Bibliography: leaves 515-531 / The Brooklyn Papyrus (47.218.48 and 47.218.85) is the handbook of the Priests of Serqet who were called upon to treat snakebite victims in ancient Egypt. The first part of the Brooklyn Papyrus describes various snakes encountered by the ancient Egyptians, and the effects of the bites of these snakes. The second part of the Papyrus contains the numerous treatments that were used to treat the snakebite victims. The primary question of the thesis is to address how the ancient Egyptians treated snakebite victims; and if it is possible to identify the snakes that they encountered, as treatment often hinges on this identification. Additional questions are addressed, namely: What is the Brooklyn Papyrus exactly and what is its background? How does the Brooklyn Papyrus compare to the well-known ancient Egyptian medical papyri? How does the snakebite treatment of the ancient Egyptians compare to that of today’s treatment protocol? In order to answer these questions, this thesis provides my transliteration of the hieroglyphic writing into Latin script, and my translation into English, based on the hieratic to hieroglyphic transliteration done by Serge Sauneron in the late 1960s, and published in 1989 as Un Traité Egyptien d’Ophiologie. The primary aim of this thesis is to provide a transliteration and full English translation of the Brooklyn Papyrus, as none is currently available. It is clear that from the translation that one can discover exactly how snakebite was treated in ancient Egypt: what medicinal ingredients were used and how the patient was treated. Furthermore, from the text describing the snakes and the effects of their bites, one can indeed attempt to identify the species of snakes. It is also apparent from the Brooklyn Papyrus that the ancient Egyptians did recognise and accurately describe many effects of snakebite on the human body, as well as the different types of bite wounds: and they also understood the importance of being able to identify a species of snake as it very often impacted on the treatment to be prescribed—exactly as snakebite treatment is considered in medicine today / Biblical and Ancient studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)

Au Nouvel Empire (1539-1075 av. J.-C.), les scribes – « ceux qui écrivent » en égyptien – prennent le devant de la scène dans les sources littéraires. Ils construisent et promeuvent une image d’eux-mêmes, qui révèle l’existence d’une communauté et d’un « monde social » (A. Strauss), fondés non pas sur la classe mais sur l’appartenance à une profession. Parmi les textes consacrés au métier de scribe, les florilèges appelés « miscellanées » ou « Enseignement par lettres » constituent une sorte de vademecum de la production écrite de l’époque, qui accompagne le scribe dans sa carrière et jusque dans sa tombe. Ils fonctionnent comme des véritables machines à produire d’autres textes, quand les deux autres types d’enseignements de l’époque, « l’Enseignement pour délier l’esprit » (les onomastica) et les « Enseignements par exemples » (les sagesses) portent respectivement sur le savoir théorique et le savoir pratique. Les scribes braconnent dans les modes d’expression du sommet de la société pour développer leur code de valeurs, qui repose sur l’éducation, les compétences au travail et leur rôle de transmetteurs (et non pas de créateurs). Des structures sociales fondées sur les relations professionnelles plutôt que familiales sont mises en avant. L’émergence d’une telle conscience communautaire se fait dans les termes des mutations idéologiques en cours. Une place plus grande est accordée à l’individu dans la société en mettant de côté les autorités traditionnelles au profit d’une divinité personnelle toute puissante. Les scribes peuvent ainsi faire de l’écriture une pratique de piété placée sous l’égide de Thot – les écrits leur survivront après la mort et assureront leur postérité. Chaque manuscrit devient un possible monument funéraire à travers le colophon. Les scribes réinvestissent en outre les tombes traditionnelles qu’ils visitent, en y laissant, sous la forme de graffiti, des textes commémoratifs à leur bénéfice mais aussi des offrandes littéraires.Cette promotion du mot écrit par rapport au discours trouve un écho dans les biographies monumentales des très hauts dignitaires et témoigne d’une diffusion des idéaux lettrés à l’époque. / In the New Kingdom (c. 1539-1075 BC) scribes – ‘those who write in Egyptian’ – took a prominent role in literary texts. There they constructed and promoted a self-image, framing themselves as the members of a specific ‘social world’ defined by their profession rather than belonging to a social class.This period corresponds to the flourishing of sources dedicated to the scribal trade, especially the Late Egyptian Miscellanies aka ‘Teaching by letters’. These collections of small texts were scribal tools and a vademecum of the textual production of the time. Kept by the scribe throughout his career and accompanying him to his tomb, they were a device for producing other texts, while the two other types of teaching, ‘Teaching to clear the mind’ (onomastica) and ‘Teaching from examples’ (wisdom texts) dealt respectively with theoretical and practical knowledge.Scribes borrowed phraseology from the top-elite to develop their own code of values, which was based on education, craftsmanship and personal skills. Social structures dependent on professional relationships rather than family were promoted. The development of such a community feeling reflected changes of ideology in progress at the time. A new position was granted to the individual in society through the shift of allegiance from traditional authorities to a personal, almighty god. Thus scribes could turn writing into a pious practice under the aegis of Thot – texts and copies would survive them and grant them posterity. Each manuscript became a potential funerary monument through colophons and signatures. Furthermore, scribes used the decorum of traditional tombs where they left prayers and commemorations as graffiti to their own benefit along with literary offerings. This promotion of the written word over the spoken one is echoed in monumental biographies of the top-elite and bears witness to the diffusion of learned values during this period.

