Leonardo Bruni published one of his most widely copied translations, Xenophon's pro-monarchical Hiero, shortly before he penned his more famous original works, his Dialogues and Panegyric to the City of Florence. Scholars have traditionally focused on the political ideas present in these original treatises; yet, despite the centrality of political ideas to the Hiero, its temporal proximity to these works, and its enormous popularity (the work exists in 200 fifteenth-century manuscripts), scholars have neglected to offer a full assessment of Bruni's translation in the context of these works. Bruni's translation of Xenophon's Hiero fit into a debate in early fifteenth-century Florence about Julius Caesar and the Florentine poet Dante. The two major thinkers in the debate, Bruni and Coluccio Salutati, agreed that a distinction had to be made between kings and tyrants based on legal claim and quality of rule. The Hiero reinforced this assumption. The two men disagreed, however, about which category applied to Julius Caesar and what this meant for the reputation of Dante.

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一、韓非是戰國時代有名的攻治思想家，集先秦法家之大成，其學有足述者。韓非子 一書乃我國古代政治學名著。本文討論韓非政治學說：共分七章，約八萬餘言。第一 章至第三章為韓非行狀、時代背、景思想淵源及其學說之基礎，第四章至七章為韓非 學說之主要內容，最後附以結論，以簡單說明其學說對後代政治之影響。 二、第一章分為兩節。第一節敘述韓子之身世行並附兩點討論，以說明其為法術之士 而泰使件秦之目的及其人格。思想乃環境之產品，而政治思想必有其時代使命，故第 二節由戰國大勢、韓國的處境與政情及當時流行的思想，以說明其學說之時代背景。 三、第二章討論韓非思想之淵。源戰國是我國學術思想上之黃金時代，諸子並起，百 家爭鳴，而以儒墨道法四大學派最有勢力。在此千巖競秀、萬壑爭流的奔放時代，思 想界相互激盪，勢所難免。法家學說較晚出，韓非集法家之大成，其思想之精神與內 容，總不免含有其他學派的影響。本章第一節討論韓子學說之人物淵源，分為從政之 法家與學理之法家二目；第二節為學派淵源，分為儒道墨三家，以說明其學說淵源由 自。 四、第三章討論韓非學說之基礎，分為歷史哲學與人性論兩節。其歷史哲學的精義， 只是『論世之事，因為之傋』八個字。其目的在攻擊儒墨復古守舊的主張，而提倡變 古維新。他的人性論在說明人性之『好利惡害』，以建立其用刑賞的法治主義。 五、第四章勢論。韓子學說中的勢，乃是近代政治學中的主權。韓非主張法治，勢乃 行法的混籍，在其學說中佔有非常重要的地位。不過他主張主權在君，這種主張發揮 到極端，便造成了君主專制。 六、第五章法論，乃韓非學說之中心。共分六節，第一節至第五節討論法之意義、作 用、立法原則、行法之態度與方法及法治之目的。第六節兩點討論，在指出韓非法治 學說中立法權不能獨立與缺乏監督之力量的兩缺點。 七、第六章術論在說明韓非所言的各種治術。術乃行法之手段。全章分為六節，第一 節至第五節敘述術之內容，第六節為結論，討論術治之得失。 八、第七章刑賞與農戰，乃韓非法治主義之兩項具體政策依韓非的主張、推行法治有 賴刑賞，富國強兵有賴農戰。刑賞是手段，富強是目的。 九、結論旨在簡單說明韓非學說對於後代政治之影響。本文所曾指陳者，約有二端： 第一為集權專制，第二為漢代宰相制度。前者包括君主之至尊無上與思想上之排他獨 占兩點，後者著重於宰相之簡選。最後並說明法家思想，尤其是韓非學說盛極而衰， 在秦漢以後失去顯學之地位，不能與儒家相抗衡之原因。

Le thème de la mobilisation totale est au cœur de la réflexion actuelle sur le renouvellement des modes de subjectivation et des manières d’être-ensemble. En arrière-plan, on trouve la question de la compatibilité entre les processus vitaux humains et la modernité, bref, la question de la viabilité du processus de civilisation occidental. Au cœur du diagnostic: l’insuffisance radicale de la fiction de l’homo oeconomicus, modèle de l’individu privé sans liens sociaux et souffrant d’un déficit de sphère. La « communauté qui vient » (Agamben), la « politisation de l’existence » (Lopez Petit) et la création de « sphères régénérées » (Sloterdijk) nomment autant de tentatives pour penser le dépassement de la forme désormais impropre et insensée de l’individualité. Mais comment réaliser ce dépassement? Ou de manière plus précise : quelle traversée pour amener l’individu privé à opérer ce dépassement? Ce