknivå och kompensatoriska insatser är tydlig. Många uttryckte att de kopplar social bakgrund till föräldrars förmåga att stötta sina barn med läxläsning eller ekonomiska förutsättningar. En av studiens slutsatser var att det kompensatoriska uppdraget behöver förtydligas och diskuteras i större omfattning. / This study sought to show how the compensatory mission is perceived, what is being compensated as well as which strategies are used and finally the prerequisites for the mission. Social context in relation to the compensatory mission has throughout the history of school been of importance and it is therefore a focal point in this study. Previous research showed that social context as well as language skills corresponds well to a student's school performance. The data collection method was semi structured interviews with a total of 18 teachers, special educators, headmasters and a headmaster of education, from nursery and preschool to high school. Data were also collected from three national school authorities and two officials. The theoretical framework included different perspectives such as intersectional, special education, sociocultural, salutogenic and habitus. According to the school law, the school ought to compensate for the different needs and prerequisites of the students. Despite the fact that the informants compensated for many things, in particular neuropsychiatric disabilities, an uncertainty concerning the mission arose since it was relatively unknown and was apprehended as interpretable. The prerequisites for the mission varied. The mayor obstacles for the mission seemed to be lack of communication regarding the mission and resources. The two officials were explicit concerning that it is the language that should be compensated for. The informants did not find the connections between social background and compensatory input or language clear. Nevertheless, they saw a coupling between social background and parents´ ability to support their children with homework or economic preconditions. One of the conclusions of the study was that the compensatory mission needs to be clarified and be discussed to a greater extent.

<p>The purpose of this study is to gain understanding of how self employed entrepreneurs (hereafter referred to as “entrepreneurs”) develop their competence based on their perceived learning space. The main question is: How do these entrepreneurs develop their competence based on their perceived learning space? Other questions relevant for the study are: How important is the social environment for these entrepreneurs and how do they interact with their social environment in order to develop their competence. The study has a qualitative approach. Semi-structured interviews with six entrepreneurs were conducted, during March and April 2008. The main finding of this study is the process by which the entrepreneurs develop their competence based on their perceived learning space. This is done through interaction with the entrepreneurs’ social environment. With a specific work task in mind, the entrepreneur evaluates his/her own competence in order to solve the task at hand, and in parallell search for the needed competence in his/her social environment. The social environment is therefore found to be very important to the entrepreneurs in the study. The active and conscious interactions lead to learning and in turn to development of the individual competence. This approach is essential for the entrepreneur to keep up-to-date and to stay attractive on the work market. Another finding in the study is how the entrepreneurs are forced to be more selective in the development of their competence, compared to a traditional employee, i.e. the entrepreneur needs to be more aware of whether he or she will gain anything from engaging in the specific activity. The responsibility for development of the individual competence lies solely on the entrepreneur. The development of the competence is however not separated from the overall responsibility of the business, but can be seen as part of the daily work.</p>

<p>Som huvudsyfte avser vi att undersöka vad som kännetecknar de synliga och osynliga kundfaktorerna i en traditionell butikskedja i jämförelse med en Internetaktör. Vi vill även få fram framgångsfaktorer för en traditionell butikskedja och en Internetaktör som ett delsyfte.</p><p>Frågeställning: Vad kännetecknar de synliga och osynliga kundfaktorerna i en traditionell bokhandel respektive i en Internetbaserad bokhandel? – Akademibokhandeln & Adlibris</p><p>Vi har genomfört fallstudie med en kvalitativ ansats. Empirin har insamlats genom semistrukturerade intervjuer och teorin genom relevant litteratur inom traditionell handel samt e-handel.</p><p>Akademibokhandeln och Adlibris är två företag som erbjuder ett likvärt sortiment men på helt olika sätt. Akademibokhandeln har sin handelsplats i en butik där service är deras ledstjärna. Adlibris har en virtuell handelsplats som vilar tungt på inre system och rutiner vilket i slutändan ska rendera i låga priser för kunder. Vi ser detta som den grundläggande skillnaden mellan dessa två företag.