Le notariat existe depuis le tout début de la création de la province et il a traversé les différentes époques sociétales et sociales. Le notaire québécois contemporain possède des prérogatives professionnelles et une manière de pratiquer dont les caractéristiques semblent encore relever des origines de sa genèse, ce qui paraît peu adapté aux réalités de la société d’aujourd’hui. Cette étude nous amènera, dans un premier temps, à nous intéresser aux différentes dimensions du passé du notaire pour déterminer leurs liens avec le rôle qui est actuellement le sien. Par la suite, nous tenterons de préciser le concept de notaire « architecte de l’ordre social privé » développé par Roderick A. Macdonald et de définir le concept de « notaire clérical ». Ces deux concepts seront à la base de notre analyse du notaire québécois contemporain. / The notarial profession has existed since the beginning of the creation of the province of Québec and has survived different social eras. The modern notary in Quebec has professional prerogatives and a way of practising that still seem to have little in common with their origins in the foundations of the notary's profession. The latter seems to not be well adapted to the realities of modern society. This study will lead us, in the first instance, to examine the different dimensions of the past of the notarial profession to determine its links with its current role. We will then try to clarify the concept of the notary as "architect of the private social order" developed by Roderick A. Macdonald and to define the concept of "clerical notary". These two concepts will form the basis of our analysis of the contemporary Quebec notary.

Summary: This study aims to describe how social workers experience media and its significance in relation to the professional role and the professional status. The media holds a position of power since they choose what is published and thus have a significant influence on the public’s thoughts and opinions. Previous research shows that media reporting about the social service often consists of criticism of their work and actions. It also shows that negative coverage from media may have a negative impact on the status of social workers. The method in this study is qualitative and based on interviews from nine social workers, all of whom are active within the children and family-unit. The collected material is analyzed from the theoretical framework: profession theory and emotion sociology. Findings: The result given from the interviews shows that media coverage about the social services and social workers is predominantly negative. The social workers experience that the media coverage does not affect how they perceive their own professional status, but they feel that it affects how the public and clients view the status of social workers. The social workers also experience that the media coverage affects the client work since the social workers receives additional work and higher workload due to the preconceptions that clients bring into the meeting.

Bakgrund och problem: Yrkesrollen redovisningskonsult har förändrats under de senaste två decennierna i Sverige, särskilt gällande branschorganisationernas utformande av titeln Auktoriserad Redovisningskonsult. Tillhörande titeln finns examinationsprov, teoretiska och praktiska krav samt branschspecifika standarder att följa. Följaktligen kan branschorganisationerna FAR och Srf konsulterna sägas försöka professionalisera yrkesrollen redovisningskonsult. Utvecklingen anses vara intressant att studera ur ett professionsteoretiskt perspektiv eftersom tidigare forskning på redovisningskonsulter är begränsad. Syfte: Studien syftar att analysera redovisningskonsulternas professionalisering genom att undersöka hur branschorganisationerna framställer professionaliseringen i egenpublicerade facktidskrifter. Metod: Studien har genomförts via en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och en deduktiv ansats. Innehållsanalysen har utförts på artiklar från branschorganisationerna FAR och Srf konsulternas respektive facktidskrifter Tidningen Balans och Tidningen Konsulten. Slutsats: Redovisningskonsulter genomgår en professionalisering baserat på att auktorisation och utbildning ges stort fokus av branschorganisationerna. Dock finns flertalet brister gällande professionsteorin kring kunskapsbas, ensamrätt, formell utbildning och ideologi. Kring ideologin framhävs kommersiella aspekter såsom egenintresse och kundfokus, vilka skapar oklarheter om professionsstatus kan uppnås. / Background and problem: The role of accounting consultant has developed during the last two decades in Sweden, especially regarding the trade associations’ establishment of the title Authorised Accounting Consultant (Auktoriserad Redovisningskonsult). Inherent to the title is examinations, theoretical and practical requirements as well as industry specific standards to follow. Hence the trade associations FAR and Srf konsulterna are attempting a professionalisation of the role of accounting consultant. This development is considered interesting to study from a professional theoretical perspective since prior research regarding accounting consultants is limited. Purpose: The objective of this study is to analyse the professionalisation of accounting consultants through investigating how trade associations depict the professionalisation in their self-published trade journals. Method: The study was performed using a qualitative content analysis and a deductive approach. The content analysis used articles from the trade journals Tidningen Balans and Tidningen Konsulten, given out by trade associations FAR and Srf konsulterna. Conclusion: Accounting consultants are undergoing professionalisation based on trade association mainly focusing on certification and education. However, there are multiple flaws regarding professional theory surrounding the knowledge base, exclusive right to practise, formal education and ideology. Regarding ideology, commercial aspects such as self-interest and customer focus is highlighted, which create ambiguities surrounding if professional status can be achieved.