doctorat s’organise autour d’une urgence focale : [E]scape. Ce concept suggère un horizon de fuite immanent : il signe une sortie hors de l’individu privé et trace un plan d’idéalité permettant d’effectuer cette sortie. Concrètement, ce concept commande la production d’une série d’analyses théoriques et artistiques portant sur des penseurs contemporains tels que Foucault, Deleuze ou Sloterdijk, l’album Kid A de Radiohead ainsi que sur le cinéma et l’art contemporain chinois (Jia Zhangke, Wong Kar-Wai, Wong Xiaoshuai, Lou Ye, Shu Yong, Huang Rui, Zhang Huan, Zhu Yu, etc.). Ces analyses sont conçues comme autant de passages ou itinéraires de désubjectivation. Elles posent toutes, d’une manière ou d’une autre, le problème du commun et de l’être-ensemble, sur le seuil des non-lieux du capitalisme global. Ces itinéraires se veulent liminaux, c’est-à-dire qu’ils se constituent comme passages sur la ligne d’un dehors et impliquent une mise en jeu éthopoïétique. Sur le plan conceptuel, ils marquent résolument une distance avec le paradigme de la politique identitaire et la critique des représentations interculturelles. / The theme of total mobilization is central to the contemporary reflection on the renewing of subjectivation processes and ways of being-together. In the background, we find the question of the compatibility between the human vital processes and modernity, or in other words, the question of the viability of Western civilization. At the core of the diagnosis: the radical insufficiency of the homo oeconomicus’s fiction, model of the private individual without meaningful social links and suffering from a sphere deficit. The “coming community” (Agamben), the “politization of existence” (Lopez Petit) and the creation of “regenerated spheres” (Sloterdijk) name as many attempts to think how to go beyond the henceforth improper and senseless form of individuality. But how are we to realize this overcoming? Or more precisely: which crossing to bring the private individual to operate this overcoming? This work is organized around a focal urgency: [E]scape. This concept suggest an immanent horizon of flight: it signs a way out of the private individual and draws a plan of ideality allowing to effectuate this exit. Concretely, this concept commands the production of a series of theoretical an artistic analysis of contemporary thinkers like Foucault, Deleuze and Sloterdijk, of Radiohead’s Kid A Album, and of different Chinese contemporary filmmakers and artists (Jia Zhangke, Wong Kar-Wai, Wong Xiaoshuai, Lou Ye, Shu Yong, Huang Rui, Zhang Huan, Zhu Yu, etc.) These analyses are conceived as passages or itineraries of desubjectivation. They all posit, in one way or the other, the problem of the common and of the being-together, on the threshold of global capitalism’s non-places. These itineraries are meant to be liminal, i.e. they constitute as many passages on the line and imply an ethopoietic mise en jeu. Conceptually speaking, they mark a distance with the identity politics paradigm and the critics of intercultural representations.

