Technology is increasingly becoming a natural part of our everyday lives, and in addition to this the research field of interaction design becomes increasingly more important. Design, usability and user experience shape how we now communicate with each other, which today mainly happen through social media. This puts social media platforms in a powerful position. Previous studies show how social media can be a user-controlled space for identity development, but also a place for suppression techniques and harassment, filtered through a user interface. In this essay, qualitative research methods are used to examine how power can be expressed in the process of reporting inappropriate content on social media, what the user experience can look like and what themes are present in the course of events. A thematic analysis with material from observations as well as in-depth interviews resulted in six different themes: feedback, recognition, reporting categorization, the user ́s will to be understood, the responsibility question and when something cannot be reported. These themes were then compared to theories about power and empowerment, user experience and the technology as a subject. This resulted in the notion that the power of a user interface can be expressed in many different ways, and that it is important to take the user experience into account during the design process. / Teknik är något som blir en alltmer självklar del av vår vardag och med det blir forskningsfältet för interaktionsdesign allt viktigare. Design, användbarhet och användarupplevelse formar hur vi idag kommunicerar med varandra vilket inte minst sker via sociala medier, vilket gör att sociala medieplattformar sitter på en maktposition. Tidigare forskning visar hur sociala medier är ett användarstyrt utrymme för identitetsbygge, men också en plats där härskartekniker frodas och trakasserier äger rum, allt detta filtrerat genom ett gränssnitt. I den här uppsatsen undersöks med kvalitativa metoder hur makt kan komma till uttryck vid rapportering av olämpligt innehåll på sociala medier, hur användares upplevelse kan se ut och vilka tematiker som är aktuella i skeendet. Efter en tematisk analys med material från observation och djupintervju utkristalliserades sex olika teman: återkoppling, igenkänning, rapporteringskategorisering, användarens vilja att bli förstådd, ansvarsfrågan och när något inte går att rapportera. Dessa teman jämfördes sedan med teorier om makt och egenmakt, användarupplevelse och tekniken som subjekt med resultatet att makten hos ett gränssnitt kan ta sig uttryck på många olika sätt och att det i en designprocess är viktigt att se till användarupplevelse.

<p><p>Den här undersökningen syftar till att ta reda på om det fanns skillnader i svenska,</p><p>rikstäckande tidningars val av källor under krigsrapporteringen från Georgienkrisens tio</p><p>inledande dagar.</p><p>För att få svar på frågorna analyserades artiklar från Sveriges fyra största tidningar,</p><p>Aftonbladet, Expressen, Dagens Nyheter och Svenska Dagbladet.</p><p>Resultaten visade att det finns både likheter och skillnader mellan hur tidningarna</p><p>rapporterade, sett utifrån vilka källor de prioriterar och låter komma till tals. Officiella och</p><p>civila källor används till exempel i ungefär samma utsträckning av tidningarna.</p><p>Uppdelat i nationaliteter är källorna inte lika jämnt fördelade, då georgiska källor dominerar över de övriga parterna i konflikten.</p><p>Morgontidningarna är mer balanserade i sin rapportering i den mening att de använder fler källor än kvällstidningarna i så gott som varje kategori.</p><p>Ett annat mönster är att kvällstidningarna fokuserat mer på att använda civila georgiska källor i såväl text som bild än morgontidningarna.</p><p>Ingen av tidningarna, vare sig i text eller bild, använde civila abchazer som källa, trots att konflikten även pågick i det området.</p></p>

<p>The Swedish Transport Administration has, and manages, a database containing information of the status of road condition on all paved and governmental operated Swedish roads. The purpose of the database is to support the Pavement Management System (PMS). The PMS is used to identify sections of roads where there is a need for treatment, how to allocate resources and to get a general picture of the state of the road network condition. All major treatments should be reported which has not always been done.</p><p>The road condition is measured using a number of indicators on e.g. the roads unevenness. Rut depth is an indicator of the roads transverse unevenness. When a treatment has been done the condition drastically changes, which is also reflected by these indicators.</p><p>The purpose of this master thesis is to; by using existing indicators make predictions to find points in time when a road has been treated.</p><p>We have created a SAS-program based on simple linear regression to analyze rut depth changes over time. The function of the program is to find levels changes in the rut depth trend. A drastic negative change means that a treatment has been made.</p><p>The proportion of roads with an alleged date for the latest treatment earlier than the programs latest detected date was 37 percent. It turned out that there are differences in the proportions of possible treatments found by the software and actually reported roads between different regions. The regions North and Central have the highest proportion of differences. There are also differences between the road groups with various amount of traffic. The differences between the regions do not depend entirely on the fact that the proportion of heavily trafficked roads is greater for some regions.</p>

