A presente pesquisa investigou o sentido e as “forças” políticas da política de valorização e profissionalização dos professores públicos estaduais do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram mapeadas as políticas educacionais de três governos estaduais: governo Britto (1995/1998), governo Olívio (1999/2002) e governo Rigotto (2003/2006), sob o olhar de diferentes atores institucionais: secretários estaduais de educação, conselheiros estaduais de educação, formadores de docentes, representantes do sindicato de professores, representante da associação de professores e professores estaduais. Este trabalho investigativo é de caráter descritivo-interpretativo, com abordagem qualitativa. Como suporte teórico-metodológico, utilizei o Ciclo de Políticas proposto por Ball e seus colaboradores (1992), apresentado em três etapas interligadas: etapa da influência da política, etapa da produção da política e etapa dos efeitos da política. Foram escolhidas quatro categorias investigativas: política educacional, valorização profissional, profissionalização dos professores, formação acadêmico-profissional. Na etapa da influência da política, apresento instrumentos conceituais e composições no território da gestão da educação internacional e nacional, que interferiram na proposição e/ou efetivação da política na área educacional; na etapa da produção da política, é evidenciado o ordenamento da valorização, profissionalização e formação dos professores em âmbitos nacional e estadual; e, na etapa dos efeitos da política, com o (entre)cruzamento dos olhares dos diferentes atores, desafiei-me a discutir as divergências e convergências que se fizeram presentes. Com base na orientação conceitual-analítica (SANDER, 2007), composta por quatro modelos de gestão da educação, concedidos à luz dos critérios de desempenho administrativo, respectivamente: eficiência econômica, eficácia pedagógica, efetividade política, relevância cultural; complementado pelo paradigma multidimensional democrático, foi possível explicitar um mapeamento das “forças” políticas que se fizeram presentes na política educacional de valorização e profissionalização dos professores estaduais do RS, no período de 1995 a 2006. Pude constatar que foram períodos inconstantes, que receberam influências da política internacional indiretamente e/ou diretamente do contexto neoliberal vivenciado pela política nacional. Assim, parte-se de um contexto de regulação do Estado, evidenciando a efetividade política e a eficiência econômica, complementadas pela eficácia pedagógica, sob uma gestão democrática representativa; passa-se ao contexto da regulamentação do Estado, em que a efetividade política e a relevância cultural são destacadas, complementadas pela eficácia pedagógica e pela eficiência econômica, constituindo, assim, a multidimensionalidade da gestão democrática; e, por último, chega-se ao contexto da desregulação do Estado, em que a eficiência econômica é evidenciada, complementada pela eficácia pedagógica, com ausência da efetividade política e da relevância cultural, indícios da gestão gerencialista. A política educacional investigada apresentou uma descontinuidade administrativa: passou de uma fase de estabilidade ao constituído para uma fase de mudança constituinte e retrocedeu a uma fase do “não-constituído”. As policies educacionais estiveram engendradas às politics, sob a influência de ideologias político-partidárias, movimentos do sindicato da categoria, imposições dos contextos nacional e internacional, crise socioeconômica. Isso evidenciado em graus de influência maiores ou menores dependendo da organização da polity nas diferentes gestões governamentais. / This research investigated the meaning and the political “forces” of the valorization and professionalization policy of the state public school teachers of Rio Grande do Sul. Were mapped the education policies of three governments: government Britto (1995/1998), government Olívio (1999/2002) and government Rigotto (2003/2006), from the perspective of different institutional actors: state secretaries of education, counselors of education, teacher trainers, representatives of the teachers union, representing of teachers' association and state teachers. This investigative work has a descriptive-interpretive character, with qualitative approach. As theoretical-methodological support, I used the Policy Cycle proposed by Ball e cols. (1992), presented in three interrelated stages: stage of policy's influence, stage of policy‟s production and stage of policy's effect. Four investigative categories were chosen: educational policy, professional appreciation, teacher professionalization, academic and professional training. In the phase of policy influence, I present conceptual instruments and compositions in the dominion of international and national education management, that interfere in the proposition and/or realization of policy in education area; in the policy production stage, is evidenced in the planning of valorization, professionalization and teachers‟ formation in national and state areas; and, in step of the policy's effects, with the (among)crossing of the eyes of different actors, challenged me to discuss the differences and similarities that were present. Based on the conceptual-analytical orientation (SANDER, 2007), consists of four models of education management, granted under the criteria of administrative performance, namely: economic efficiency, educational effectiveness, political effectiveness, cultural