Conservation managers worldwide are increasingly faced with the challenges of managing and protecting fragmented landscapes, largely as a consequence of human activities. Over recent decades, ecological theory has made a significant contribution to the development of landscape-scale conservation and practice. However, recommendations accounting for what is practically achievable in the modern-day landscape are currently lacking, while criteria for conservation planning and prioritisation continue to neglect the role of habitat networks at the required spatial scale for the long-term persistence of biodiversity. In this thesis, I test and apply ideas surrounding the complexities of managing and conserving species in a landscape context, using a suite of bird species endemic to papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) swamps in East and Central Africa as a model system. In the face of large-scale habitat loss and degradation, practical measures that account for the fragmented nature of this system, the needs of multiple specialist species, and the reliance on this habitat by local people, are urgently required. I first review the concepts originating from reserve design theory to provide a decision-making framework for those involved in landscape-scale conservation amid 21st century challenges to biodiversity, highlighting the key principles to be considered for informed choices to be made. Second, I show that the needs of local people can be compatible with conservation planning in the tropics, and may play an important part in maintaining habitat quality for species residing in historically disturbed landscapes. Third, I develop a novel framework to make an explicit link between metapopulation dynamics and conservation planning. Despite differences in the patch-level dynamics of individual species, areas of habitat where populations of multiple species are resistant to extinction, and resilient because of high chances of (re)colonization can be identified, highlighting where resources could be invested to ensure species have the capacity to respond to future change. Finally, I simulate the metapopulation dynamics of the papyrus-endemic birds to demonstrate that the optimal conservation strategy for the long-term persistence of all species residing in a network depends on the characteristics of individual species, and the total area that can be protected. Overall, this thesis develops and tests the ecological theory used in spatial conservation planning, emphasising the importance of habitat disturbance and interspecific ecological differences for the effective management of habitat networks. The results increase the evidence base for the conservation of wetland birds in Africa, as well as for species residing in fragmented landscapes more generally.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-05-17T18:02:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Fabr?cio de Azevedo Silva.pdf: 2083796 bytes, checksum: d9a26681bab37d5289f5f06f93a62cc8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-17T18:02:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Fabr?cio de Azevedo Silva.pdf: 2083796 bytes, checksum: d9a26681bab37d5289f5f06f93a62cc8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-31 / CAPES / The main objective of this research is to see whether the false position method, used to solve some problems Rhind Papyrus, can be an alternative for solving problems that involve the 1st degree equations with one unknown for students from the 7th grade of elementary school. The Egyptians used this method and this is a way to find the solution of the problem by requiring an initial value, considered the false position, which should be adjusted immediately to obtain the correct value. As we noted not rare that this strategy is adopted by students nowadays, we believe this is a plausible alternative to the teaching content. To check the effectiveness of the method, We conducted a case study ? adopting a qualitative approach to analyze the data collected in search ? with a group of the 7th grade in a municipal school in Rio de Janeiro. We propose a sequence of three activities, applied in a single meeting, where after the resolution of problems by students, we began a discussion of what strategies adopted. After the resolution of the first activity, a problem taken from the Rhind Papyrus, during the period for the discussion of the problem, we show how the Egyptians resolved. We can see that a considerable amount of them