Den här undersökningen syftar till att ta reda på om det fanns skillnader i svenska, rikstäckande tidningars val av källor under krigsrapporteringen från Georgienkrisens tio inledande dagar. För att få svar på frågorna analyserades artiklar från Sveriges fyra största tidningar, Aftonbladet, Expressen, Dagens Nyheter och Svenska Dagbladet. Resultaten visade att det finns både likheter och skillnader mellan hur tidningarna rapporterade, sett utifrån vilka källor de prioriterar och låter komma till tals. Officiella och civila källor används till exempel i ungefär samma utsträckning av tidningarna. Uppdelat i nationaliteter är källorna inte lika jämnt fördelade, då georgiska källor dominerar över de övriga parterna i konflikten. Morgontidningarna är mer balanserade i sin rapportering i den mening att de använder fler källor än kvällstidningarna i så gott som varje kategori. Ett annat mönster är att kvällstidningarna fokuserat mer på att använda civila georgiska källor i såväl text som bild än morgontidningarna. Ingen av tidningarna, vare sig i text eller bild, använde civila abchazer som källa, trots att konflikten även pågick i det området.

The Swedish Transport Administration has, and manages, a database containing information of the status of road condition on all paved and governmental operated Swedish roads. The purpose of the database is to support the Pavement Management System (PMS). The PMS is used to identify sections of roads where there is a need for treatment, how to allocate resources and to get a general picture of the state of the road network condition. All major treatments should be reported which has not always been done. The road condition is measured using a number of indicators on e.g. the roads unevenness. Rut depth is an indicator of the roads transverse unevenness. When a treatment has been done the condition drastically changes, which is also reflected by these indicators. The purpose of this master thesis is to; by using existing indicators make predictions to find points in time when a road has been treated. We have created a SAS-program based on simple linear regression to analyze rut depth changes over time. The function of the program is to find levels changes in the rut depth trend. A drastic negative change means that a treatment has been made. The proportion of roads with an alleged date for the latest treatment earlier than the programs latest detected date was 37 percent. It turned out that there are differences in the proportions of possible treatments found by the software and actually reported roads between different regions. The regions North and Central have the highest proportion of differences. There are also differences between the road groups with various amount of traffic. The differences between the regions do not depend entirely on the fact that the proportion of heavily trafficked roads is greater for some regions.

Syftet med vår studie är att kartlägga och förklara hur transparenta svenska börsbolag är vid redovisningen av utfallet samt bakgrunden till kortsiktig rörlig ersättning för den verkställande direktören, samt att identifiera potentiella förklaringar och bakomliggande orsaker till transparensen. Vi har valt att studera de 29 bolag som representerar de 30 mest omsatta aktierna på Stockholmsbörsens Large Cap lista (OMXS30). Metodmässigt kan studien delas in i två huvudsakliga delar. I den ena delen av studien använder vi en kvantitativ ansats och tillämpar ett positivistiskt synsätt. I den andra delen av studien använder vi en kvalitativ ansats och tillämpar ett hermeneutiskt synsätt. Vid insamlingen av datamaterialet har vi inspirerats av en tvärsnittsdesign där huvudsakliga syftet har varit att samla in relevant information för att kunna bedöma transparensen utifrån en egen framtagen modell. Modellen utgörs av fem kriterier inspirerade av Ersättningsakademiens riktlinjer för rapportering av ersättning och syftar till att ge en samlad bedömning av de studerade bolagens transparens. Vi har även identifierat ett antal potentiella förklarande variabler utifrån vilka vi har studerat orsakssamband till transparensen. Vi har dessutom analyserat kommunikationen utifrån ett legitimitetsperspektiv med avsikt att få en förståelse för bolagens val av rapportering. Utifrån resultatet av vår studie kan vi finna stöd till den kritik som riktats mot en bristande transparens vid rapportering av rörlig ersättning till verkställande direktören. Vi kan även se tendenser till att det orsakssamband som tidigare studier belyst mellan transparens och styrelsens oberoende, kan gälla även för svenska börsnoterade bolag. / The purpose of this study is to describe and explain the transparency of Swedish public companies when it comes to the reporting of short term bonus payment to the chief executive officer. Furthermore we intend to identify possible explanations and underlying causes regarding the transparency. We have selected the 29 companies that represent the 30 most traded stocks on the Stockholm Stock Exchange (OMXS30). Methodology, the study can be divided into two primary parts. In the first part of the study we use a quantitative approach and apply a positivistic view. In the second part of the study we use a qualitative approach and apply a hermeneutic view. When it comes to collecting data we have been inspired by a cross section design and the primary focus has been to collect relevant information to allow an assessment of the transparency with a model we have developed. This model consists of five criteria inspired by the Ersättningsakademiens (Compensation Academy) guidelines regarding the reporting of compensation and is designed to provide an overall assessment of the studied company’s transparency. We have also identified a number of possible explanatory variables from which we have studied underlying causes to the transparency. Furthermore we have analyzed the communication from a perspective of legitimacy with the intent to obtain an understanding regarding the company’s choice of reporting. From the result of the study we find support to previous criticism regarding lacking transparency on the matter of the reporting of short term bonus payments to the CEO. We can also see tendencies to the fact that the causation that previous studies pointed out between transparency and the independence of the board, may exist in Swedish publicly traded companies as well.