relevance; supplemented by a multidimensional democratic paradigm, it was possible to clarify a mapping of the "strength" policies that were present in the educational policy of RS state teachers' valorization and professionalization, from 1995 to 2006. I found that were unstable periods, which were influenced by international policy indirectly and/or directly from the neoliberal context, experienced by national policy. So, starts of a context of government regulation, showing the policy effectiveness and the economic efficiency, complemented by pedagogic effective, under a representative democratic management; go to the context of State regulation, in which the policy effectiveness and cultural relevance are highlighted, complemented by the pedagogic effectiveness and economic efficiency, thus constituting the multidimensional aspect of democratic management; and, finally, arrives at the context of the state deregulation, where economic efficiency is demonstrated, complemented by pedagogic effective, with the absence of policy effective and cultural relevance, evidence of the managerial management. The educational policy investigated showed a lack of administrative continuity: increase from one phase of stability up to a phase of constituent change and back to a phase of “non-constituent”. The educational policies were engendered to the politics, under the influence of political-party ideologies, movements of the labor union, charges of national and international context, socioeconomic crisis. This is evidenced in degrees of influence larger or smaller depending on the organization of the polity in the different government administrations. / La presente pesquisa investigó el sentido y las "fuerzas” políticas de la política de valoración y profesionalización de los profesores públicos estatales en Rio Grande do Sul. Fueron mapeadas las políticas educativas de tres gobiernos estatales: el gobierno Britto (1995/1998), el gobierno Olívio (1999/2002) y el gobierno Rigotto (2003/2006), desde la perspectiva de diferentes actores institucionales: secretarios estatales de educación, consejeros estatales, formadores de docentes, representantes del sindicato de maestros, representante de la asociación de profesores y maestros del estado. Esta investigación tiene un carácter descriptivo-interpretativo, con enfoque cualitativo. Como apoyo teórico-metodológico fue utilizado el Ciclo de la Política propuesta por Ball y sus colaboradores (1992), presentando tres etapas relacionadas entre sí: la etapa de influencia política, la etapa de la producción de la política y la etapa de los efectos de la política. Fueron elejidas quatro categorías de investigación: política educativa, valoración profesional, formación docente, formación académica-profesional. En la etapa de influencia de la política, se presentan instrumentos conceptuales y composiciones dentro del terreno de la gestión de la educación internacional y nacional que interfirieron con la propuesta y/o efectivación de la política en el area educacional; en la etapa de la producción de la política se evidencia la organización legal de la valorización, profesionalización y capacitación de los maestros a nível nacional y estadual; y, en la etapa de los efectos de la política, con el (entre)cruzamiento de las visiones de diferentes actores, me desafié a discutir las diferencias y similitudes que estaban presentes. Basándose en la orientación conceptual de análisis (SANDER, 2007), compuesta por cuatro modelos de gestión de la educación, concebidos bajo la luz de los criterios de desempeño administrativo, respectivamente: eficiencia económica, la eficacia pedagógica, la efectividad política, la relevancia cultural, complementado por el paradigma democrático multidimensional fue posible diseñar un mapa de las "fuerzas" políticas que estaban presentes en la política educacional de valoración y profesionalización de los profesores estatales de RS, en el período de 1995 a 2006. Constaté que fueron períodos inconstantes, que recibieron influencias de la política internacional indirecta y/o directamente en el contexto neoliberal experimentado por la política nacional. Así, se inicia un marco de regulación del gobierno del Estado, verificando la efectividad política y la eficiencia económica, complementadas por la eficacia pedagógica, bajo una democracia representativa; se pasa al contexto de reglamentación del Estado, en que la efetividade política e la relevancia cultural son destacadas, complementadas por la eficacia pedagógica y por la eficiencia economica, constituyendo el aspecto multidimensional de la gestión democrática; y, finalmente, se llega al contexto de la desreglamentación del Estado, donde la eficiencia económica es verificada, complementada por la eficacia pedagógica, con la falta de la efetividade política y de la relevancia cultural, indícios de una gestión gerencialista. La política educacional investigada presentó descontinuidad administrativa: pasando de la fase de estabilidad “constituida” para una fase de cambio “constituyente” y retrocedió a una fase del “no-constituido”. Las policies educativas fueron engendradas en las polics, bajo la influencia de las ideologías político-partidarias, los movimientos de los sindicatos de la categoria, imposiciones de los contextos nacional e internacional, la crisis socioeconómica. Esto se evidencia en grados de influencia mayor o menor dependiendo de la organización de la polity en las diferentes administraciones gubernamentales.