identified with the method, by the way they decided later activities. / O principal objetivo desta pesquisa ? verificar se o m?todo da falsa posi??o, utilizado para resolver alguns problemas do Papiro de Rhind, pode ser uma alternativa para resolu??o de problemas que envolvem equa??es do 1? grau com uma inc?gnita para alunos do 7? ano do ensino fundamental. Esse m?todo era utilizado pelos eg?pcios e trata-se de um caminho para encontrar a solu??o do problema atrav?s da estipula??o de um valor inicial, considerado a falsa posi??o, que dever? ser ajustado imediatamente ap?s para se obter o valor correto. Como observamos n?o ser raro que essa estrat?gia seja adotada pelos discentes nos dias atuais, acreditamos ser essa uma alternativa plaus?vel para o ensino do conte?do. Para verificar a efic?cia do m?todo, realizamos um estudo de caso ? adotando uma abordagem qualitativa para analisar os dados recolhidos na pesquisa ? com uma turma do 7? ano em uma escola da rede municipal do Rio de Janeiro. Propomos uma sequ?ncia de tr?s atividades, aplicada em um ?nico encontro, onde ap?s a resolu??o dos problemas pelos discentes, inici?vamos uma discuss?o sobre quais estrat?gias adotaram. Ap?s a resolu??o da primeira atividade, um problema retirado do Papiro de Rhind, durante o per?odo destinado ? discuss?o do problema, mostramos como os eg?pcios o resolviam. Podemos perceber que uma quantidade consider?vel deles se identificou com o m?todo, pela forma como resolveram as atividades posteriores.

Cette thèse se propose d’étudier dans le cadre d’une mise en série les différents procès incorporés à la collection de papyrus communément appelée Acta Alexandrinorum, sorte de corpus inclassable regroupant plusieurs documents de nature administrative, judiciaire ou diplomatique ayant trait aux relations entretenues entre l’Empire Romain et la cité d’Alexandrie aux deux premiers siècles de notre ère. Au nombre de cinq, ces procès, retrouvés uniquement à l’état fragmentaire et rédigés en grec, souvent après un travail de réécriture trahissant le parti pris des auteurs alexandrins, apportent un éclairage inédit sur les tensions entre les deux entités politiques et posent quantité de problèmes juridiques, tant sur le plan du droit privé que du droit public. L’arrière-plan égyptien place en outre ces procès à la croisée de trois traditions juridiques pouvant s’influencer et s’imbriquer mutuellement. Ces documents illustrent par ailleurs les débats qui marquaient alors la pensée politique et philosophique véhiculée par la Seconde Sophistique puisqu’ils proposaient le plus souvent un affrontement direct, dans le cadre du procès, entre les intellectuels grecs attachés aux valeurs traditionnelles de l’hellénisme et le pouvoir romain incarné par l’empereur lui-même. Il paraît donc particulièrement intéressant d’analyser au prisme du droit et des sources juridiques ces procès, très politiques, qui n’ont jusqu’alors bénéficié d’aucune étude d’ensemble dans l’historiographie française, ni même par ailleurs d’une traduction complète, et qui ne connurent à l’étranger qu’une approche essentiellement philologique. / This thesis aims at studying the various trials incorporated in the papyrus collection commonly known as Acta Alexandrinorum, an unclassifiable corpus regrouping several administrative, judicial or diplomatic documents concerning the relationships between the Roman Empire and the city of Alexandria during the first two centuries AD. These trials, recorded in Greek, were found unfortunately in a very poor state of conservation, and are characterized by a process of rewriting which reveals the partiality of the Alexandrian authors. They bring a new insight to the tensions between the two political entities and cause legal problems both in terms of private and public law. Moreover, the Egyptian context places these trials at the center of three legal traditions which could influence and interact together. These documents enlighten also the debates around the political and philosophical thought conveyed by the Second Sophistic through a direct confrontation between the Greek intellectuals attached to the traditional values of Hellenism and the Roman power incarnated by the emperor himself. Therefore it seems particularly interesting to analyze these very political trials under the perspective of law, since these sources, which were mainly studied only by philologists abroad, have never been the subject of a complete study in France until now and even never completely translated.

