Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:48:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edson Barbosa Benevides.pdf: 390099 bytes, checksum: 27bed5daeca00b39ad711d5dc6e314f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-21 / The present research pretends go aboard from the texts biblical on literary work Esaú & Jacó, of the author Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis. While the present romance no he may be only one work of dies religious it is possible sense the recorrência biblical through the year story. The texts biblical used are recreated , strengthen or modifying the sense original. / A presente pesquisa pretende abordar dos textos bíblicos na obra literária Esaú e Jacó, do escritor Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis. Embora o presente romance não seja uma obra de cunho religioso é possível perceber a recorrência bíblica ao longo do enredo. Os textos bíblicos utilizados são recriados, fortalecendo ou modificando o sentido original.

Maria Teresa Horta e Ana Luísa Amaral são duas autoras que constroem suas poéticas a partir de temas pouco privilegiados pelo cânone literário português. Neste trabalho, procuramos analisar alguns textos das obras Minha Senhora de Mim (1971) e Os Anjos (1983), de Maria Teresa Horta; Novas Cartas Portuguesas (1972), de Maria Isabel Barreno, Maria Velho da Costa e Maria Teresa Horta; e Minha Senhora de Quê (1990), Vozes (2013) e Escuro (2015), de Ana Luísa Amaral, observando como a literatura de autoria feminina tende a atuar a partir de seu potencial de desconstrução de discursos não necessariamente literários já canonizados. Nesse sentido, trabalhamos com o conceito de paródia elaborado por Linda Hutcheon em Uma Teoria da Paródia (1985), a fim de perceber de que modo a reconfiguração de textos canônicos, feita pelas autoras, subverte não apenas a tradição literária, como também as estruturas sociais cristalizadas em uma sociedade patriarcal. / Maria Teresa Horta and Ana Luísa Amaral are two authors that build their poetics around themes that are viewed as less important by the Portuguese canon. This study seeks to analyze texts chosen from Minha Senhora de Mim (1971) and Os Anjos (1983), by Maria Teresa Horta; Novas Cartas Portuguesas (1972), by Maria Isabel Barreno, Maria Velho da Costa and Maria Teresa Horta; and Minha Senhora de Quê (1990), Vozes (2013) and Escuro (2015), by Ana Luísa Amaral; noticing how the literature written by women tends to act using its potential to deconstruct canonized speeches literary or not. On that subject, the concept of parody proposed by Lynda Hutcheon in Uma Teoria da Paródia (1985) was chosen to examine how the reconfiguration of canonical texts subverts not only the literary tradition, but also stablished social structures in a patriarchal society.

Esta pesquisa investiga o diálogo das produções cinematográficas cômicopopulares denominadas chanchada brasileira com os meios de comunicação nos anos 50. Tomando como referências teóricas o princípio dialógico de Mikhail Bakhtin, a Análise do Discurso e a Narrativa Cinematográfica, examina o diálogo dessas produções com a Imprensa, o Rádio, a TV e o próprio Cinema, mostrando as vozes que permeavam e retratavam a sociedade brasileira daquele período. Tais vozes respondem umas às outras ou polemizam entre si numa época em que a mídia passa por um processo de profundas transformações, rumo à lógica mercadológica da sociedade de consumo. Nesse sentido, este estudo busca evidenciar como se processa a interação das redes interdiscursivas entre os meios de comunicação. / This research aims to investigate the dialogue of the popular comical cinematographic productions called Brazilian chanchada with the means of communication in the 1950s. Taking as theoretical references Mikhail Bakhtin´s dialogic principle, the Discourse Analysis and the Cinematographic Narrative, it examines the dialogue of those productions with the Radio, the Cinema, the Press and the TV, bringing to the surface the voices which pervaded and portrayed the Brazilian society of that period. Such voices respond to each other or raise polemics between themselves in an epoch when the media is undergoing a process of thorough transformation, en route to the marketing logics of the consumer society. In this sense, this study seeks to provide evidence of how the interaction of the interdiscursive networks among the means of communication is processed.