Poussées par les changements majeurs de l’environnement de l’enseignement supérieur, les universités françaises se sont engagées dans un mouvement de modernisation de leur gestion. Ces changements, engendrés par de nombreux facteurs sociaux économiques et technologiques, ont amené des gouvernements successifs à entreprendre des réformes importantes pour faire face à ces évolutions. De nombreuses publications scientifiques anglo-saxonnes et françaises soutiennent que le prix à payer pour les améliorations apportées par ces réformes est très élevé, dénaturant parfois l’idée de base de l’institution universitaire. Ainsi, la présente recherche s’inscrit dans une thématique qui se trouve au cœur des débats publics et scientifiques suscités par l’évolution de la gouvernance des universités en France. Notre recherche vise à répondre à la question de la nature de l’impact du « managérialisme » croissant sur l’identité universitaire. L’importation d’outils et de concepts développés dans la sphère du privé, permet-elle de meilleures efficacité et efficience des organisations universitaires sans toucher fondamentalement à la nature de celles-ci ? Ou à l’inverse, l’identité universitaire, vue comme un ensemble complexe de valeurs, de missions, de modes opératoires, est modifiée par la « modernisation de la gestion » ?La recherche s’appuie sur une étude approfondie du cas de trois universités françaises à périmètre disciplinaire différencié : université pluridisciplinaire, université scientifique et université de lettres et sciences sociales. L’analyse thématique de contenu du discours des universitaires révèle une modification identitaire importante due aux différents facteurs. Notre objectif est d’étudier dans quelles mesures cette modification est imputée au managérialisme. Notre recherche met en évidence des tensions entre les normes, les valeurs et les pratiques traditionnels de l’université française et les objectifs de nouvelle structure institutionnelle et le nouveau management émergeants. / Driven by major changes in the higher education environment, French universities have engaged themselves in a comprehensive process of management modernization. In parallel, governments have undertaken number of reforms to face up important socio-economic and technological evolutions. These reforms aroused a vague of criticism in English and French scientific literature, stating namely, that the price to pay for the improvements proposed by these reforms is very high, sometimes even distorting the basic idea of what is university.Thus, the present research is part of the scientific and public debates incited by the changes in the governance of universities in France. It aims to analyse the nature of the impact of growing “managerialism” on the university identity. Does the introduction of private sector management tools and concepts allow improved efficiency and effectiveness of universities without altering its fundamental nature? Or, on the contrary, this “modernisation of management” transforms the university identity, which is a complex set of values, missions, operating mode… To answer these questions the research proposes a multiple case study of three French public universities with diverse academic profiles: multidisciplinary, scientific and social sciences universities. The contents analysis of the interviewed academics’ discourse reveals important identity modification due to different factors. Our aim is to see in what extent this modification is attributed to managerialism. In so doing, our research exposes number of tensions between traditional norms, values and practices, on the one hand, and the objectives of the emerging formal institutional structure and management, on the other hand.

The aim of this bachelor thesis is to investigate how collection development implemented in a changed media landscape affects the professional identity of librarians. The study is based on three questions: Which problems, quandaries or possibilities are librarians experiencing in collection development? What does the idealistic view of collection development look like - and how does it relate to librarians’ actual work? How does all these factors related to collection development affect the profession of librarianship? Former research indicates that collection development is not that uncomplicated, and it discusses all kinds of practical issues. There is though a lack of former research in the relationship between collection development and profession, which is the aim of this investigation taking place in small public libraries in the north of Sweden. To answer our questions six librarians were interviewed in a ”semi-structured” way. In the analysis we applied Roger Säljös construction of the sociocultural theory and related it´s concepts to lines of reasoning in our result. The results and analysis showed that in the current media landscape there are many factors and considerations affecting the collection development process. First there are fundamental documents and policies, written based on the democratic mission of the library and then, because there is a certain ambiguity in the directives, there are the librarians’ interpretations, which sometimes might be based on personal ideologies. All this in combination with failing collection development tools forces the librarians into a certain controlling role.