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how study and career guidance counsellors view their profession in connection with a professional license with the main questions being: 1.     Should a professional licensing card for study and career guidance counsellors be introduced? 2.     How would a professional licensing affect the professionalization of the study and career guidance counsellors’ profession? This study is made from the perspective of professional study and career guidance counsellors and is intended for them, school leaders, employers, and politicians within school-working life, to hopefully develop the professional role, status and competence of study and career guidance counsellors. A quantitative method was used to gather information from working professionals through a survey that was published in different social media forums such as LinkedIn and Facebook. The survey was also sent out to people within the writer’s social network. The NICE handbook by Schiersmann, Ertelt, Katsarov, Mulvey, Reid och Weber (2012) has been used to analyse the results given by the respondents and has been the basis of this study. The main result shows that from a study and career guidance counsellor perspective, a professional licensing would be beneficial for the profession and is sought after. However, the results show that licensing is more sought after within the world of academics. This is due to the varying work and work titles that study and career guidance counsellors outside of the academic world have, thus a professional license might act more restricting rather than being a step towards professionalisation.

The aim of this study was to examine how care professionals experienced the need of an elder counselor in communal geriatric care. The ambition was to discover how the caregivers viewed the need of an elder counselor to identify and antagonize the suffering from mental illness and loneliness against older people and to reach a greater understanding of what they experience is the opportunities and difficulties with the eldercounselor. The study was conducted through six semi-structured, qualitative interviews with six different home care staff in two municipalities who had counselors provided for the older people living there. We identified six themes in the interviews which were used for analyzing our results. The themes were: Professions treatment of mental illness and loneliness, A support for the care professionals, An anonymous profession, Loneliness and mental illness, Elders need to talk and Elders oppose counselor support. The results of our study shows that it is common that older people suffer from mental illness and loneliness. The care professionals experience that there is a need of having a counselor to support and help their patients to counteract mental illness. The care professionals also experience that the counselors can be used as a support for the care professionals themselves. The results also showed that a lot of the older people were offered professional talk with a counselor but resisted the offer. We also discovered difficulties with the collaboration within the organization between the counselor, the patients and the care staff.

Bakgrund: Människor tenderar att identifiera sig själva med olika sociala grupper, exempelvis utifrån professions- eller organisationstillhörighet. Individer inom samma sociala grupp formar ofta liknande normer och värderingar, vilket skapar en känsla av tillhörighet. I en professionell organisation tenderar medarbetare tillhörande en profession att identifiera sig med sin profession snarare än sin organisation, vilket i sin tur påverkar relationen mellan individ och organisation. Under de senaste åren har begreppet medarbetarskap blivit alltmer populärt på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Begreppet innefattar hur medarbetare hanterar relationen till sin arbetsgivare och till det egna arbetet. Beroende på i vilken utsträckning medarbetarna identifierar sig med sin profession och sin organisation kan dessa relationer påverkas. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva hur professionernas identifikation påverkar medarbetarskap i professionella organisationer. Metod: Då syftet med studien är att ge en ingående beskrivning av valt problemområde baseras studien på en kvalitativ metod. För att kunna beskriva hur professioners identifikation påverkar medarbetarskap i professionella organisationer har två fallstudier genomförts, båda på professionella organisationer med verksamheter inom hälso- och sjukvård. Studien är baserad på kvalitativa intervjuer med respondenter tillhörande en profession. Resultat och slutsats: Studien visar att individer i en professionell organisation tillhörande en profession tenderar att identifiera sig med sin profession snarare än sin organisation. Då medarbetarskap bygger på relationen till både arbetsgivare och