Nous abordons par le biais de ce journal un chapitre de la pensée réactionnaire en France après la Révolution – précisément en 1795 –, chapitre constitué par un journal favorable à la monarchie, à savoir La Quotidienne. Si le titre de notre thèse se focalise sur la Convention thermidorienne, le corpus de notre recherche comprend également le mois de décembre 1796, sous le Directoire, ce qui nous permet de mesurer l’évolution du journal entre ces deux systèmes politiques. Nous nous intéressons principalement à la littérature publiée dans La Quotidienne, sous des formes et des genres variés (poésie, dialogues, théâtre…), non sans avoir d’abord examiné le contexte de la publication : l’histoire politique de la Convention thermidorienne et la renaissance, timide et mesurée, de la liberté de la presse après le 9 Thermidor. Entre ces deux volets de notre recherche, nous proposons une description matérielle du journal (forme des articles, structuration en rubriques, souscription, etc.)Nous avons lu La Quotidienne d’un œil curieux et aussi objectif que possible ; mais surtout avec plaisir : notre intérêt pour ce journal est en effet né d’une double passion pour la littérature et pour la presse. Nous souhaitons que les lecteurs de cette recherche puissent éprouver le même intérêt pour un journal quelque peu oublié quant à sa période révolutionnaire, mais qui est un petit théâtre où se jouent en direct et de façon originale, les grands enjeux idéologiques de la période. / Our purpose throughout this research on La Quotidienne, a Parisian daily newspaper, is to deal with an aspect of reactionary thought in France at the end of the Revolution, in 1795 to be precise. Even though the title of this thesis focuses on the Thermidorian Convention, our research includes December 1796 issues, published therefore under the Directory rule. This allows us to consider the evolution of this paper between two political systems.Our thesis mostly focuses on the different genres and forms of literature published in La Quotidienne (poetry, dialogues, theatre…). It was however necessary to first consider the general context of publication: the political history of the Thermidorian Convention, as well as the timid and careful rebirth of press freedom after the 9th Thermidor. Between these two parts, we provide a material description of the newspaper (headings, articles, sections, subscription, etc.)We have read La Quotidienne with curiosity and as objectively as possible; but also with a pleasure derived from our strong attachment to literature and the press. We wish to convey some of this pleasure to our readers, when they discover this somewhat neglected newspaper – a small stage where the main ideas of the time are at play.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:33:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Duarte Simoes.pdf: 10513696 bytes, checksum: c1a694c208f904303e6b3c3c65023fc7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-11-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Este trabalho constitui um exercício de sistematização do pensamento político e educacional dos autores Jackson de Figueiredo e Alceu Amoroso Lima, representantes católicos de destaque no período de 1921 a 1945, e de Plínio Salgado, Chefe Nacional do movimento social de grande repercussão política que emerge no Brasil na década de 30: a Ação Integralista Brasileira (AIB). Leva em conta que a fase de transição compreendida entre a Primeira e a Segunda Guerra Mundiais promove significativas transformações nos campos social, político, econômico e cultural brasileiro. Considera relevante investigar, buscar compreender e distinguir melhor as propostas desses pensadores, que dedicaram suas energias políticas e intelectuais à tentativa de estabelecer um modelo de critica autoritária,por vezes fascista, à modernização em curso no País e, freqüentemente, em seus escritos atribuíram um papel estratégico à educação na construção da sociedade que idealizavam. Investiga os escritos dos autores, principalmente aqueles nos quais o pensamento político está exposto em detalhes. Além disso, registra consultas em artigos da revista A Ordem, artigos de jornais integralistas,teses