</p> / <p>As our main purpose we mean to investigate what characterizes the visible and invisible customer elements in traditional retailing in compare with e-commerce. We also want to discover factors of success for traditional retailing as well as for a Internet based company.</p><p>Question: What characterizes the visible and invisible customer elements in a traditional bookstore and in a Internet based bookstore? – Akademibokhandeln & Adlibris</p><p>We have performed a case study with a qualitative approach. The empiric information has been gathered through semi structured interviews and the theory has been collected through relevant literature dealing with traditional retailing as well as about e commerce.</p><p>Akademibokhandeln and Adlibris are two companies which offers a similar assortment but in complete different ways. The base of Akademibokhandeln is their stores and the service are their guiding star. Adlibris is a web based company who rely on their internal systems and routines which in the end should result in low prices for customers. As we see it, this is the basic difference between the two companies.</p>

Den fysiska aktiviteten i västvärlden har minskat under de senaste decennierna. Vi tillbringar mer tid inomhus framför TV, dator eller något annat medialt redskap. En av de främsta anledningarna till att vi blivit mer fysiskt inaktiva på senare tid tros vara att forskningen hela tiden går framåt, där vi uppfinner hjälpmedel som gör att vi rör på oss så lite som möjligt. Forskning visar att det finns indirekta bevis på att fysisk aktivitet är en positiv hälsofaktor som minskar risken för sjukdomar. Fysisk aktivitet har visat sig ha ett samband med högre nivåer av personligt välbefinnande, så som bättre humör, mer tillfredställelse med livet och högre livskvalitet. Vi har inte bara blivit mindre fysiskt aktiva på senare tid, den psykiska ohälsan har ökat bland befolkningen, där forskning visar att det finns samband mellan att leva ett stillasittande liv under en längre tid och klinisk definierad depression. Syftet med studien var att se om det fanns skillnader i självskattad hälsa mellan ungdomar som var fysiskt aktiva och ungdomar som inte var fysiskt aktiva. Samt att se om det fanns skillnader i självskattad hälsa mellan flickor och pojkar. Syftet innehöll en pedagogisk del där vi undersökte om omgivning och samspel mellan ungdomar påverkar den självskattade hälsan. Studien är gjord med kvantitativ metod där 187 elever från högstadiet deltog. Totalt delades 200 enkäter ut vilket gav oss en hög svarsfrekvens och ett litet bortfall. Utifrån resultatet kom vi fram till att ungdomar som är fysiskt aktiva i större utsträckning har en högre självskattad hälsa än ungdomar som inte är fysiskt aktiva. Resultatet visar att pojkar upplever i större utsträckning sin självskattade hälsa som högre än vad flickor gör. I resultatet kom vi även fram till att både samspel mellan ungdomar och stöd från omgivningen har ett har ett positivt samband med hög självskattad hälsa. / The physical activity in the western world has decreased in recent decades. We spend more time indoors watching television, computer or other media tools. One of the main reasons that we become more physically inactive in recent years that research is believed to be constantly moving forward, we invent tools that will make us move as little as possible. Research shows that there is indirect evidence that physical activity is a positive health factor that reduces the risk of disease and physical activity has been shown to be associated with higher levels of personal well-being, such as better mood, greater satisfaction with life and to have higher quality of life. We have not only become less physically active in recent years. Mental illness has increased in the population. Research shows that there is a link between living a sedentary life for a long time and clinically defined depression. The purpose of this study was to see if there were differences in self-rated health among adolescents who were physically active and young people who were not physically active. We also wanted to see if there were differences in self-rated health between girls and boys. The purpose contained an educational element in which we examined if environmental and interaction between young people affects the self-assessed health. Study was done with the quantitative method in which 187 students from junior high school participated. A total of 200 questionnaires were distributed which gave us a good response rate and a small loss. Based on these results, we concluded that young people who are physically active, have more of a higher self-rated health than young people who are not physically active. The results show that boys experience their self-rated health higher than girls do. In the results, we found that both the interaction between young people and support from the environment has a positive association with high self-rated health.