det egna arbetet påverkas det av professioners identifikation. Det har i föreliggande studie dessutom framkommit att förtroende sker i större utsträckning inom den egna professionen, även gemenskap och samarbete har visat sig ske i första hand inom professionens gränser. Studien har även visat att professioner upplever ett starkare engagemang för det egna arbetet än för organisationen, de tenderar dessutom att ta mer ansvar för det egna arbetet än för organisationen som helhet. / Background: People tend to identify themselves with different social groups based on, for instance, professional or organizational affiliation. Individuals who identify themselves with the same social group often create similar norms and values, which create a sense of belonging. In a professional organization professional co-workers tend to identify themselves with their profession rather than their organization, which in turn affects the relationship between the individual and the organization. In recent years the concept of co-workership has become increasingly popular in the Swedish labor market. The concept of co-workership includes how employees handle the relationship with their employer and to their own work. Depending on the extent to which employees identify themselves with their profession and their organization these relationships are affected. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe how professional identification influences the co-workership in professional organizations. Method: To give a descriptive picture of the chosen area the study is based on a qualitative approach. In order to describe how professional identification influences the co-workership in professional organizations two case studies has been conducted, both organizations are to be found in the health care field. The study is based on qualitative interviews with respondents belonging to a chosen profession. Results and conclusion: The present study has revealed that professional co-workers in a professional organization tend to identify themselves with their profession rather than their organization. Since co-workership is based on relationships both with employers and to the co-workers own work the professional identification therefor has an influence on the co-workership. The present study further revealed that trust occurs more widely within the own profession. It has also been found that fellowship and collaboration primarily occurs within the own profession. The study has shown that professionals tend to experience a stronger commitment to their work than to their organization, they also tend to take more responsibility for their own work than for the whole organization.

Försvarsmakten ska öka både sin förmåga och antalet krigsförband. I krigsförbanden ingår en stor del reservofficerare. En reservofficer tjänstgör inte i Försvarsmakten på heltid utan tjänstgöringen är en bisyssla parallellt med annat arbete eller studier.Problemet är att det inte finns tillräckligt med reservofficerare för att fylla krigsförbandens behov. Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar individen vid beslutet att bli reservofficer. Vi vill dessutom skapa en djupare förståelse för individens drivkraft att eftersträva dubbla karriärer, en civil och en militär.Genom en kvalitativ studie, omfattande semistrukturerade intervjuer, utforskar vi vad som har påverkat individer att vilja bli reservofficerare i Försvarsmakten. Det empiriska resultatet har tagits fram genom Grounded theory. Analysen har genomförts ur ett individ- och organisationsperspektiv utifrån drivkrafter, resurser och profession.Vi har i våra slutsatser kommit fram till att det är fyra faktorer som är viktigast vid valet att söka sig till en militär reservofficerskarriär. Dessa fyra är: • En positiv erfarenhet av värnpliktsutbildning.• Närhet till reservofficerare som förebilder under värnpliktsutbildning.• En positiv uppfattning om reservofficersprofessionen i samhället.• Möjligheten till en kombinerad karriär där den civila är i fokus. / Swedish Armed Forces is increasing both its defence capability and the number of war time units. A large amount of personnel in the war time units are reserve officers. A reserve officer does not serve in the Armed Forces full time, the service is a side job in parallel with other work or studies. The problem is that there are not enough reserve officers to fill the needs of the war time unitsThe main purpose with this study is to examine which factors affect the individual in their decision-making process on whether to become a reserve officer or not. We also want to create a deeper understanding of the individuals drive force to strive for double careers, a civilian and a military. Through a qualitative study, with semi-structured interviews, we explore what has influenced individuals to want to become reserve officers in the Swedish Armed Forces. The empirical result has been produced with the method Grounded theory. The analysis has been conducted from an individual and organizational perspective based on motivating forces, resources, and profession.We have come to four conclusions, which are the key factors for a military reserve officer career and thus also dual careers, the civilian and the military. These four are • A positive experience of conscription training.• Proximity to reserve officers as role models during conscription training.• A positive perception of the reserve officer profession in society.• Possibility for a combined career where the civilian career is the primary.