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-03-02T15:38:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 maiaraalvimdealmeida.pdf: 5092033 bytes, checksum: 4923150e0f7eb5b14fecc03fdca22ce0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T01:37:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 maiaraalvimdealmeida.pdf: 5092033 bytes, checksum: 4923150e0f7eb5b14fecc03fdca22ce0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T01:37:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 maiaraalvimdealmeida.pdf: 5092033 bytes, checksum: 4923150e0f7eb5b14fecc03fdca22ce0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T01:37:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 maiaraalvimdealmeida.pdf: 5092033 bytes, checksum: 4923150e0f7eb5b14fecc03fdca22ce0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-03 / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a situação das histórias em quadrinhos, em especial o subgênero romance gráfico, a partir do estudo do caso da obra Sandman, de Neil Gaiman. Investigaremos qual o papel desempenhado por esse obra nas alterações de status pelas quais vêm passando os quadrinhos, situando-a historicamente. Dissertaremos sobre características intrínsecas ao gênero quadrinhos, tais como o uso que faz de imagens e texto para construção de narrativas e discutiremos quais características diferenciariam os romances gráficos dos demais quadrinhos e quais aspectos desse subgênero contribuíram para a identificação dos quadrinhos como uma forma de literatura. Mostraremos como os quadrinhos, também, são um espaço profícuo para o diálogo com as teorias do hipertexto, tal qual colocadas por Landow (1997). Argumentaremos como um romance gráfico seria um hipertexto não eletrônico, ilustrando nosssas considerações com exemplos retirados de Sandman. Discorreremos, também, sobre como Sandman se insere no cânone da literatura internacional através da paródia de obras consagradas, apoiando-nos na teoria da paródia de Linda Hutcheon (1991). / This research intends to analyze the state of art in which comics are found nowadays, especially the subgenre known as graphic novel, being Sandman by Neil Gaiman our corpus. We shall investigate the role played by Gaiman‟s graphic novel in the changing of roles experienced by comics in general in the last few decades. We will highlight characteristics of the genre, such as the use of images and text together for the development of narratives, and also discuss which aspects make graphic novels different from other comics. It is also important to identify the aspects that helped to legitimate this subgenre as a literary form. In this study, comics are understood as a fruitful space for dialogue with the hypertext theories, as stated by Landow (1997).We believe that graphic novels can be seen as a non-electronic hypertext, using as an example an analysis of a chapter. Sandman is also seen in relation to its position in the literary canon and the parodies of other well established works, according to Linda Hutcheon‟s parody theory (1991).

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-02-29T15:05:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 mariainaciopeixotoquaresma.pdf: 579114 bytes, checksum: 7cc5154e79919cdb750d0a19cab25ec3 (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: Renata, confirma, por favor, se no título da dissertaçào a palavra Naus realmente está em letra minúscula. on 2016-03-03T14:24:29Z (GMT) / Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-03-03T14:35:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 mariainaciopeixotoquaresma.pdf: 579114 bytes, checksum: 7cc5154e79919cdb750d0a19cab25ec3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T01:45:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mariainaciopeixotoquaresma.pdf: 579114 bytes, checksum: 7cc5154e79919cdb750d0a19cab25ec3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T01:46:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mariainaciopeixotoquaresma.pdf: 579114 bytes, checksum: 7cc5154e79919cdb750d0a19cab25ec3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T01:46:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mariainaciopeixotoquaresma.pdf: 579114 bytes, checksum: 7cc5154e79919cdb750d0a19cab25ec3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-16 / A desmistificação do passado português presente em As Naus, romance de António Lobo Antunes, a procura da identidade portuguesa pós-moderna e as consequências da descolonização africana para os retornados da guerra na sua difícil readaptação a Portugal. O autor recria, através de um jogo parodístico, o conceito de ser português. Como viveu em Angola durante o processo revolucionário de independência do país, transcreveu para sua obra os horrores de que foi testemunha. São desnudadas não somente a realidade da descolonização portuguesa na África, mas também a eclosão da luta contra a ocupação colonial e suas consequências para os portugueses e seus descendentes angolanos, que são obrigados a retornar a Portugal. Uma coletânea de registros desses retornados, sendo que muitos deles possuem, na narrativa, nomes de figuras ilustres de Portugal e do mundo. Esses personagens, porém, apesar de carregarem a identidade das personalidades históricas, são pessoas simples, quase sempre marginalizadas, que não conseguem prosperar em meio a nova sociedade portuguesa. Sobretudo