The regional healthcare in Sweden is suffering from a acute shortage of nurses. In order to cope with the situation, the regional healthcare institutions has included other professions to perform the job assigments of the absent nurses. A public debate emerged whether or not nurses were replacable with other professions in regional healtcare instituitons. This theisis believes that more research of nurses field of work could contribute to the discussion. The theisis aims to contribute to the existing research of nurses field of work by studying the division of labour between nurses and physicians and between nurses and auxillary nurses in order to understand how the division of labour between these professions look like and why they are constituted as they are. By conducting seven semi-structured interviews with nurses and taking theoretical inspiration from Andrew Abbotts theory of ”jurisdictional claims” and the three realms where claims can be made, this theisis finds that the reality of the job assigments in the division of labour between the professions are, by using Abbotts own word of choice, ”fuzzy”. The nurses’ descriptions of the divions of labour tells that nurses are losing control of job assignments in a field that they are trained to exicute, care-related work, while gaining control over medicinal assignments that they are relationally under-trained to exicute. Nurses are also giving away control over fully controlled medicinal tasks that they are trained to do to auxillary nurses, while physicians are giving away control over assignments in the same fashion to nurses. This theisis concludes that the divisions of labour displays three variations of how control can be displaced: By organizational structures, by the controlling professions themselves and by the state-required assignments; forced upon nurses as the profession is regulated by The National Board of Health and Welfare.

How are new scientific concepts of illnesses and disorder formed? The last fifty years have seen a dramatic increase in new diagnoses incorporated into medical manuals. The concept of the male menopause, or the andropause diagnosis, is suitable for studying how medical knowledge is produced, since it has alternated between being and not being part of the acknowledged medical knowledge since the beginning of the 19th century, when it was originally launched. After being rather unnoticed during the 20th century, the concept of the male menopause had a renaissance in the 1990s’. The andropause then became a specific research area, articles about the male menopause were widely published in medical journals, specific therapies were developed, and andropause clinics opened around the world. The thesis explores what combination of circumstances lay behind the establishment of the andropause as a scientific object in the 1990s’. The purpose was to find out what the institutionalization of the (concept of the) andropause shows about the production of science, specifically  medical knowledge. Methodologically, the study can be described as an analysis of ideas, where the ideas contained in the concept of a male menopause are in focus. Accordingly, the research materials were scientific literature, media, and other documents where the idea of a male menopause was expressed. The analysis was structured in four divisions. First, the andropause theory was studied to find any obvious scientific explanations, such as new knowledge or discoveries. “Pure science” could not explain the breakthrough of the andropause diagnosis, since the andropause theory is laden with uncertainties according to the scientific principles of evaluation that the medical science itself supports. Second, the social organization of the medical knowledge production was inquired with focus on the medical profession, and the andropause theory was found to offer new professional arenas. Third, factors outside profession and science were found, the extra scientific dimensions, primarily cultural conditions and social structures. The emergence of feminist theory was found to change the perception of men in the culture, where the male norm no longer is self-evident. Fourth, in the social structure, pharmaceutical companies were found to engage strongly in the andropause concept. Together these factors constituted the andopause as a scientific object. The thesis demonstrates: the advantage of a multi perspective analysis: the complexity of the development of concepts of disease: the weakness of the epistemology of evidence-based medicine: and the social and cultural foundation of science.

