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This study is concerned with the Self/Other dichotomy, originally formulated by scholars of South Asian history in the context of European imperialistic treatments of the peoples whom they colonized for centuries, as applied to Mexican history. I have chosen some visual, cinematic, and literary representations of indigenous and other dispossessed peoples from both colonial and post-colonial Mexico in order to gain some insights into the vision of the powerless, (the 'Other'), held by the powerful (the colonizers, whether internal or external), especially, but not exclusively, in the context of race. Some public and private works of Mexican art from the 18th , 19th. and the 20th centuries are used to understand the perceptions of the Other in Colonial Mexico City, at the time of Independence, in state-sponsored pre and post-Revolutionary spectacles representing indigenous peoples, cinematic representations of the marginalized and the dispossessed from the Golden Age of Mexican cinema, and in the representation of the marginalized in the literary and photographic works of Juan Rulfo. I conclude that an ambivalent mixture co-existed in Mexican culture through the centuries, on the one hand, honoring the blending that is expressed in the word 'mestizaje', and on the other, adhering to a thoroughly Eurocentric world view. This ambivalence persisted from the 18th century through Independence and the Revolution and its aftermath, albeit in transformed ' / M. A. / Mexico presents an interesting contrast to the United States with respect to the history of race since colonization. The 16th century Spanish conquerors, and the colonizers who followed them, acknowledged the offspring of their unions with indigenous women, setting a tradition that resulted, by the 20th century, in mixed race peoples becoming the major component of the Mexican population. Despite this, there remained a sense in the culture that Europe and those of European descent were still the ideal towards which Mexico aspired, while from time to time, there were paradoxical displays, honoring the ethnic diversity that was New Spanish/Mexican reality. In light of this ambivalence, I have examined some literary and artistic examples of the perception of the colonizers, internal or external, of those whom they marginalized.

No / This study explores how colonial laws and administrative practices shaped the evolution of employment management in Pakistan. It identifies important mechanisms used by the British Raj (the period of British rule of the subcontinent) to institutionalise legal and administrative frameworks: the legacies of these structures continue to influence contemporary management practices in government sector organisations. This article investigates the legacy of the Raj's ¿quota system¿ in the civil services and the doctrine of the ¿martial race¿ in military services, both of which offered enduring structural advantages in the labour market to designated groups. It further considers the implications of the study's findings for international HRM in particular, but also management theory, comparative HRM and comparative management in post-colonial societies.

The purpose with this thesis is to study three theology teaching materials to analyze the Sami people involvements in these. A comparison has been made with Old Scandinavian religion since the textbooks I have studied are all placed in the same category. In the thesis, I will also investigate how the Sami and their religion is represented. I will research this from a qualitative and quantitative approach due the fact that reviews of today's learning material are limited and that teachers now have the responsibility to review this. Studies show, however, that eight out of ten teachers lack the proper time for these reviews. The theoretical approach I have used is Ninian Smarts seven dimensions of religion combined with post-colonialism. The Post-colonial theory is broad and has not been applied as a whole in this thesis, just its main concepts. These concepts are; essentialism, exoticism, stereotyping and ethnocentrism. The result from this thesis shows that you cannot for certain determine if the Sami religion has a larger or smaller presence compared to Old Scandinavian religions due to the fact that all three textbooks analyzed differ in this matter. One can also note that hints of a negative picture towards the Sami is still present judging by interpretations of certain concepts.