Problemdiskussion: Digitaliseringen är en process som påverkar stora delar av samhället. Tidigare studier har påvisat att digitaliseringen har lett till förändringar av olika professioner, vilka kan beskrivas som yrkesgrupper som uppfyller vissa kriterier. Då revisorer kan betecknas som en profession, kan en undersökning av revisorers upplevelser av digitaliseringen bidra till en förståelse kring hur revisorsprofessionen har påverkats av digitaliseringen. Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att bidra med en fördjupad förståelse kring digitaliseringens påverkan på revisorsprofessionen. Metod: Forskningsansatsen som tillämpas är deduktiv, där den teoretiska referensramen ligger till grund för den empiri som samlas in. En kvalitativ studie genomförs genom att intervjua och observera revisorer, för att få en bild av deras upplevelser av digitaliseringen. Slutsats: Studien visar att digitaliseringen på flera olika sätt har påverkat revisorsprofessionen. Kunskapen som krävs har ökat och delvis blivit av annan typ än tidigare, genom ett skifte från kunskaper inom redovisning till dataanalys, vilket tyder på en förstärkning av professionen. Autonomin har till stor del minskat, genom exempelvis fler regler, även om vissa aspekter av den kan sägas ha ökat. Professionens språk har förstärkts genom ökad användning av befintliga begrepp och utökats med nya begrepp kopplade till de digitala verktygen, vilket bidrar till att stärka medlemmarnas gemensamma identitet. Slutligen har de digitala verktygen lett till att arbetet enklare kan presenteras för kunderna, samtidigt som dataanalyser ger kunderna ett högre mervärde, vilket har förstärkt känslan av att det finns ett förtroende hos kunderna. Dock kan en del av förtroendet egentligen ha tilldelats tekniken. Hos övriga delar av samhället kan förtroendet sägas vara ganska oförändrat och i stället bero på uppkomna revisionsskandaler. / Problem: Digitization is a process which affects large parts of society. Previous studies have shown that digitization has led to changes in different professions, which can be described as occupational groups which meet certain criteria. Since auditors can be denoted as a profession, a study of auditors' experiences of digitization can contribute to an understanding of how the auditor profession has been affected by digitization. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to a deepened understanding about digitization's effects on the auditor profession. Method: The research approach being applied is deductive, in which the theoretical frame of reference forms the basis for the collected empirics. A qualitative study is carried through by interviewing and observing auditors, to get a picture of their experiences of digitization. Conclusion: The study shows that digitization has affected auditors as a profession in several different ways. The needed knowledge has increased and partly become of a different kind than before, by a change from knowledge in accounting to data analysis, which indicates a reinforcement of the profession. The autonomy has to a large extent decreased, by for example more rules, even if certain aspects of it can be said to have increased. The profession's language has been reinforced by increased use of existing notions and expanded with new notions related to the digital tools, which contributes to strengthening the members' common identity. Lastly, digital tools have made it easier to present the work to the clients, while data analyses have given clients a higher added value, which has strengthened the feeling that there is a position of trust towards the clients. However, parts of the position of trust could in reality have been assigned to the technology. Among other parts of society, the trust can be said to be quite unaltered and instead be dependent on arisen auditing scandals.