Abstract Since 1990, special needs educators have been working in both primary and junior school. It has not been easy for the special needs educators to take authority when working with broader educational issues due to the varying requirements placed upon them. The object of this study is to examine how certain primary and junior school teachers describe their expectations of special needs educators and their professional role. I have conducted individual interviews with three primary school teachers and three junior school teachers, who have at least five years experience of working within their respective fields. The interviews have been scrutinized, and the results are presented with the help of five different themes. The results were then analysed in accordance with the two perspectives of special needs education described by Persson (2001) those of both the relational and the categorical perspective. Amongst other things the results show that the view of primary and junior school teachers with regards to special needs educators differ one from another. Primary school teachers have more expectations that the special educator will provide them with support for the whole working team, and how they can proceed to work with their pupils. Junior school teachers in contrast place more emphasis on the special educator working directly with the pupils, and not simply as a source of advice on working methods. From the analysis we can conclude that primary school teachers have a viewpoint which lies much nearer to that of the relational perspective, whilst the junior school teachers’ are more recognizable as having a categorical viewpoint. Keywords: Special needs educator, special education, one school for all, professional role, profession. / Sammanfattning Sedan 1990 utbildas det specialpedagoger som arbetar i såväl förskola som grundskola. Det har inte alltid varit enkelt för specialpedagoger att få mandat att arbeta med sina uppdrag och förväntningarna på dem varierar. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur några förskollärare och grundskollärare skolår 1-5, beskriver sina förväntningar på specialpedagogens yrkesfunktion. Jag har genomfört individuella intervjuer med tre förskollärare och tre grundskollärare samtliga med minst fem års erfarenhet inom yrket. Intervjuerna har bearbetats och resultatet presenteras i fem teman. Resultatet analyserades sedan i relation till de två perspektiv på specialpedagogisk verksamhet som bland annat beskrivits av Persson (2001), det relationella perspektivet och det kategoriska perspektivet. Resultatet visar bland annat att förskollärares och grundskollärares syn på specialpedagogens yrkesfunktion skiljer sig åt i denna studie. Förskollärarna ger i högre utsträckning uttryck för en syn på specialpedagogen som en resursperson för arbetslaget som de kan använda som stöd i sitt arbete kring barn i behov av särskilt stöd. Grundskollärarna däremot ger i högre utsträckning uttryck för en syn på specialpedagogen som en resursperson som utför det direkta arbetet med eleverna. Av analysen framgår att förskollärarna i högre grad ger uttryck för ett synsätt på specialpedagogisk verksamhet som ligger nära det relationella perspektivet, medan grundskollärarna i högre grad ger uttryck för ett synsätt på specialpedagogisk verksamhet som motsvarar ett kategoriskt perspektiv. Nyckelord: Specialpedagog, specialpedagogik, en skola för alla, yrkesfunktion, profession.

La présente recherche vise à explorer et à décrire l’accommodation des valeurs professionnelles au sein du système de valeurs culturelles par les bibliothécaires universitaires sénégalais. Elle répond aux questions de recherche suivantes : (1) Quel est le système de valeurs culturelles dominant chez les bibliothécaires universitaires sénégalais ? (2) Comment les bibliothécaires universitaires sénégalais priorisent-ils leurs valeurs professionnelles ? (3) Comment les bibliothécaires universitaires sénégalais accommodent-ils leurs valeurs professionnelles à leurs valeurs culturelles ?cette recherche confirme la théorie de la prédominance dans les sociétés africaines en général d’un système de valeurs s’inscrivant dans l’axe « Continuité – Dépassement de soi » du modèle théorique de Schwartz (2006, 1992). Dans ce système, les valeurs dominantes sont des valeurs de types universalisme, bienveillance, tradition, conformité et sécurité. Ces valeurs favorisent l’intégration de l’individu au groupe, la solidarité et la sécurité familiale et le refus des actions de nature à porter atteinte à l’harmonie du groupe. Au plan pratique, la recherche démontre la nécessité de renforcer la socialisation professionnelle en intégrant l’éthique et les valeurs dans la formation des bibliothécaires universitaires sénégalais. / A profession basically includes two components: scientific skills and professional values, which are the guidelines of professionals’ daily demeanor. The library profession is based on values like the preservation of humanity cultural heritage, a fair access to knowledge, intellectual freedom, confidentiality and the protection library users’ private lives, professional neutrality, tolerance etc. In Senegal as well as in the other African countries, libraries are, on the whole, legacies