e dissertações relacionadas com a temática em questão, documentos que refletem os caminhos trilhados pelo Movimento Integralista e pela Ação Católica e livros concernentes a tais movimentos. O período a ser estudado, entre 1921 e 1945, tem como justificativa ser a data inicial da publicação da revista A Ordem, uma das fontes selecionadas para este estudo e que era lugar "oficial" de manifestação da militância laica católica,e também a data de inicio da Ação Católica no Brasil. Como justificativa para a data final, aponta que, ao término do Governo ditatorial de Getúlio Vargas, de certa forma, também termina, em termos de pensamento político, a "fase autoritária"de Alceu,critico literário que assume a posição de líder do Laicato brasileiro após a morte de Jackson de Figueiredo, em 1928. Os resultados demonstram que Jackson de Figueiredo, Alceu Amoroso Lima e Plínio Salgado buscaram definir de forma bastante clara os preceitos e limites de seus respectivos pensamentos, distinguindo-se evidentemente dos demais por meio das doutrinas às quais dedicaram energia política. Figueiredo, Lima e Salgado são atores dessa trama e seus pensamentos, transcritos em suas obras e em documentos, são o objeto deste estudo

De l'institution du priorat à la chute définitive de la république en 1530, l'organisation de la vie dans la cité florentine a évolué tant dans ses structures effectives que dans ses représentations, laissant une place plus ou moins importante aux différents groupes sociaux, aux familles et individus qui la composent. au cours de cette période, le genre des livres de famille florentins s'est développé, a fleuri et s'est fané : œuvre dans son immense majorité de marchands, d'artisans qui appartiennent au popolo florentin, partie de la population appelée à participer au gouvernement de la cité, ces livres ont pour fonction de transmettre dans le cadre familial et de génération en génération ce que l'on considère important pour le devenir de la famille. quel lien y a-t-il entre ce genre et la vie de la république florentine, entre affaires de familles et affaires de la cité ? quelle est la place du politique dans cette logique de transmission ? quels aspects de la vie de la cité y sont représentés, comment sont-ils traités ? avec quels mots cette culture politique est-elle exprimée, dans quelle mesure est-elle redevable ou distincte de la tradition politique publique antérieure et contemporaine ? mêlant les approches historique, littéraire, linguistique, il s'agira ainsi de rendre compte de la question de la transmission du politique dans le genre des livres de famille en l'inscrivant dans le cadre global de l'évolution de la cité. / Based on a corpus which consists of 150 family books written between 1260 and 1480, this study intends to define the representations that Florence citizens had of their republic, of its running and of their role within it.The first part aims at identifying which room is given to historical and political passages in these books, and the functions of these excerpts in the overall writing strategy. The point is to study how the building of family identity was connected to the life of the city.The second part contains a stylistic and semantic analysis of the narrative parts that are dedicated to the major events of the 14th and 15th centuries. It offers a series of snapshots that define several specific configurations of the city’s political body and of how families refer to it. This textual analysis also provides us an image of the Florentine intellectual framework and a list of the key-concepts that characterized the political thought of the authors – which goes far beyond a mere interest in chronicles. The third part focuses on the use of those keywords in a diachronic perspective, in order to identify the evolutions, the involutions and the breaking points of this thought over the generations, and questions the link between citizens’ active political participation and their private writing on city affairs. The appendix presents transcriptions of the excerpts on the life of the city contained in the unpublished family books of the Florentine families, as well as biographical notes on their often unknown authors.