através da paródia, o autor consegue fazer a aproximação de dois momentos completamente distintos da história portuguesa: o século XV, gloriosamente marcado pelas conquistas marítimas, e o século XX, período da descolonização. A problemática do romance pós-moderno revela-se justamente na construção de uma narrativa fragmentada, na presentificação do passado e sua consequente mistura de planos temporais, na multiplicidade de vozes, nos experimentalismos de linguagem, dentre outros. / The demystification of the past, the search of Portuguese postmodern identity and the consequences of African decolonization for the ex-colons through the difficult process of readjustment to Portugal in the Portuguese novel As Naus, by António Lobo Antunes. The author recreates, through parody, the concept of being Portuguese. The author lived in Angola during the revolutionary process of independence of the country transcribing to his novel the horrors he witnessed. He shows not only the reality of Portuguese decolonization in Africa, but also the outbreak of the colonial occupation and its consequences for the Portuguese and their Angolan descendants, who are forced to return to Portugal. In the narrative, many of these returnees have names of famous Portuguese and world figures. In spite of carrying the identity of historical figures, these characters are very simple people. Often marginalized, they cannot thrive in Portuguese society. Particularly through parody, the author manages to combine two completely different moments of Portuguese history: the fifteenth century, gloriously marked by maritime conquests, and the twentieth century, the period of decolonization. The paradox of postmodern novels is revealed in the construction of a fragmented narrative, in the presentification of the past and its consequent mixing of temporal planes, in the multiplicity of voices and in experimentalism in language; among others.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-10-04T11:09:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 katyaqueirozalencar.pdf: 816708 bytes, checksum: 8b902c850ce8a1ed90bdcd74f2a352b3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-10-04T16:18:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 katyaqueirozalencar.pdf: 816708 bytes, checksum: 8b902c850ce8a1ed90bdcd74f2a352b3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-10-04T16:18:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 katyaqueirozalencar.pdf: 816708 bytes, checksum: 8b902c850ce8a1ed90bdcd74f2a352b3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T16:18:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 katyaqueirozalencar.pdf: 816708 bytes, checksum: 8b902c850ce8a1ed90bdcd74f2a352b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-27 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Esta dissertação, contribuindo para os Estudos Literários, aproxima Clarice Lispector da tradição judaica, mais precisamente da vinculada à interpretação de textos sagrados, valendo se sobretudo de A hora da estrela, último livro de sua autoria publicado em vida. Ela assim o faz resgatando a presença, nessa obra literária, de relatos míticos das Escrituras judaico cristãs, mostrando que esses relatos foram retomados e reatualizados através da paródia. Para tal empreendimento foram tomadas como principais referências obras de Nelson Vieira, Nádia Battella Gotlib e Berta Waldman (sobre a produção de escritores judaico-brasileiros), Mircea Eliade (sobre mito) e Linda Hutcheon (sobre paródia). A metodologia empregada foi a qualitativo-interpretativa, baseada em análises descritivas e comparativas de textos literários e teóricos. Evidenciou-se, no âmbito de A hora da estrela, a aproximação de Lispector de múltiplas tradições culturais, principalmente a da judaica, que ela procurava escamotear quando questionada sobre esse assunto. / This thesis, contributing to Literary Studies, approaches Clarice Lispector to the Jewish tradition, more precisely to the one linked to the interpretation of sacred texts, resorting mainly to A hora da estrela (The Hour of the Star), the last book she published while still living. It does so by recuperating, in this literary work, the presence of mythical accounts from the Judeo-Christian Scriptures, showing that these accounts have been recaptured and updated with the help of parody. In order to do so, works of Nelson Vieira, Nádia Battella Gotlib and Berta Waldman (on the production of Brazilian-Jewish writers), Mircea Eliade (on myth) and Linda Hutcheon (on parody) have been used as main theoretical reference sources. The methodology used was the qualitative-interpretative one, based on descriptive and comparative analyses of literary and theoretical texts. It has been evidenced, within A hora da estrela, Lispector‘s approximation to multiple cultural traditions, mainly the Jewish one, which she used to hide when questioned about this subject.