of colonialism. The values of library science were designed in a western perspective. This profession value system may sometimes conflict with the Senegalese librarians’ cultural value systems. However, very little is known on ways Senegalese professionals cope with these two value systems. This present research will describe and explore the interactive co-existence and adaptation of professional values within the cultural value system of Senegalese academic librarians. It seeks to answer the following research questions: (1) what is the Senegalese academic librarians’ dominant cultural value system? (2) How do Senegalese academic librarians prioritize their professional values? (3) How do Senegalese academic librarians adapt their professional values to cultural values? This exploratory and descriptive analysis combines a mixed methodology approach: Two types of data collecting methods have been used: a questionnaire based on interviews and on Schwartz’s Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) (Schwartz, 2006) The findings highlight the fact that, on the cultural level, Senegalese academic librarians essentially emphasize, in the value system, the interests of the social group they belong to, the respect of social order and adoption of normative behavior in order to facilitate their relationships with the other group members. The values favor a strong integration of the individual into a group but do not encourage an action and thought autonomy which may destroy social harmony. On the professional level, they regard access to information, preservation and conservation of heritage and the denial of all sorts of discriminations as essential professional values. As professional values conflict with cultural norms, Senegalese academic librarians often seek a compromise, a balanced position to make decision which does not basically question their cultural values. When a compromise is impossible, the final decision is made in favour of cultural values. On the theoretical level, this research confirms the theory of a value system predominance rooted in Schwartz’ perspective of the “continuity/self-transcendence” (Schwartz, 2006, 1992). In his system, the dominant values are universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity and security. These values favor the individual’s integration into a group, solidarity and family security and the refusal to undertake actions which may endanger group harmony. On the practical level, this research displays the necessity to reinforce professional socialization which includes ethics and values in the training of Senegalese academic librarians.

Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti neurotizmo, ekstraversijos, atvirumo patyrimui, sutariamumo ir sąžiningumo bruožų prognostinę vertę muzikos mokytojų faktiniam ir/ar suvokiamam suderinamumui su savo profesija. Tyrime dalyvavo 174 muzikos mokytojai. Tiriamųjų imtį sudarė 110 (63,2%) moterų ir 64 vyrai (36,8%). Tyrimui atlikti buvo naudojamas J. L. Holland Profesinio kryptingumo klausimynas (1996) (angl. Vocational Preference Inventory), Penkių didžiųjų faktorių inventorius (angl. Big Five Inventory) (John et al., 1991), suvokiamam muzikos mokytojų suderinamumui su profesija nustatyti buvo užduodamas klausimas, tiriamųjų prašant įvertinti savo suderinamumą su muzikos mokytojo profesija. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad didėjant muzikos mokytojų faktinio suderinamumo su profesija išreikštumui, didėja ir suvokiamas suderinamumas su savo profesija. Buvo nustatyta, kad atvirumo patyrimui ir sutariamumo bruožai prognozuoja aukštesnio lygio vyrų muzikos mokytojų faktinį suderinamumą su profesija, tačiau ekstraversijos ir sąžiningumo bruožai neturi prognostinės vertės vyrų muzikos mokytojų faktiniam suderinamumui su profesija. Atvirumo patyrimui bruožas prognozuoja aukštesnio lygio moterų muzikos mokytojų faktinį suderinamumą su profesija, tačiau ekstraversijos, sutariamumo ir sąžiningumo bruožai neturi prognostinės vertės moterų muzikos mokytojų faktiniam suderinamumui su profesija. Tyrimo rezultatai taip pat parodė, kad atvirumo patyrimui bruožas prognozuoja aukštesnio lygio muzikos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study was to identify the predictive value of neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness features to music teachers’ actual and/or perceived compatibility with the profession. There were 174 music teachers in the study. Research sample consisted of 110 (63,2%) women and 64 (36,8%) men. The study was carried out using Vocational Preference Inventory (Holland, 1996), Big Five Inventory (John et al., 1991), to establish perceived music teachers‘ compatibility with profession, the participants of the study were asked the question, asking to assess their compatibility with the music teaching profession. The results of the study showed, that if increases expression of the actual music teachers’ compatibility with the profession, increases and perceived music teachers’ compatibility with the profession. It was established, that openness to experience and agreeableness features predict a higher level of male music teachers’ actual compatibility with the profession, but neuroticism, extraversion and conscientiousness features have not predictive value to male music teachers’ actual compatibility with the profession. Openness to experience feature predicts a higher level of female music teachers’ actual compatibility with the profession, but neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness features have not predictive value to female music teachers’ actual compatibility with the profession. The results of the... [to full text]