Many Greek and Latin papyri, originally belonging to only one book (be it in roll or codex form), are currently scattered among different libraries. While it is not possible to physically rejoin these fragments as they cannot be moved from their institutions, they may be virtually reunited thanks to the techniques of digitisation, image processing and electronic publishing. This paper focuses on some issues – emerged from the work of my MA dissertation – that virtual reunification of Greek and Latin papyri presents. Firstly, I propose a workflow for the creation of a digital edition of virtually rejoined fragments, by applying the model of virtual reunification recently suggested by R. Punzalan in Understanding Virtual Reunification (2014), the first systematic study on this topic. Also, as a principal reference point among the existing projects, I follow the Sinaiticus Project website, which, similarly, deals with an ancient Greek manuscript now dispersed in different institutions; however, while the Sinaiticus Project is exclusively dedicated to that artefact, the edition here proposed includes the possibility to be widened, in order to allow researchers to possibly include more reunified papyri in the future. Secondly, I propose some recommendations that can be followed by the owning institutions in order to digitise their fragments according to a common strategy. Finally, I focus on how a virtual reunification of papyrus fragments can be technically achieved – in other words, how the transcription code can present unified information about the papyrus as a whole and mark the parts of text belonging to each fragment. This project will hopefully help researchers study papyri divided among different libraries in a more systematic way, thanks to the availability of an electronic edition including the whole text and images of the virtually reunited fragments, and thanks to a consolidation of metadata.

In der vorliegenden Dissertation werden fünfzehn griechische Papyri der Berliner Papyrussammlung zum ersten Mal ediert. Die Papyri veranschaulichen verschiedene Aspekte des sozialen, administrativen, wirtschaftlichen und kulturellen Lebens im griechisch-römisch-byzantinischen Ägypten zwischen dem 3. Jh. v.Chr. und dem 7. Jh. n.Chr. Sie wurden durch Ausgrabungen oder Ankäufe des Ägyptischen Museums Berlin in verschiedenen Ortschaften Ägyptens erworben. Die Dissertation gliedert sich in drei Hauptteile, die den unterschiedlichen Textgattungen der edierten Papyri entsprechen: ‚Literatur‘, ‚Wissenschaft‘ und ‚Dokumentarische Papyri‘. Im ersten Teil ‚Literatur‘ werden zunächst die wichtigsten Merkmale der homerischen Papyri dargelegt. Es werden in erster Linie der Beitrag der Papyri zur textkritischen Rekonstruktion der Ilias und der Odyssee sowie die besondere Stellung Homers als Bezugspunkt der griechischen kulturellen Identität in Ägypten besprochen. Daraufhin wird ein Papyrus mit Resten der Odyssee XIX ediert. Im Teil ‚Wissenschaft‘ wird ein spezieller Bereich der antiken Medizin, die Pharmakologie, anhand von drei Papyri mit medizinischen Rezepten dargestellt. Anschließend werden elf dokumentarische Papyri präsentiert, die neue Belege zur Untersuchung von spezifischen Kernproblematiken des griechisch-römisch-byzantinischen Ägyptens liefern und Aspekte des alltäglichen Lebens des Landes beleuchten. Jeder Papyrus bringt neue Belege für Wörter, Ausdrücke, Konzepte oder Dokumentarten zu Tage, die Anlässe zu weiteren Forschungen innerhalb der Papyrologie, aber auch der Alten Geschichte und der Klassischen Philologie bieten. / The dissertation presents the first edition of fifteen unpublished Greek papyri preserved in the Egyptian Museum and Papyrus Collection in Berlin. The papyri illustrate various aspects of the social, administrative, economic and cultural life of Graeco-Roman-Byzantine Egypt from the 3rd century BCE until the 7th century CE. They were acquired by the Egyptian Museum in Berlin through excavations or purchases from various sites in Egypt. The dissertation is divided into three main sections, which correspond to the different typologies of texts edited: ‘Literature’, ‘Science’ and ‘Documentary Papyri’. The first part, ‘Literature’, opens with a brief excursus on the Homeric papyri, which focuses in particular on the papyri’s contribution to the reconstruction of the ancient text of the Iliad and the Odyssey and discusses the central role of Homer as a point of reference for the Greek cultural identity in Egypt. The excursus provides a framework for the first papyrus edited in the dissertation, which contains parts of Odyssey XIX. The second part, ‘Science’, deals with papyri of medical content, focusing especially on a particular area of ancient medicine: pharmacology. This section presents the editions of three medical papyri containing recipes for various scopes. The third part contains editions of eleven documentary papyri, which shed light on specific aspects of everyday life in Greco-Roman-Byzantine Egypt. Each papyrus provides new attestations for words, expressions, concepts and types of documents, which could be helpful for further research not only within the field of Papyrology but also of Ancient History and Classical Philology.