本文旨在研究中國現代化過程中，政治現代化－即「民主代」－在思想面的問題。其中陳獨秀在這個過程中扮演關鍵角色，因此以陳獨秀的思想為主軸，進而闡釋其思想在整個中國當代民主思想中的時代性及對現代可能的啟示。全文共六章，分別論述如下：第一章導論：簡述研究旨趣，並概述西方民主發展至今的兩大類型，及中國自晚清接觸民主概念以來對民主的基本認識。第二章思想淵源：闡釋陳獨秀思想的時代性與繼承性。透過這個面象，尋找陳獨秀乃至中國近代民主運動底層的根源及內在邏輯。第三章自由主義民主：以西方自由主義的幾個核心概念衡量陳獨秀自由主義思想的內涵，並力圖尋出其根本問題與此問題在近代中國的普遍性。第四章社會主義民主：首先探尋陳獨秀由西方自由主義轉向共產主義的根本因素；次以馬、列之別分析陳獨秀社會主義思想的民主與非民主性；最重要的，力陳陳獨秀晚年思想的社會主義傾向，希望澄清過去將陳獨秀晚年視為「回歸」西方民主的觀點。第五章中國民主化的途徑：陳述陳獨秀三個時期對中國民主化進程的意見，並試圖找出其中問題及失敗原因。第六章結論：陳獨秀民主思想不僅非如表面所呈顯的斷裂，透過對其思想深層理路的分析，陳獨秀思想實具有相當的一貫性、時代性、以及繼承性，時代危機和中國傳統因子事實上都左右了他的民主思想。這一點，仍值得世人深思。

約翰．彌爾頓（John Milton，1608-1674），集英格蘭詩人、論冊作者與共和政府官員於一身，經歷了三王國的戰爭、弒君、共和政府成立及復辟。本論文是藉由彌爾頓1640年至1660年間所出版的論冊（pamphlet），探討時代與其思想的互動。彌爾頓的論冊可分三個時期：一為1649年之前，主題為教會、教育與出版自由，二為1649年至1654年間，內容包括國王、人民的權利和共和政府的建立，三為1654至1660年間，主題有對共和政府的評論，以及對自由的呼籲。本論文除緒論和結論，共分四章。第一章為三王國的戰爭與彌爾頓生平，主要是概述英格蘭在1640年代的景況，特別是王權體制的動搖，和思想的蓬勃發展，此外會回顧彌爾頓生平，並參考彌爾頓陳述其內心信念的文字。第二章至第四章將分別討論上述彌爾頓三個時期的論冊。第二章重點為彌爾頓在1649年之前的作品：分別是《論改革》、《論教育》與《論出版自由》。第三章則是探討1649年至1654年間的作品，是以《國王與官員的任期》和《為英國人民聲辯》為主；此為彌爾頓首次明確對政治發表看法，也是彌爾頓進入共和政府任職前後的兩本著作。第四章探討1654年後的作品－《再為英國人民聲辯》與《建立自由共和的可行之道》，是共和後期至復辟前夕之作。透過以上四個章節，我們將檢視彌爾頓思想如何對應英格蘭這二十年間的處境：主教制度、出版品審核制、宗教自由受限、弒君爭議與政府體制的調整。本論文將顛覆不同以往的彌爾頓，以其思想為核心，進而整理彌爾頓的政治思想與時代的連結，並探討其立論的主旨。 / John Milton (1608-1674) was an English poet, pamphleteer, and civil servant of the Commonwealth of England. He lived through the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, regicide, the founding of the Commonwealth and the restoration of the monarchy. This thesis focuses on the pamphlets that Milton published between 1640 and 1660, examining the interaction between the times and his thoughts. Milton’s pamphlets can be divided into three periods: The pamphlets written before 1649 deal with the Church of England, education, and the liberty of unlicensed printing. During the second period between 1649 and 1654 he wrote about the rights of the king and the people and the founding of the Commonwealth. Between 1654 and 1660 his main topics were criticisms of the Commonwealth and appeals for liberty. The first chapter of this thesis covers the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and Milton’s life, focusing on the description of the situation in England after the 1640s, particularly the precarious situation of the monarchy and the thriving development of thought. It will also look back on Milton’s life and reference writings in which he stated his inner beliefs. Chapters two to four will discuss the pamphlets written by Milton during the three periods mentioned above. Chapter Two focuses on Milton’s writings before 1649, namely Of Reformation, Of Education, and Areopagitica. Chapter Three discusses works penned between 1649 and 1654, namely The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates and Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio. In these two works Milton for the first time clearly stated his stance toward politics. Both were written before and after Milton took a post in the Republican government. Chapter Four is devoted to Milton’s works after 1654 – Defensio Secunda and Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth – which were written in the waning years of the Commonwealth and before the Restoration of 1660. The four chapters will give an overview as to how Milton’s thoughts addressed England’s plight during these two decades - episcopacy, censorship, the restriction of religious freedom, the controversial regicide, and the restructuring of the government system. This thesis will reverse the past approach toward Milton, which focused on his thoughts, by clarifying the connection between Milton’s political thought and his era, and discussing the key points of his argumentation.