À travers l’étude du cas de Salwa, féministe musulmane engagée au Québec, ce mémoire a pour objectif de relever divers facteurs qui contraignent et orientent l’engagement politique d’une féministe musulmane en contexte occidental. Si nous avions au départ postulé que l’intersection de ses identités de « femme » et de « musulman(e) », deux catégories hiérarchiques1 qui nous semblaient alors centrales dans l’élaboration de notre problématique, entraînerait chez Salwa divers paradoxes politiques en raison des tensions existant entre le féminisme et le multiculturalisme dans les démocraties occidentales, l’analyse de la gestion identitaire de ces paradoxes politiques chez Salwa, par notre approche interdisciplinaire et intersectionnelle, a révélé l’existence d’une multitude d’identités non hiérarchiques revendiquées - mais occultées au niveau politique par ce même contexte – qui remet en question la centralité de ces catégories de « femme » et de « musulman(e) ». Ainsi, si nous croyions que le contexte énoncé pouvait orienter l’engagement politique des féministes musulmanes dans un sens réducteur en exigeant d’elles qu’elle priorisent, malgré leur identité de femme et de musulmane, un axe de lutte, entre le sexisme et le racisme, nous voyons qu’une prise en compte, même intersectionnelle, des seuls axes d’oppression interagissant dans la construction de l’identité politique d’un individu peut être tout aussi réductrice. Si l’approche intersectionnelle veut arriver à 1 Nous qualifions ces catégories de « hiérarchiques » en ce qu’elles sont présentées dans notre problématique comme des catégories relationnelles co-construites au sein de rapports sociaux inégalitaires dans un ordre social hiérarchique, en opposition à des catégories « non hiérarchiques » que la théorie et/ou l’empirie ne problématise(nt) pas comme hiérarchiques pour le cas spécifique qui nous intéresse. ii prendre en compte l’imbrication des axes d’oppression agissant simultanément chez un même individu, elle doit aussi prendre en compte la façon dont le contexte occulte l’interaction des identités hiérarchiques et non hiérarchiques en réduisant l’individu à son ou ses axe(s) d’oppression présumé(s). / Through the case study of Salwa, active muslim feminist in Québec, this master’s thesis has for objective to identify diverse factors orienting the political commitment of a muslim feminist in western context. Our basic premise anticipated her exposition to political paradoxes due to the existing tensions between feminism and multiculturalism in western democracies and the intersection of her identities as “muslim” but also as “woman”; two hierarchical categories which, at first, appeared fundamental in our problematic. Only, our interdisciplinary and intersectional approach analysis of Salwa’s identity process of the aforementioned paradoxes revealed the existence of several non-hierarchical claimed identities which, in this context, were eclipsed by the political level. This revelation questions the centrality of the “muslim” and “woman” categories. So, if we believed that the western context could orient the political commitment of muslim feminists in a reducing direction by requiring from them that they prioritize, in spite of their “woman” and “muslim” identities, a political stake between sexism and racism, we see that a consideration, even intersectional, of axis of oppression alone in the construction of one’s political identity can also be reducing. If the intersectional approach wants to take into account the interaction of axis of oppression acting simultaneously for the same individual's, it also has to take into account the way the context hides the interplay between hierarchical and not hierarchical identities by reducing the individual to it(s) presumed axis of oppression.

Le nationalisme est souvent présenté comme étant civique ou ethnique. En réalité, toute nation se définit avant tout par sa culture. Les États, le plus souvent composés de deux ou plusieurs nations, sont le théâtre permanent d'une guerre culturelle. Inspiré par le cadre théorique défini par le post-structuralisme et le post-colonialisme, l’objectif de la recherche est de montrer que le sport en tant qu’agent culturel actif a historiquement été instrumentalisé pour alimenter la guerre culturelle au sein des États. L'analyse critique des différents écrits académiques touchant au Canadien de Montréal montre comment la guerre culturelle s’est déployée sur le territoire du Québec à travers les pratiques discursives qui ont sculpté les représentations symboliques de cette équipe de hockey. / The theory of nationalism is often delineated by its civic or ethnic counterparts. In fact, every nation is defined by its culture. Therefore, the state is permanently under siege in a culture war of the nations. The aim of this research is to show in a historical perspective how sport as a cultural agent can be instrumentalised in the conduct of the culture war. Critical analysis of the discursive practices surrounding the hockey club Montreal Canadiens show how the culture war took place on the territory of Québec. Post- structuralism and post-colonialism are used as a theoretical framework.