The purpose of this study is to gain understanding of how self employed entrepreneurs (hereafter referred to as “entrepreneurs”) develop their competence based on their perceived learning space. The main question is: How do these entrepreneurs develop their competence based on their perceived learning space? Other questions relevant for the study are: How important is the social environment for these entrepreneurs and how do they interact with their social environment in order to develop their competence. The study has a qualitative approach. Semi-structured interviews with six entrepreneurs were conducted, during March and April 2008. The main finding of this study is the process by which the entrepreneurs develop their competence based on their perceived learning space. This is done through interaction with the entrepreneurs’ social environment. With a specific work task in mind, the entrepreneur evaluates his/her own competence in order to solve the task at hand, and in parallell search for the needed competence in his/her social environment. The social environment is therefore found to be very important to the entrepreneurs in the study. The active and conscious interactions lead to learning and in turn to development of the individual competence. This approach is essential for the entrepreneur to keep up-to-date and to stay attractive on the work market. Another finding in the study is how the entrepreneurs are forced to be more selective in the development of their competence, compared to a traditional employee, i.e. the entrepreneur needs to be more aware of whether he or she will gain anything from engaging in the specific activity. The responsibility for development of the individual competence lies solely on the entrepreneur. The development of the competence is however not separated from the overall responsibility of the business, but can be seen as part of the daily work.

Som huvudsyfte avser vi att undersöka vad som kännetecknar de synliga och osynliga kundfaktorerna i en traditionell butikskedja i jämförelse med en Internetaktör. Vi vill även få fram framgångsfaktorer för en traditionell butikskedja och en Internetaktör som ett delsyfte. Frågeställning: Vad kännetecknar de synliga och osynliga kundfaktorerna i en traditionell bokhandel respektive i en Internetbaserad bokhandel? – Akademibokhandeln &amp; Adlibris Vi har genomfört fallstudie med en kvalitativ ansats. Empirin har insamlats genom semistrukturerade intervjuer och teorin genom relevant litteratur inom traditionell handel samt e-handel. Akademibokhandeln och Adlibris är två företag som erbjuder ett likvärt sortiment men på helt olika sätt. Akademibokhandeln har sin handelsplats i en butik där service är deras ledstjärna. Adlibris har en virtuell handelsplats som vilar tungt på inre system och rutiner vilket i slutändan ska rendera i låga priser för kunder. Vi ser detta som den grundläggande skillnaden mellan dessa två företag. / As our main purpose we mean to investigate what characterizes the visible and invisible customer elements in traditional retailing in compare with e-commerce. We also want to discover factors of success for traditional retailing as well as for a Internet based company. Question: What characterizes the visible and invisible customer elements in a traditional bookstore and in a Internet based bookstore? – Akademibokhandeln &amp; Adlibris We have performed a case study with a qualitative approach. The empiric information has been gathered through semi structured interviews and the theory has been collected through relevant literature dealing with traditional retailing as well as about e commerce. Akademibokhandeln and Adlibris are two companies which offers a similar assortment but in complete different ways. The base of Akademibokhandeln is their stores and the service are their guiding star. Adlibris is a web based company who rely on their internal systems and routines which in the end should result in low prices for customers. As we see it, this is the basic difference between the two companies.

Studiens övergripande syfte är att belysa och gestalta det sociala stöd respektive sociala tryck personer sjukskrivna för utmattningsdepression anser sig uppleva från omgivningen, vad gäller både att vara sjukskriven och att återgå till arbete. Undersökningen genomfördes med hjälp av kvalitativ metod, och sex personer som var sjukskrivna för utmattningsdepression intervjuades individuellt. Resultatet visar att de sjukskrivna upplever en komplex blandning av både press och stöd i processen att ta sig tillbaka till arbetslivet. Stödet, oftast i form av förståelse och undvikande av press, upplevs främst från personer i individens nära omgivning, medan pressen att återgå till arbete oftast relateras till personer och grupper på längre avstånd. Störst press att återgå till arbetet upplevdes från den "samhälleliga" normen "att göra rätt för sig", men även omgivningens okunskap och brist på förståelse upplevdes som en press. / The overall aim in this essay is to highlight and describe the social support and social pressure, people on sick leave for burnout feel they experience by their environment, both in terms of being on sick leave and in terms of return to work. The survey was conducted using qualitative methodology, and six people being sick for burnout were interviexed individually. The result shows that people on sick leave for burnout are experiencing a complex mixture of both social pressure and social support in the process of returning to work. Social support, often in the form of understanding for the disease and avoidance of pressure, are mostly experienced by people in the individual's near environment, while the pressure usually is related to individuals and groups at longer distances. The strongest pressure to return to work was experienced from the "societal" norm "to do the right thing", but also lack of krowledge and lack of understanding were experienced as a pressure to return to work.