Cette étude examine l'utilisation des nombres et des schémas numériques dans le premier volume des Kephalaia manichéens coptes, une collection de discours, sous forme de questions et réponses, portant sur de nombreuses questions doctrinales. Le premier chapitre présente un survol de l'usage des nombres dans les textes religieux et philosophiques de l'antiquité tardive. Ces usages sont classés selon un schéma quadripartite : 1) temporel/calendrique, 2) exégétique/théologique, 3) littéraire/rhétorique, et 4) liturgique/magique. Le deuxième chapitre étudie ensuite le recours aux nombres dans la littérature proprement manichéen, en utilisant le même modèle que le premier chapitre. Ce survol permet de mettre en lumière plusieurs constatations qui ont déterminé notre recherche, à savoir : 1) le fait que les manichéens, plus que leurs contemporains, aient utilisé des nombres dans leur discours religieux, 2) que des schémas en cinq parties soient les plus communs, et 3) que les schémas se retrouvent le plus fréquemment dans les Kephalaia coptes. L'objectif de notre étude sera justement de comprendre l'usage de ces schémas numériques en cinq parties dans cet important ouvrage manichéen. Le troisième chapitre porte sur le genre littéraire et le milieu social des Kephalaia et il cherche à comprendre, à l'aide de la critique rédactionnelle, comment les compilateurs des Kephalaia, pour répondre à des pressions internes et externes, ont transformé la tradition canonique manichéenne par le moyen des schémas en cinq parties en vue de proposer une vision du monde plus cohérente et plus symétrique. Le quatrième et dernier chapitre décrit comment cette transformation s'est produite, en tablant sur les schémas en cinq parties connus de la tradition canonique manichéenne (c'est-à-dire les propres écrits de Mani), et explique comment ce modèle a été utilisé (et révisé) par les compilateurs des Kephalaia pour développer de nombreux thèmes ontologiques, théologiques, sotériologiques, éthiques, ecclésiologiques, polémiques et étiologiques. La conclusion donne un résumé du fonctionnement des schémas numériques dans les Kephalaia et rend compte de manière plus détaillée de l'usage des nombres par les compilateurs du recueil, en vue de répondre aux questions soulevées par une scolastique grandissante, par la persécution et par la mission. / This study examines the frequent occurrence of numbers and numeric patterns in the first volume of the Coptic Manichaean Kephalaia, a collection of question-and-answer discourses that attempt to address a wide range of doctrinal issues. Chapter 1 consists of a general survey of how numbers were used in religious and philosophical texts from Late Antiquity. These various uses are classified according to a four-fold schema: 1) temporal/calendrical, 2) exegetical/theological, 3) literary/rhetorical, and 4) liturgical/magical. Chapter 2 then reviews the occurrence of numbers in Manichaean literature generally, using the same basic framework, thereby bringing into focus several key factors that motivate this research, namely: 1), that Manichaeans utilized numbers in their religious discourse more than most of their contemporaries, 2) that five-part structures were by far considered the most frequently recurring, and 3) nowhere are five-part structures given more attention than in the Coptic Kephalaia. As a result, the primary object of this study is to come to terms with the occurrence of five-part numerical patterns in this important early Manichaean text. Chapter 3 addresses the literary genre and social setting of the Kephalaia, and outlines how the author, by means of rédaction criticism, intends to show the ways in which the compilers of the Kephalaia, in response to the internal and external pressures of their social setting, transformed canonical Manichaean traditions by means of five-part numeric patterns in order to achieve a more cohérent and symmetrical view of the cosmos. Chapter 4 describes how this transformation occurred by establishing what five part patterns are known from canonical Manichaean tradition (i.e., Mani's own writings) and explains how these basic paradigms were used (and revised) by the Kephalaia compilers to address a wide array of ontological, theological, soteriological, ethical, ecclesiological, polemical, and aetiological themes. The conclusion provides a résumé of how numeric patterning functions within the Kephalaia and addresses in more detail how this use of numbers may reflect the compilers' responses to issues such as scholasticism, persecution, and mission.