A observação dos procedimentos formais empregados por António Lobo Antunes em O esplendor de Portugal (1997) levou-nos a constatar a existência, no livro, de uma visão crítica muito peculiar e complexa a respeito da História do colonialismo português e do contexto pós--colonial em que Angola e Portugal inserem-se. Dessa forma, o objetivo de nossa dissertação de mestrado é elucidar a dinâmica social representada nO esplendor de Portugal e a condução que o desígnio autoral dá a essa representação. Nesse sentido, procuramos identificar as inter- -relações entre os elementos formais estruturadores da obra e aqueles que regem as dinâmicas sociais que nela figuram. Para alcançarmos tal objetivo, direcionamos nossos estudos a leituras de teoria e crítica literária pautados nas noções de redução estrutural e de interpretação dialética, que Antonio Candido propõe. Paralelamente, procedemos ao delineamento e à análise dos contextos históricos que envolvem o enredo do romance em questão, com ênfase à observação das dinâmicas dialéticas que se deram entre o desenvolvimento do capitalismo das grandes potências mundiais e o atraso econômico de Portugal, bem como ao modo como essas dinâmicas intervieram na constituição e na manutenção das formas sociais de base do colonialismo português na África. Depois desse embasamento teórico, efetuamos a análise literária de O esplendor de Portugal e constatamos que, nessa obra, a visão crítica sobre o colonialismo português em suas imbricações com as conjunturas políticas e econômicas mundiais assenta-se no cruzamento, dentro do romance, de diversas temporalidades, que se situam entre o fim do século XIX e o ano de 1995. É a partir do cruzamento dessas temporalidades que o desígnio autoral faz sobressaírem questões como os modos de exploração da força de trabalho angolana, a atuação do grande capital estrangeiro em Angola, o travamento das expectativas de expansão econômica dos colonos proprietários, subordinados que estavam ao Estado português e ao poderio do grande capital, a corresponsabilidade desses colonos na instituição e na generalização da violência que permeou as relações sociais na colônia e a influência que os interesses estrangeiros também tiveram na exploração de Angola, nos rumos da guerra colonial e na intensificação e ampliação dos conflitos existentes entre os movimentos nacionalistas angolanos. A principal conclusão a que chegamos, portanto, é a de que o pilar sobre o qual se assenta a construção de O esplendor de Portugal é a composição, subjacente à complexa rede narrativa do romance, de uma rede não menos complexa de relações causais entre as temporalidades abrangidas no livro, na qual se destacam as linhas de ruptura e de continuidade históricas que sustentam essa rede e que constroem a representação do presente catastrófico em que se situam os narradores. / The observation of formal procedures employed by António Lobo Antunes in O esplendor de Portugal (1997) took us to recognize the existence, in the book, a very peculiar and complex critical view about the History of portuguese colonialism and the post-colonial context in that Angola and Portugal are inserted. In this way, the purpose of our dissertation is to show the social dynamics represented in O esplendor de Portugal and the driving the authorial plan gives to this representation. Therefore, we look for to identify the relationships between the formal elements structures of the work and those that react the social dynamics that are listed. To achieve this purpose, we direct our studies to readings of literary theory and criticism based on the concepts of structural reduction and dialectical interpretation that Antonio Candido proposes. At the same time, we proceed to delineation and to analysis of the historical context to involve the plot of the novel in question, with emphasis to observation of dialectical dynamics that happened between the development of capitalism of the major world powers and the economic backwardness of Portugal, as well to how these dynamics intervened in the constitution and in the maintenance of basic social forms of portuguese colonialism in Africa. After this theoretical base, we did the literary analysis of O esplendor de Portugal and we found that, in this work, the critical view on portuguese colonialism in their impact, appear with the political and economic situations in the world are cross, into the novel, of different temporalities, which fall between the end of the 19TH century and the year of 1995. Is from crossing these temporalities that authorial intent does to protrude issues like operating modes of the angolan workforce, the performance of large foreign capital in Angola, the expectations of economic expansion of the colonists owners, subordinates who were the Portuguese State and the power of big capital, the co-responsibility of these settlers in the institution and in the widespread violence that pervaded the social relations in the colony and the influence that foreign interests also had on Angola exploration, in the direction of the colonial war and on intensification and expansion of the existing conflicts between the Angolan nationalist movements. The main conclusion that we reached, therefore, is that the pillar on which sits the creation of O esplendor de Portugal is the composition, underlying the complex net of romance narrative, not less complex of causal relationships between the temporalities covered in the book, in which the lines of rupture and historical continuity that underpin this network and that build the representation of the catastrophic present in which are situated the narrators.