Divertissement mondain ayant rencontré un vif succès au cours du XVIIIe siècle, la parade de société est une forme dramatique que l’histoire littéraire a longtemps considérée comme mineure et par là même sans intérêt. Inspirées des spectacles forains et populaires, mais reprises et jouées dans les meilleures compagnies parisiennes, ces pièces graveleuses, grossières, ordurières pour reprendre l’expression consacrée, n’intéressent aux XIXe et XXe siècles que quelques érudits amateurs d’anecdotes grivoises. Les jugements d’ordre moral et esthétique sur la parade sont sévères, se multiplient jusqu’au XXIe siècle et contribuent à reléguer cette forme dans l’oubli. Seules les études portant sur des parades écrites par des auteurs reconnus comme Beaumarchais ou Potocki donnent à ces spectacles quelque légitimité critique. Le champ d’études est donc encore largement inexploré et la présente thèse se propose entre autres de retracer l’histoire de cette forme, en étudiant les conditions d’émergence, les manifestations et la réception de la parade au XVIIIe siècle. Mais au-delà de cette dimension documentaire, nous voudrions montrer dans cette étude, notamment par une analyse méthodique de la dramaturgie de ces pièces, à quel point celles-ci, comme le théâtre de société dans lequel elles s’inscrivent, sont le lieu d’expériences dramatiques, d’une approche parodique des savoirs et d’une remise en question du théâtre officiel. / While widely popular as a form of entertainment among eighteenth-century aristocratic circles, the dramatic genre known as ‘parade de société’ has long been regarded by literary historians as a minor one, and therefore unworthy of scholarly attention. Parades find their origins in the shows that took place in fairs and markets in Paris, yet they were later taken up by the best salons of the town. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, few were interested in these ribald plays except for a handful of scholars delving into bawdy double entendre and sexual innuendoes. Up until the twenty-first century, the parade has been condemned on moral as well as aesthetic grounds and has gradually fallen into oblivion. Only the parades written by well-known authors such as Beaumarchais and Potocki have been carefully studied and have been granted some critical legitimacy. This field of research has therefore been left largely unexplored. My aim in this dissertation is to trace the history of the parade and examine the emergence, development and reception of the genre in the eighteenth century. Going beyond mere description, I want to scrutinize the dramatic devices at work in these plays to show how, similarly to the ‘théâtre de société’ to which they belong, parades make possible a number of dramatic experiments, how they approach all forms of knowledge in a parodic way, and call into question the codes of established drama.