La présente thèse a pour sujet la question du système des prépositions en latin vulgaire, ainsi que des morphèmes liés à ces dernières dans les langues indo-européennes (préverbes et préfixes). Notre objectif a été d’évaluer quelles ont pu être les spécificités relatives à l’emploi des prépositions (et des morphèmes connexes) dans la langue ordinaire, sur le plan sémasiologique comme onomasiologique. Est bâti pour ce faire le corpus le plus large possible de documents « autographes », c’est-à-dire de pièces portant une inscription directement réalisée par un latinophone (graffites, ostraca, tablettes de cire, defixiones, papyri documentaires), rédigés entre 1 et 395 p.C. La construction même de ce corpus et l’établissement d’une référenciation stable ont constitué un objectif secondaire de ce travail. La première partie établit les outils terminologiques nécessaires. Sont donc passées en revue toutes les théories relatives aux prépositions et à leur sémantisme depuis l’Antiquité, dans le but de souligner les manques et les imprécisions de la tradition terminologique. L’attention est ensuite portée sur le problème récurrent du « latin vulgaire », appellation nécessairement tolérée, même si elle demeure insatisfaisante et embarrassante. La question est spécifiquement posée au regard de la particularité du corpus, sur le plan matériel comme théorique. La notion « d’autographie » est en effet très floue, du fait de l’immixtion d’intermédiaires humains (comme les scribes, professionnels ou non), de la question de la « formularité » et des text types, et des problèmes complexes liés aux différentes formes de littératies à travers les provinces romaines. Cette partie se clôt sur les choix terminologiques et méthodologiques opérés, relativement au processus sous-jacent de collecte des données. La seconde partie présente les données. Celles-ci sont d’abord traitées sous l’angle quantitatif, avec prudence ; il s’agit d’abord d’établir quels sont les morphèmes encore en usage, quels sont ceux qui déclinent et quels sont ceux qui ont déjà disparu. Il s’agit également de comprendre quels écarts peuvent se manifester entre les données et nos attentes. On souligne ce faisant les différents processus de développement, en synchronie ou en diachronie, de certains morphèmes ou usages ; la notion de « préfixation pré-nominale », jusqu’ici peu envisagée dans les études latines, et ainsi étudiée. Le second chapitre de cette partie étudie ce matériel, sur un plan phonétique, morphosyntaxique et lexical. Il s’agit alors non seulement de découvrir les signes d’un possible renouvellement dans certaines zones de la langue (il est fait ici usage du concept de sermo castrensis, mais aussi de celui – encore peu envisagé – de sermo mercatorius) ; il s’agit en outre de comprendre pourquoi ce corpus manifeste une véritable résistance à l’égard des vulgarismes, et pourquoi l’on ne constate aucun véritable fossé entre la langue normée et celle du corpus.Le dernier chapitre se concentre sur le problème déjà ancien, mais complexe, de la chute des <-m> (et accessoirement, des <-s>) en latin vulgaire, et sur la conséquence de celle-ci au sein des groupes prépositionnels. Ce problème a une histoire (depuis Diehl), qui est rappelée afin d’expliquer comment se mélangent ici les niveaux graphiques, phonologiques et grammaticaux. Il s’agit de comprendre dans quels cas la disparition de <-m> peut être attribuée à une pure convention graphique, dans quels cas elle est relative à l’analphabétisme ou à la faible littératie des scripteurs, et dans quels cas elle constitue effectivement le premier signe (mesuré) d’un effondrement des systèmes flexionnels, dans une perspective romane. Ce chapitre s’interroge ine fine sur la capacité des locuteurs semi-lettrés, à un moment de la diachronie, à faire usage d’un « système polymorphique » (Banniard), et à choisir ainsi, bien qu’ils fussent relativement conscients des règles morphologiques, de marquer ou non le cas accusatif. / In this thesis, we deal with the question of prepositional systems in Vulgar Latin, and the linguistic material wih which it is usually associated, in indo-european languages, i.e. preverbs and prefixes. Our work aims to evaluate how specific usages of prepositions (and related material) in colloquial speech may have been, in both semasiological and onomasiological ways. For this purpose, we draw on the largest corpus of « Autographical » documents, i.e. directly inscribed artifacts, such as graffiti, ostraca, wax tablets, defixiones, documentary papyri, etc., from 1 to 395 a.D. Moreover, as a second objective ot the dissertation, we set up a fully-ordered and well-referenced corpus of our archaeological material.The first part of the thesis tries to lay the methodological tools of such the said design. Theories of prepositions and prepositional meanings from Antiquity to present reviewed are reviewed, in order to understand the lack and fuziness of inherited terminological displays. We then consider the customary problem of utilising and defining the terme « Vulgar latin » (which we tolerate, as embarrassing and unsatisfying as it is) and most specifically the peculiarity of our corpus, in a theorical and practical ways : « autography » is indeed a messy concept, due to the involvement of human go-betweens (like professional or casual scribes), the question of formularity and « text types », and the complex pattern of literacy, throughout the Roman provinces. This chapter ends with terminological and methodological choices, referring to the undergoing process of the data report.In second part of the thesis we lay out the data itself. We first deal with this data quantitativly by cautiously using statistical approaches, we try to establish which morphemes were still in use, recessing, or had already disappeared. Furthermore, we examine what kind of discrepancies could arrise between our expectation and the data. We stress, by doing so, the synchonical and diachronical expansions of certain morphemes or usages, and more specifically the question of « Pre-nominal prefixation », on which little has yet been written in classical tradition. The second part of this chapter studies the dynamics of our material phonetically, morphosyntaxically and lexically. Not only do we try to catch sight of linguistic renewals in some areas of language (dealing with the concept of sermo castrensis, or the yet unexplored sermo mercatorius), but also the evidence of a structural dragging into vulgarisms and linguistical changes in our corpus, questioning the lack of an expected « gap » between litterary standards and the language that our documents are using.The third part of our thesis deals with the very well known but very intricate problem of falling /-m/ (and, casually, falling /-s/) in Vulgar Latin, and their consequences in the prepositionnal phrases. The problem’s history (from Diehl’s work) shows up, explaining the entanglement of graphical, phonological and grammatical levels in such an inquiry. We then try to establish which part of the disappearing <-m>, in prepositional phrases, could be assigned to graphical convention, which part goes to real illiteracy (or « low-level literacy ») and which part shows the evidence for a real (but limited) starting point toward a future collapse of nominal flection, from a romance perspective. We conclude this chapter by questioning the ability of semi-literate latin-speakers, at some point of the diachronic evolution of latin language, to deal with « polymorphic » systems (as proposed by Banniard), who ware quite aware of morphological rules but choosing to mark or not mark or to omit the accusative case.