Le but de la présente recherche est de documenter, à partir d’une approche de recherche pragmatique qui s’inspire d’une méthode de recherche de type mixte, ce qui influence la performance des personnes formées à l’étranger (ci-après « PFÉ ») à l’examen d’admission à la profession infirmière au Québec (ci-après « examen »). Un devis séquentiel explicatif permet de découper cette recherche en deux grandes phases qui s’intéressent, respectivement, à des données quantitatives et à des données qualitatives. Les objectifs de cette recherche sont de 1) déterminer s’il existe une différence entre les scores observés à l’examen du 12 septembre 2020 pour les PFÉ et les personnes formées au Québec (ci-après « PFQ »), 2) déterminer s’il existe une association entre certaines caractéristiques connues des PFÉ et les scores observés à l’examen du 12 septembre 2020 et 3) décrire les caractéristiques reliées aux PFÉ et aux items qui influencent la mise en œuvre du jugement clinique infirmier lors de la détermination des réponses aux items de l’examen du 12 septembre 2020. Les deux échantillons de la première phase contiennent 1 050 PFQ et 199 PFÉ en premier essai à l’examen de septembre 2020. La collecte de données pour cette première phase a été réalisée à l’aide d’un fichier d’information obtenu auprès de l’Ordre des infirmières et infirmiers du Québec. Des analyses comparatives des deux échantillons permettent de conclure qu’il existe une différence statistiquement significative entre les scores moyens observés à l’examen pour l’échantillon des PFQ et celui des PFÉ et que la taille de l’effet est considérée comme étant modérée. Des analyses additionnelles sont réalisées afin de déterminer s’il existe une association statistiquement significative entre certaines variables disponibles, notamment l’âge, le sexe, le délai depuis la diplomation, l’indice de développement humain (ci-après « IDH ») du pays de diplomation et les scores moyens observés pour les PFÉ. Ainsi, les résultats suggèrent l’absence d’association entre l’âge ou le délai depuis la diplomation et les scores observés à l’examen. Par ailleurs, les analyses permettent d’observer une association statistiquement significative entre les scores observés des PFÉ à l’examen et le sexe ainsi que l’IDH du pays de diplomation, même si la taille de l’effet est considérée comme étant faible. L’échantillon de la deuxième phase de cette recherche contient huit PFÉ en premier essai à l’examen de septembre 2020. La collecte de données s’est effectuée à l’aide d’entrevues individuelles semi-structurées réalisées à distance et enregistrées à l’aide du logiciel Microsoft Teams. Le guide d’entrevue, explorant les thèmes tirés du cadre de référence, est construit à partir de la littérature consultée au sujet des caractéristiques pouvant agir sur les réponses aux items d’un examen. Les données ont fait l’objet d’un codage thématique à l’aide d’une grille. Les résultats indiquent que la mise en œuvre du jugement clinique infirmier, incluant la mobilisation des savoirs appropriés lors de la résolution d’items de l’examen, constitue un défi pour les PFÉ qui participent aux entrevues (ci-après « PFÉP »). Ainsi, les savoirs infirmiers mobilisés s’appuient, en partie, sur des connaissances et des expériences acquises avant l’arrivée au Québec qui diffèrent des savoirs qui sont ciblés par les items de l’examen. Ceci n’est pas surprenant puisque les PFÉP constituent un groupe hétérogène d’individus avec des parcours professionnels extrêmement variés et le contenu de l’examen cible spécifiquement les aspects requis pour exercer au Québec. Bien que les savoirs acquis après l’arrivée au Québec soient aussi mobilisés lors de la résolution des items de l’examen, ces nouvelles connaissances sont parfois insuffisantes pour certaines PFÉP qui présentent de trop grands écarts de savoirs professionnels. Par ailleurs, l’état psychologique des PFÉP, les difficultés à lire et à bien comprendre les situations cliniques de l’examen et le manque de temps influencent certainement la capacité de choisir les réponses attendues aux items de l’examen. Les résultats de cette recherche contribuent aux connaissances en éducation puisqu’ils permettent une meilleure documentation des caractéristiques qui influencent la détermination des réponses à un examen en contexte d’immigration professionnelle. Ils contribuent aussi aux connaissances en matière d’intégration professionnelle des PFÉ en mettant en lumière le caractère hétérogène de ce groupe de personnes qui exerçaient la profession infirmière dans leur pays d’origine et l’importance d’adopter une approche individuelle aux défis de ces personnes qui souhaitent obtenir un permis d’exercice au Québec, notamment les outils de préparation à l’examen. Les résultats peuvent aider les instances touchées par l’administration d’un examen à considérer différentes caractéristiques reliées à la personne ou aux items qui influencent la détermination des réponses aux items. / The goal of this research project is to document, using a pragmatic approach inspired by a mixed-method paradigm, what influences the performance of internationally educated nurses (IENs) at the entry-level exam in Québec. As is done with an explanatory sequential design, this research is divided into two phases. The first phase relates to quantitative data and the second phase relates to qualitative data. The objectives of this research are 1) to determine if there is a difference between the scores observed at the exam for IENs and Québec trained nurses (QTNs), 2) to determine if there is an association between certain IEN characteristics and the scores observed at the exam and 3) to describe the characteristics of IENs that influence the use of nursing clinical judgement while responding to the items in the September 12, 2022 