In the summer of 2018, Sweden was taken by surprise and engulfed by forest fires on an unprecedented scale. Various forms of crisis volunteerism (CV) proved essential in the large scale response that ensued. Previous information systems (IS) research gives insights, both theoretically and practically, on the potential of IS and digitalisation to enhance and support crisis response. However, the forest fires demonstrated that CV practices and practitioners in Sweden have practically no such support. CV is, in other words, an essential part of the crisis response system, but unsupported by dedicated digitalisation. The aim of this thesis is therefore to understand what is required to enable a digital transformation (DT) that will significantly improve CV practice and the overall crisis response system. Sweden is not unique in this respect. From an international perspective, IS research devotes much attention to the area of crisis response. However, this is most commonly done using the perspective and needs of crisis management stakeholders as a departing point. Also, despite research on and the availability of IS solutions, the degree of practical implementation would appear to be low. This thesis is therefore also based on the perceived knowledge gap that the lack of IS and digitalisation supporting CV is, in part, a result of the lack of research focus on volunteer stakeholders and the CV practice itself. Another gap noted is the lack of knowledge regarding the real-world practice of CV which contributes to undermining the development and use of IS solutions for CV. This thesis, therefore, provides a much needed holistic understanding of real-world CV. This understanding moves the perspective of volunteer stakeholders to the forefront without losing the perspective of crisis management. This has been done via an empirical study in the aftermath of the Swedish forest fires crisis as well as via studies of international IS literature on crisis response and CV. This has resulted in a unique holistic and comprehensive model that relates to the complexity, dynamics and emergence involved in CV practice. Via this model it is possible to relate specific parts or aspects of CV practice, to the whole practice area and continue modelling attributes in greater detail, as required, depending on DT or IS design needs. Underlying the focus in this thesis lies a mild critique of previous IS research with more reductionist approaches, whereby the relevance of broader contextual understandings has been downplayed. The thesis aligns with perspectives on digitalisation and IS design, proposing the relevance of developing broader holistic understandings of research topics. That is, understandings that have greater potential to reveal how phenomena come into being and are adapted in environmental contexts. DT is understood in terms of a process whereby broader understandings of phenomena are used to identify needs (triggers), strategies and capabilities that will inform IS design initiatives. An analytical framework depicting this process and its main components and relationships has been designed in this thesis to contribute to an understanding of what is required to digitally transform CV practice. In summary, the thesis provides a new holistic approach and understanding for the CV practice area and how it may be digitally transformed. The thesis also contributes to a new perspective on DT, applied to a complex and non-organisation based setting. This knowledge is of relevance to both practitioners and IS researchers in crisis response and CV. The CV practice meta-model and the analytical framework for digital transformation can be used to enable and inform future digital transformation strategies and policy in Sweden and internationally. They can also contribute to guiding the initiation of practical IS design initiatives, with greater potential to enhance and improve both CV and overall crisis response. The research was performed within the information systems (IS) discipline.