Le thème de la mobilisation totale est au cœur de la réflexion actuelle sur le renouvellement des modes de subjectivation et des manières d’être-ensemble. En arrière-plan, on trouve la question de la compatibilité entre les processus vitaux humains et la modernité, bref, la question de la viabilité du processus de civilisation occidental. Au cœur du diagnostic: l’insuffisance radicale de la fiction de l’homo oeconomicus, modèle de l’individu privé sans liens sociaux et souffrant d’un déficit de sphère. La « communauté qui vient » (Agamben), la « politisation de l’existence » (Lopez Petit) et la création de « sphères régénérées » (Sloterdijk) nomment autant de tentatives pour penser le dépassement de la forme désormais impropre et insensée de l’individualité. Mais comment réaliser ce dépassement? Ou de manière plus précise : quelle traversée pour amener l’individu privé à opérer ce dépassement? Ce doctorat s’organise autour d’une urgence focale : [E]scape. Ce concept suggère un horizon de fuite immanent : il signe une sortie hors de l’individu privé et trace un plan d’idéalité permettant d’effectuer cette sortie. Concrètement, ce concept commande la production d’une série d’analyses théoriques et artistiques portant sur des penseurs contemporains tels que Foucault, Deleuze ou Sloterdijk, l’album Kid A de Radiohead ainsi que sur le cinéma et l’art contemporain chinois (Jia Zhangke, Wong Kar-Wai, Wong Xiaoshuai, Lou Ye, Shu Yong, Huang Rui, Zhang Huan, Zhu Yu, etc.). Ces analyses sont conçues comme autant de passages ou itinéraires de désubjectivation. Elles posent toutes, d’une manière ou d’une autre, le problème du commun et de l’être-ensemble, sur le seuil des non-lieux du capitalisme global. Ces itinéraires se veulent liminaux, c’est-à-dire qu’ils se constituent comme passages sur la ligne d’un dehors et impliquent une mise en jeu éthopoïétique. Sur le plan conceptuel, ils marquent résolument une distance avec le paradigme de la politique identitaire et la critique des représentations interculturelles. / The theme of total mobilization is central to the contemporary reflection on the renewing of subjectivation processes and ways of being-together. In the background, we find the question of the compatibility between the human vital processes and modernity, or in other words, the question of the viability of Western civilization. At the core of the diagnosis: the radical insufficiency of the homo oeconomicus’s fiction, model of the private individual without meaningful social links and suffering from a sphere deficit. The “coming community” (Agamben), the “politization of existence” (Lopez Petit) and the creation of “regenerated spheres” (Sloterdijk) name as many attempts to think how to go beyond the henceforth improper and senseless form of individuality. But how are we to realize this overcoming? Or more precisely: which crossing to bring the private individual to operate this overcoming? This work is organized around a focal urgency: [E]scape. This concept suggest an immanent horizon of flight: it signs a way out of the private individual and draws a plan of ideality allowing to effectuate this exit. Concretely, this concept commands the production of a series of theoretical an artistic analysis of contemporary thinkers like Foucault, Deleuze and Sloterdijk, of Radiohead’s Kid A Album, and of different Chinese contemporary filmmakers and artists (Jia Zhangke, Wong Kar-Wai, Wong Xiaoshuai, Lou Ye, Shu Yong, Huang Rui, Zhang Huan, Zhu Yu, etc.) These analyses are conceived as passages or itineraries of desubjectivation. They all posit, in one way or the other, the problem of the common and of the being-together, on the threshold of global capitalism’s non-places. These itineraries are meant to be liminal, i.e. they constitute as many passages on the line and imply an ethopoietic mise en jeu. Conceptually speaking, they mark a distance with the identity politics paradigm and the critics of intercultural representations.