Degradation of water resources has become one of the most pressing global concerns currently facing mankind. Constructed Wetlands (CWs) represent a concept to combat deterioration of water resources by acting as buffers between wastewater and receiving water bodies. Still, constructing wetlands for the sole purpose of wastewater treatment is a challenging task. To contribute to this research area, the fundamental question raised in this doctorate thesis was: how do factors such as vegetation and residing water movements (hydraulics) influence wastewater treatment in CWs? Also, effects of different data analysis methods for results of CW hydraulics and wastewater treatment were investigated. Research was focused on  phosphorus (P), ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+-N) and solids (TSS) in wastewater and o n P in macrophyte biomass. Studies were performed in pilot-scale free water surface (FWS) CW systems in Kenya (Chemelil) and Sweden (Halmstad) and as computer simulations. Results from the Chemelil CWs demonstrated that meeting effluent concentration standards simultaneously for all water quality parameters in one CW was difficult. Vegetation harvest, and thus nutrient uptake by young growing macrophytes, was important for maintaining low effluents of NH4+-N and P, especially during dry seasons. On the other hand, mature and dense vegetation growing for at least 4 months secured meeting TSS standards. Phosphorus in above-ground green biomass accounted for almost 1/3 of the total P mass removal, demonstrating high potential for P removal through macrophyte harvest in CWs. Also, results suggested that harvest should be species-specific to achieve high P removal by macrophytes and overall acceptable wastewater treatment in CWs. Still, different methods to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) from the Chemelil CWs showed that water balance calculations greatly impacted estimations of wastewater treatment results. Hydraulic tracer studies performed in the Chemelil and Halmstad CWs showed that mature and dense emergent vegetation in CWs could reduce effective treatment volumes (e-values), which emphasized the importance of regulating this type of vegetation. Also, it was shown that hydraulic tracer studies with lithium chloride performed in CWs with dense emergent vegetation had problems with low tracer recoveries. This problem could be reduced by promoting the distribution of incoming tracer solution into the CW using a barrier near the CW inlet pipe. Computer simulation results showed that the choice of tracer data analysis method greatly influenced quantifications of CW hydraulics and pollutant removal. The e-value could be 50% higher and the pollutant removal 13% higher depending upon used method. Moreover, unrealistic evalues (above 100%) in published literature could to some extent be explained by tracer data analysis method. Hence, to obtain more reliable hydraulic data and wastewater treatment results from CWs, more attention should be paid to the choice of tracer data analysis method. / Konstruerade våtmarker representerar ett koncept för möjligheten att nå en hållbar vattenresurshantering genom att agera som ”filter” mellan föroreningskälla och viktiga vattenresurser såsom sjöar och hav. Mycket kunskap saknas däremot om hur man konstruerar våtmarker med en optimal och pålitlig vattenreningskapacitet. Den här avhandlingen undersöker därför hur vegetation och vattnets väg genom våtmarken (hydrauliken) påverkar avloppsvattenrening i våtmarker. Dessutom undersöktes hur valet av dataanalysmetod av insamlad data påverkar resultaten. Studier genomfördes i Kenya och Sverige i experimentvåtmarker (ca. 40-60 m2) och inkluderadedatainsamling av vattenkvalité, hydraulik (spårämnesexperiment) samt biomassa och fosfor i biomassan av två olika våtmarksväxter. Dessutom genomfördes datorsimuleringar. Resultaten från Kenya visade att växtskörd och efterföljande näringsupptag av nyskördade växter var viktig för att uppnå låga utgående koncentrationer av fosfor och ammonium i en tropisk våtmark, speciellt under torrsäsongen. Däremot var en välutvecklad och tät vegetation viktig för reningen av partiklar. Fosfor i grön växtbiomassa representerade cirka 1/3 av våtmarkernas totala fosforrening, vilket påvisade potentialen i att genom skörd ta bort fosfor från avloppsvatten m.h.a. konstruerade våtmarker. Resultaten pekade också på att skörden bör vara art-specifik för att uppnå en hög fosforrening och generellt bra vattenreningsresultat. Dock visade olika beräkningsmetoder att vattenbalansen i en tropisk våtmark markant kan påverka vattenreningsresultaten. Resultaten från spårämnesexperimenten demonstrerade att den effektiva våtmarksvolymen för vattenrening blev mindre vid hög täthet av övervattensväxter. Detta pekade på att regelbunden växtskörd var viktig för att uppnå god vattenrening i våtmarker. Experiment med spårämnet litium visade att man kan få felaktiga resultat p.g.a. att en del spårämne fasthålls på botten i våtmarken om denna har mycket övervattensväxter. Därför bör spridningen av spårämnet i sådana våtmarker underlättas m.h.a. en spridningsbarriär nära inloppsröret. Simuleringar visade också att valet av dataanalysmetod av spårämnesdata starkt kan påverka resultaten och därmed också vår tolkning av en våtmarks hydraulik och reningskapacitet. Den effektiva volymen kunde vara 50% högre och reningseffekten 13% högre beroende på vilken metod som användes. Likaså kan valet av dataanalysmetod ha bidragit till överskattade och orealistiska effektiva volymer (över 100%) i artiklar publicerade de senaste 25 åren. Genom att fokusera mer på valet av dataanalysmetod och t.ex. jämföra resultaten från två olika metoder kan man minimera risken för bristfälliga resultat och därmed felaktiga slutsatser om en våtmarks vattenreningskapacitet.