exam. The two samples for the first phase of this research are made up of 1,050 QTNs and 199 IENs who were first-time writers at the September 2020 exam. The data collection for this first phase was done using information obtained from the Ordre des infirmières et infirmiers du Québec. Comparative analysis of the two samples suggests that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores observed at the exam for the QTN and IEN samples with an effect size that is considered moderate. Additional analyses were used to determine if there is a statistically significant association between certain variables such as age, sex, time lapse since graduating, human development index (HDI) for the country of graduation and the mean scores observed at the exam for IENs. The results suggest the absence of an association between age or the time elapsed since graduation and the observed scores at the exam. Moreover, the analyses show that there is a statistically significant association between the mean scores observed at the exam for IENs, sex and the HDI for the country of graduation, although this effect size is considered weak. The sample for the second phase of this research is made up of 8 IENs who were first-time writers at the September 2020 exam. The data collection was done through individual semi-structured interviews held remotely and recorded using Microsoft Teams. The interview guide explored themes inspired by the framework based on available literature related to characteristics which can influence item response. The data collected was coded using a themed grid. The results suggest that the use of nursing clinical judgement, including the mobilization of appropriate knowledge to respond correctly to exam items, is challenging for the participating IENs. Moreover, the nursing knowledge mobilized during item response refers, partly, to knowledge and experience acquired before arriving in Québec, which are different from the knowledge tested in the exam items. This is not surprising since IENs are a heterogeneous group with a variety of professional pathways and the content of the exam targets specific aspects required for nursing practice in Québec. Although the knowledge acquired after arriving in Québec is also mobilized by the IENs during item response at the exam, this new knowledge is sometimes insufficient for some IENs who have an important knowledge gap. Also, the psychological state of IENs, challenges with reading and understanding the clinical situations presented in the exam, and the lack of time during the examen certainly influenced the capacity to respond correctly to the items. The results of this research will contribute to the educational knowledge base because they document some of the characteristics that influence exam item response in the context of professional immigration. These results will also contribute knowledge related to the professional integration of IENs who previously practised nursing in their country of origin by highlighting the heterogeneity of this group and the importance of adopting an individualized approach to the unique challenges ¬– such as those associated with exam preparation materials – faced by IENs who wish to obtain a nursing permit in Québec. These results can help all organizations involved in administering entry-level professional exams take into consideration the different personal characteristics or items that could influence the item response process.

Purpose: The purpose of the essay and this study is to examine how digitization has affected the accounting profession and mainly the case company and their accounting work.  Research questions: (1) In what ways is the accounting profession changing as a result of the current rate of digitization? (2) How has the digitization of systems affected the work at different career levels within the case company? Method: The study is based on qualitative research where the empirical material has been collected through six interviews with people who are employed at the case company. Theory: The theory will be explained through the institutional theory, digitization, the accounting profession, strategy, structure, education, implementation of tools as well as a model of the organizational change.  Conclusion: The conclusion can be drawn that due to digitization the accountant's duties have changed and will continue to change in the future. The tasks have become more complex as the repetitive tasks have been automated and replaced by digital systems. It is important for companies to keep up with the development of digitization in order to survive in the labor market. / Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen och studien är att djupdyka i hur digitaliseringen har påverkat redovisningsyrket och främst fallföretaget samt deras redovisningsarbete.  Forskningsfrågor: (1) På vilket sätt förändras redovisningsyrket till följd av den nuvarande digitaliserings takten? (2) Hur har digitaliseringen av system påverkat arbetet på de olika karriärsnivåer inom fallföretaget? Metod: Studien utgår från en kvalitativ forskningsansats där det empiriska materialet har insamlats genom sex stycken intervjuer med personer som är anställda på fallföretaget.    Teori: Teorin kommer att förklaras genom den institutionella teorin, digitalisering, redovisningsyrket, strategi, struktur, utbildning, implementering av verktyg samt en modell för organisationsförändring. Slutsats: Slutsatsen kan dras att på grund av digitaliseringen har redovisningsekonomens arbetsuppgifter förändrats och kommer fortsätta förändras i framtiden. Arbetsuppgifterna har blivit mer komplexa då de repetitiva uppgifterna har automatiserats och ersatts av digitala system. Det är viktigt för företag att hänga med i utvecklingen av digitaliseringen för att överleva på arbetsmarknaden.