Under de senaste decennierna har betydande reformvågor sköljt över det svenska utbildningsväsendet, en majoritet utav vilka fallit inom ramen för det nya styrsystem som brukar gå under betäckningen New Public Management. Detta har medfört att skolornas organisationsstrukturer i allt större utsträckning styrts till att efterlikna de företagssystem, så starkt präglade utav revision och mätning, vilka står att finna i den privata sektorn. Studien har stöpt sin utgångspunkt i antagandet att alla organisationstrender har sin källa i det mänskliga medvetandet vars kunskaper, ej sällan, är alstrade kring kollektivt konstruerade verkligheter och sanningar. Ett angreppssätt som kunnat delge förståelse och mening till denna subjektiva meningsvärld är diskursanalysens grundprinciper. En diskurs kan kortfattat förstås som ett bestämt sätt att tala om, och förstå världen, där diskursanalysen ämnar belysa språkets givna mönster och konstruktioner. Med grund i detta har syftet att söka belysa områdets hegemoniska diskurs, samt eventuellt dess antagonistiska motpart, växt fram. Med empiri ifrån Dagens Nyheters debattsida under året 2013 har ett material kunnat sammanställas, och belysas, enligt det diskursanalytiska angreppssättet. Arbetet har fortflutit genom att söka finna, samt påvisa, hur olika begrepp definieras, sätts i kontext och delges mening. Resultatet har åskådliggjort en hegemonisk New Public Managementdiskurs, vilken framför revision som sitt ideal, samt en framväxande konkurrerande motdiskurs, vilken placerat sig som sin motpols spegelbild. / During the last decades a major reform wave has drifted in over the public sector of Sweden, together with a variety of western nations, bringing in a new kind of organizational structures and control systems. The greater part of these new developments fall within the definition of what is usually referred to as New Public Management. With its ideal reference point in the management of the public sector this has caused an increased focus on audit and a drift towards more market orientation in general. The study finds its base in an assumption that the origin of these shifts stands to be found in the minds of the human and its worldly perceptions. This philosophical outlook is well captured in the discursive approach, according to which the world is divided into different conceptional spheres called discourses. Proceeding from this, the thesis’s established purpose is set to, with empirical data from the newspaper Dagens Nyheter stretching over one year (2013), illuminate the hegemonic discourse and its antagonistic counterpart in the field of education. By examining the usage of different key concepts and their articulation, context and usage in general, two detached discourses has emerged. One hegemonic New Public Management-inspired discourse glorifying the objective rationality of auditing and one opposing discourse that, positioned in sharp contrast, praises the subjectivity of the profession.

I den här fallstudien undersöks hur undervisningskvaliteten inom högre utbildning påverkas av ett prestationsbaserat resursfördelningssystem vid Luleå tekniska universitet. Författarna har även undersökt under vilka förutsättningar undervisningen kan få högre (lägre) kvalitet vid en tilldelning av större (mindre) ekonomiska resurser. Som grund till denna studie ligger den kritik som det befintliga systemet har fått och Regeringens vision att ta fram ett nytt resursfördelningssystem för högre utbildning. Enligt dagens system fördelas delar av ersättningen till universitet baserat på hur många studenter som examineras och godkänns på kurser och utbildningsprogram. Teorierna i studien baseras på Simons modell över styrningens hävstänger, strategisk styrning, professionsteori samt prestationsbaserad styrning för att få en djupare förståelse kring ämnet. Det insamlade materialet bestod av kvalitativa intervjuer med lärare på universitetet och med lärarnas uppfattning i fokus. Resultatet av studien indikerar att undervisningskvaliteten inom högre utbildning inte påverkas i någon nämnvärd utsträckning av ett prestationsbaserat resursfördelningssystem. Det ligger inte i lärares natur att manipulera resultat i ett ekonomiskt syfte vilket kan förklaras av yrkesstoltheten inom deras profession. Vidare kan en förutsättning för att en större tilldelning ekonomiska resurser kan leda till högre kvalitet i undervisningen, vara att lärare inte ska behöva arbeta på fritiden i lika stor utsträckning. Lärares återhämtning är viktig och kan på lång sikt påverka kvaliteten i undervisningen. För vidare forskning föreslår författarna en större undersökning omfattande flera universitet. Det för att möjliggöra jämförelse och för att få en mer generell uppfattning om hur undervisningskvaliteten påverkas av ett prestationsbaserat resursfördelningssystem.