Cette thèse se penche sur un pan marginal de l’œuvre de Réjean Ducharme, ses textes de théâtre, en s’appuyant sur les archives que l’écrivain a déposées à Bibliothèque et Archives Canada, à Ottawa, en 1986. Le corpus étudié comprend quatre pièces, deux publiées (Ines Pérée et Inat Tendu, publiée en 1976, et HA ha !..., publiée en 1982) et deux inédites – mais jouées – (Le Cid maghané, écrit en 1967, et Le marquis qui perdit, écrit en 1969) et leurs diverses versions.Le théâtre de Réjean Ducharme peut être divisé en deux « phases » scripturaires qui correspondent à des inflexions d’ordre thématique, pragmatique, poétique, générique et génétique, qui permettent de distinguer deux moments. Le premier, celui de la parodie et de la satire, marque l’entrée au théâtre de l’écrivain, d’ailleurs déjà célébré pour ses romans. La manière par laquelle le dramaturge aborde le théâtre québécois dans ses deux premiers textes, dont le sujet reste emprunté à d’autres (la littérature française pour le Cid maghané et l’histoire du Canada pour Le marquis qui perdit), ne fait pas l’unanimité puisque l’on reproche à l’écrivain d’être trop littéraire et trop prévisiblement parodique par ses références à des modèles du genre. Les deux derniers textes témoignent en revanche d’une interrogation et d’une mise à l’épreuve de la théâtralité, relevées par la critique, qui iront jusqu’au rejet du théâtre comme genre.Cette étude du théâtre de Réjean Ducharme éclaire l’usage que celui-ci fait du genre dramatique à la fois en s’astreignant à respecter certains codes et en se jouant de diverses contraintes; en témoigne, par exemple, l’investissement très singulier du paratexte didascalique de ses pièces. En somme, cette thèse de doctorat vise à faire connaître un corpus moins fréquenté de l’œuvre d’un écrivain reconnu par ailleurs et considéré comme un classique de la littérature québécoise contemporaine, alors même qu’il s’emploie, dans chacune de ses créations, à refuser toute norme, règle ou compromis. / This thesis tends to study a marginal side of Réjean Ducharme’s work, his plays, based on the archives the writer deposited to Library and Archives Canada, in Ottawa, in 1986. The examined corpus is composed of four plays, two published (Ines Pérée et Inat Tendu, published in 1976, and HA ha !..., published in 1982) and two unpublished – but performed – (Le Cid maghané, written in 1967, and Le marquis qui perdit, written in 1969), and their various versions.Réjean Ducharme’s theatre can be divided in two phases of writing equaling redirections of thematic, pragmatic, poetic, generic and genetic kinds enabling to distinguish two moments. The first moment is a one of parody and satire, and stamps the already famous novelist’s start in drama. The way the playwright approaches quebecois theatre in his first two texts, which subjects remain borrowed (to french literature for Le Cid maghané and to canadian history for Le marquis qui perdit), fails to win unanimous support as the writer is reproached for being too literary and too predictably parodic with his references to models of its genre. In contrast, the two last plays question and put to the test theatricality, as critic noticed, until refusing theatre as a genre.This study of Réjean Ducharme’s plays enlightens the use of drama he makes, forcing himself to respect some codes and also defying several constraints (the singular investment of stage directions in his plays testifies). In the end, this thesis aims for disclosing a less frequented side of an acclaimed writer’s work, considered as a classic of contemporary Quebec literature, even though he applies himself, in each of his creations, refusing all norms, rules or compromises.

Dans le champ de la création littéraire arabe contemporaine, la thématique de l’intertextualité comme source de création littéraire touchant le domaine du roman trouve une double origine. D’une part, l’étude des grands romanciers arabes contemporains montre que ces derniers reprennent les récits antérieurs de caractère essentiellement épique, historique et religieux, pour les reproduire dans un style et un contexte romanesque qui leur sont propres, sans pour autant s’éloigner du thème original. D’autre part, la question de l’intertextualité comme source de création littéraire trouve son fondement dans le rôle dévolu à la mémoire et au savoir. Afin de saisir la manière dont ces deux sources sont utilisées, nous allons tenter d’aborder ces questions en analysant les études universitaires et les critiques littéraires actuelles afin de constituer ainsi une argumentation objective. Partant de là, pour cerner la question de l’intertextualité comme source de création littéraire dans le roman arabe contemporain, nous structurerons notre travail en trois parties. La première aura pour titre : « Citations et Références » - ces deux termes posant, par leur juxtaposition, la question de la relation entre la citation intertextuelle et le lecteur. La seconde partie sera intitulée « Allusions et Evocations » - ce couple de termes posant la question de la relation entre l’intertextualité et la mémoire (historique, culturelle) contenue dans la littérature. Enfin, la troisième partie aura pour titre « Reprises et Remaniements » - ces deux termes posant la question de la reprise textuelle et de la relation de dérivation existant entre les textes. Au terme de chaque partie, nous proposerons un récapitulatif des principaux points abordés, en exposant des arguments visant à expliquer l’intérêt de l’intertextualité dans le processus de renouvellement de la création romanesque arabe contemporaine. / In the field of contemporary Arabic literature, the theme of intertextuality as the source of novelistic literary creation possesses a double origin. On the one hand, the study of major contemporary Arabic novelists shows that they make use of prior narratives of essentially epic, historical and religious character, reproducing them in a romantic style and context that is entirely their own, but without departing from the original theme. On the other, intertextuality as the source of literary creation takes for its foundation the role played by memory and knowledge. In order to grasp the way in which these two sources are used and why, we are going to approach the question by analyzing university studies and current literary criticism on the subject, thereby constructing an objective argument. Then we will structure our work in three parts. The first will be entitled: “Quotations and References”, a juxtaposition posing the question of the relationship between the intertextual quotation and the reader. The second part will be entitled: “Allusions and Evocations”. This pair of terms will be concerned with the relationship between intertextuality and memory (both historical and cultural), which is contained in the literature. Finally, the third part will be called: “Resumptions and Reorganisations” – these two terms raising the question of textual resumption and the divergent relationship existing between texts.

Si la parodie est loin d'être une pratique nouvelle, la première occurrence connue du terme remontant à l'Antiquité, elle a été jusqu'alors principalement envisagée comme un genre ou comme une figure littéraires. Et pourtant ses formes, ses connotations et ses procédés sont exploités par de nombreux artistes plasticiens. Dans les années 1960, l'avènement de la société de consommation et ses effets sur la reproductibilité de l'œuvre d'art donnent à la parodie un essor nouveau. Transformant l'histoire de l'art en un répertoire accessible dans lequel puiser à loisir pour créer à partir de, la reproductibilité offre des conditions idéales au jeu parodique. Comprendre comment et pourquoi des artistes d'horizons fort divers, des années 1960 à nos jours, se saisissent de la parodie, à des fins aussi bien personnelles que contextuelles, est l'objet de cette étude. État des lieux de la notion, la première partie s'attache à définir le terme et se penche sur les parodies réalisées depuis le milieu du XIXe siècle, des Salons caricaturaux au postmodernisme en passant par les avant-gardes historiques. La deuxième partie se construit autour du ludique, du comique et du satirique, compris comme autant de couleurs et de régimes. Enfin, la troisième partie est consacrée à la part réflexive de la parodie. Art sur l'art, cette dernière participe à une mise en cause institutionnelle et aspire à la dénudation du faire artistique lui-même. Tout au long de cette étude, la parodie apparaît comme une pratique essentiellement ambivalente, entre mauvais genre et pratique cultivée, gaminerie et jeu élitiste, dégénérescence de l'art et sursaut de créativité, destitution et aveu d'admiration, outrage et hommage. / The word parody has been coined during classical antiquity and has since been considered mostly as a literary genre or figure. Nevertheless, numerous plastic artists are making use of its forms, processes and connotations. During the 1960s decade, the advent of consumerism and its effects on the work of art duplicability gave a new rise to parody. Reproducibility allowed the transformation of history of arts into a vast repertoire in which one may draw to create from and thus, offered a fertile ground for parodic creation. This study focuses on understanding why and how such a wide range of artists are taking advantage of parody for personal or contextual ends from the 1960s to nowadays. The first part of this study is articulated around the precise definition of the term and a chronological view of the parodic art since the middle of the 19th century, from the Salons caricaturaux to postmodernism including historical avant- gardes. The notions of playfulness, comic and satiric will be discussed in the second part, in order to grasp the multiple shades of parody. The third and last part is devoted to the specular aspect of parody that leads to a questioning of the artistic institutions and aims to unveil the artistic practices themselves. Across these pages, parody appears as an ambivalent process, oscillating between mauvais genre and sophistication, childishness and elitism, barrenness and creative rebirth, destitution and admiration, outrage and tribute.