I takt med att organisationers omgivande miljö beskrivs som alltmer dynamisk, ökar kritiken mot den budgeteringen, då budget anses var ett statiskt ekonomistyrningsverktyg. Trots medhållet som kritiken får visar empiriska studier att få företag faktiskt överger budget som huvudsakligt planerings- och kontrollverktyg (Sandalgaard 2012; Ekholm &amp; Wallin 2000; Dokulil, Zlámalová &amp; Popesko 2017). Till följd av Covid-19-pandemin under år 2020 förlorande många marknader sin förutsägbarhet vilket resulterade i osäkra omgivningar för många organisationer och branscher. Bilförsäljningen visade en hög variation under pandemiåret. Först tappade marknaden 40% av försäljningen och några månader senare fick den uppgång som täckte upp för de föregående förlorade intäkterna. Marknaden upplevde därmed en berg-och-dal-bana som ger insikt i hur budgetens praktiska användning sammanfaller med kritiserade svagheter. Genom att använda fem av de främsta argumenten i kritiken mot budgetering undersöker studien hur budgeten påverkas hos svenska bilåterförsäljare. Detta illustrerar behovet som bilåterförsäljarna har i en bransch vars omgivning påverkats av en oväntad osäkerhet. Sju bilåterförsäljare kontaktades och intervjuades i syfte att tillhandahålla den empiriska datan som i efterhand kompletterades genom de utvalda återförsäljarnas årsredovisningar. Genom detta urvalet utforskar studien en variation i behovet av budgeten. Studien kommer bland annat fram till att budgeten och dess komplement samspelar för att tillgodose de observerade bilåterförsäljarnas individuella behov av planering och kontroll. / The critique of budgeting has been growing louder during recent years as the influencing factors in the organizational environment is increasingly described as dynamic, while budgeting itself is seen as a static appliance in organizational management. However, despite the support this critique receives, empirical evidence shows that few companies actually abandon budgeting as one of their main tools for planning and control in financial management (Sandalgaard 2012; Ekholm &amp; Wallin 2000; Dokulil, Zlámalová &amp; Popesko 2017). Due to the Covid-19 pandemic year 2020, the wide consumer market lost its predictability, thus making it an uncertain environment for a majority of companies to act in. Sales of cars showed a wide variety during the pandemic year. First a decline of 40% in sales in the overall market and then an upswing which made up for previous loss. The car market had therefore experienced an interchangeable environment which contribute to giving insight to how the praxis of the budget coincide with the criticism. Using five of the main points in the critique against budgeting, the research area of this study, car retailers, were chosen to illuminate the need for the budget of retailers in an industry unexpectedly affected by uncertainty in the environment. Seven car retailer companies were contacted and interviewed to provide the empirical data which were later supplemented by the chosen companies’ annual reports. Through this selection this study explores a variety in the need for the budget. The results include that there is an interaction between the budget and the budget complement to satisfy the observed car retailers' individual needs of planning and control. This study is written in Swedish.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vad ESG har för påverkan på privatainvesterare vid investeringsbeslut. I studien undersöks även hur den socialaomgivningen och finansiella rådgivare kan påverka investeringsprocessen ienlighet med ESG.Den teoretiska referensramen består av legitimitetsteorin, the socialcomparison theory och befintlig forskning på ämnet. Studien utgår från endeduktiv ansats med induktiva inslag. En kvalitativ forskningsmetod haranvänts och datainsamling har skett via semistrukturerade intervjuer.Efter genomförda analyser av datainsamlingen framgår det att företagensattityd till ESG inte har särskilt stor inverkan på privata investerare vidinvesteringsbeslut. Förväntad avkastning är alltid högst upp påprioriteringslistan. ESG-faktorer ses framförallt som ett komplement vidinvesteringsbeslut. Av studien framgick det även att de sociala aspekterna (S)är den faktor av de tre som värderas högst. Miljöaspekter (E) värderas främstnär den potentiella investeringen ska ske i ett företag som har en starkkoppling till miljön. En bra bolagsstyrning (G) skapar en trygghet förinvesteraren men är väldigt sällan en avgörande faktor. Fortsättningsvispåvisar studien att den sociala omgivningen påverkar en privat investeraresbeslut. I den sociala omgivningen är det närstående personer som har störstinverkan. Finansiella rådgivares påverkan på investeringsprocessen är låg dåförtroende ofta saknas. / The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of ESG on individualinvestors investment decisions. The study also investigates how the socialenvironment and financial advisors can influence the investment process inline with ESG.The theoretical framework consists of legitimacy theory, the socialcomparison theory and existing research on the subject. The study adopts adeductive approach with elements of an inductive approach. A qualitativeresearch method was applied and data collection was conducted throughsemi-structured interviews.After analyzing the collected data, it appears that a company's attitudetowards ESG does not have a significant influence on individual investors'investment decisions. Expected returns always rank highest on individualinvestors' priority list. ESG-factors are primarily seen as a supplementaryconsideration in investment decisions. The study also reveals that the socialaspects (S) are the most valued among the three factors. Environmentalaspects (E) are particularly prioritized when investing in companies withstrong environmental ties. A well-managed governance (G) provides a senseof security for investors but is seldom a decisive factor. Furthermore, thestudy demonstrates that the social environment influences the investmentdecisions of individual investors, with close acquaintances having the mostsignificant impact. The influence of financial advisors on the investmentprocess is low, often due to a lack of trust.