<p>Den liberala ekonomiska globaliseringen har lett till att Indien öppnat upp sin ekonomi och landets politiker välkomnar idag utländska investeringar såsom multinationella företag i hopp om ekonomisk tillväxt. Då Coca Cola Company etablerade en fabrik i byn Plachimada i södra Indien medförde detta miljöproblem i form av vattenbrist och förgiftning, vilket i sin tur ledde till stora sociala problem för byns befolkning. Idag är fabriken stängd på grund av invånarnas långvariga och kollektiva protester i vilka byns kvinnor varit särskilt aktiva. Studiens syfte är att söka kunskap om hur Coca Cola Companys etablering i Plachimada liksom det kollektiva motståndet mot fabriken har påverkat identiteten hos de kvinnor som varit aktiva i motståndet. Syftet är vidare att skapa förståelse för hur kvinnorna ser på ”västvärlden” liksom på sig själva i förhållande till väst. Utifrån studiens syfte har ett kvalitativt och reflexivt arbetssätt tillämpats där ett empiriskt material insamlats genom sex semistrukturerade djupintervjuer med kvinnor bosatta i Plachimada, kombinerat med observationer. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats utifrån teorier om empowerment, kollektiv identitet samt postkolonialism. Resultatet visar att kvinnorna genom deltagandet i protesterna känner sig stärkta, upplever att de har fått större kunskap samt en känsla av stolthet. Studien visar vidare på att det verkar finnas en närvaro både av en identifiering med hembyn – Plachimada och med nationen – Indien hos kvinnorna vi har intervjuat. Resultatet visar även på tankar bland intervjupersonerna som tyder på att koloniala maktstrukturer finns närvarande i kvinnornas syn på sig själva i relation till västvärlden.</p> / <p>The liberal economic globalization has led to the opening of the Indian economy and in hope for economic growth, the Indian government today welcome foreign investments such as multinational corporations. When Coca Cola Company established a factory in the village of Plachimada in the south of India, this led to environmental problems such as water shortage and contamination, which in turn caused big social problems for the villagers. Today the factory is closed as a result of the villagers’ collective protests in which the women of Plachimada have been particularly active. The aim of this study is to seek knowledge about how Coca Cola Company’s establishment in Plachimada as well as the collective protests against the factory has effected the identity of the women who have been active in the protests. The aim is further to create an understanding of how the women perceive the western world as well as themselves in relation to the western world. To accomplish the aim a qualitative and reflexive method was chosen, where an empirical material was collected through six semi structured interviews with women living in Plachimada, combined with observations. The empirical material has been analyzed using theoretical perspectives of empowerment, collective identity and post colonialism. The result shows that the women, through participation in the protests, experience themselves stronger, find that they got more knowledge as well as a feeling of pride. Furthermore the study shows a presence of identification among the women with the village – Plachimada and the nation – India. The result also denotes that colonial power structures are present in the ways the women perceive themselves in relation to the western world.</p>

<p>The focus of this essay is set on a number of processes that affect the challenges of the tourist trade, to be more precise – an analysis of the attitudes towards tourism and sustainability within this line of business – from an ethical and moral as well as social view. These issues are examined with reference to the concept of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility). Thus, acquaintance with theories of social constructivism, post colonialism, globalisation and global civil society is essential in order to understand the analysed material. The essay is mainly based on the outcome of qualitative interviews with various kinds of persons working with CSR related questions. Another material source has been the websites of a number of tour operators. The method used is the critical discourse analyse. The material presents a few specific themes:</p><p>”Confusion of ideas”, ”The experience of being examined in your branch of business”, ”For whom is this any good – who cares?”, ”To feel involved and participate” and ”Co-operation – the right track to follow”. By giving emphasis to the complexity of the work concerning CSR issues related to the travel industry the author of this essay tries to increase the understanding of the challenges that face the tourist trade.</p>

The focus of this essay is set on a number of processes that affect the challenges of the tourist trade, to be more precise – an analysis of the attitudes towards tourism and sustainability within this line of business – from an ethical and moral as well as social view. These issues are examined with reference to the concept of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility). Thus, acquaintance with theories of social constructivism, post colonialism, globalisation and global civil society is essential in order to understand the analysed material. The essay is mainly based on the outcome of qualitative interviews with various kinds of persons working with CSR related questions. Another material source has been the websites of a number of tour operators. The method used is the critical discourse analyse. The material presents a few specific themes: ”Confusion of ideas”, ”The experience of being examined in your branch of business”, ”For whom is this any good – who cares?”, ”To feel involved and participate” and ”Co-operation – the right track to follow”. By giving emphasis to the complexity of the work concerning CSR issues related to the travel industry the author of this essay tries to increase the understanding of the challenges that face the tourist trade.