The dualistic South African health system is divided into a private and public health care sector. The core difference between these two sectors is that private hospitals are based on a business model with a profit motive, while public hospitals offer a free service, accessible to all citizens of South Africa and is nurse-driven. The increased need towards higher quality health care is evident in the launching of the National Health Insurance system. The pilot of this system was activated in ten sub-districts in South Africa and will become the mechanism to enhance quality and safety of patient care in the private and public sectors. Registered nurses’ reporting of quality and safety of patient care is an important factor in quality-related research and has been linked with international studies on quality of care. As the registered nurses are directly involved in all the facets of patient care, this population serves as a valuable contribution in the assessment of quality care. In this research quality of care refers to quality, patient safety and adverse events. Quality of care refers to the extent to which actual care is in conformity with the present criteria for good care. Patient safety is a parameter used to monitor and enhance quality. Through enhanced patient safety, adverse events can be prevented. Adverse events refer to all the incidents that can affect a patient during hospitalisation that is not due to the patient’s illness, such as hospital acquired infections, medication safety and patient falls with injury. This research aimed to explore and describe the nurse reported differences in quality of care, patient safety and adverse events in the adult medical and surgical units of private and public hospitals in the Free State and North West Provinces. This study was conducted within the RN4CAST research programme, an international consortium of fifteen countries working together towards the formulation of nurse workforce forecasting models. A quantitative, correlational, explorative, descriptive and contextual design was followed. The population consisted of registered nurses employed for at least one year in the selected private and public hospitals in the two participating provinces. Private hospitals with more than 100 beds were included. The public hospitals had a level three status. An all-inclusive sampling was conducted (n=332) after participants gave informed consent. Data was collected through the completion of the National Nurse Survey that covered four sections of which quality of care, patient safety and adverse events was one. Field workers were utilised during data collection. Data capturing was conducted by means of EpiData 3.1. Secondary data analysis was utilised by means of SPSS 16.0. Descriptive statistics were extracted with regard to the demographic status of the participants. The descriptive statistics were congruent with the demographic profile of nursing in South Africa. The inferential statistics included the difference in quality of care, patient safety and adverse events between the private and public hospitals in the selected provinces. Both the t-test based on the quality of care and patient safety as well as the Mann-Whitney test on adverse events indicated an insignificant difference between nurse reported quality of care, patient safety and adverse events between the private and public hospitals. Reliability and validity were assured and recommendations were formulated for nursing education, practice and research. / MCur, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The dualistic South African health system is divided into a private and public health care sector. The core difference between these two sectors is that private hospitals are based on a business model with a profit motive, while public hospitals offer a free service, accessible to all citizens of South Africa and is nurse-driven. The increased need towards higher quality health care is evident in the launching of the National Health Insurance system. The pilot of this system was activated in ten sub-districts in South Africa and will become the mechanism to enhance quality and safety of patient care in the private and public sectors. Registered nurses’ reporting of quality and safety of patient care is an important factor in quality-related research and has been linked with international studies on quality of care. As the registered nurses are directly involved in all the facets of patient care, this population serves as a valuable contribution in the assessment of quality care. In this research quality of care refers to quality, patient safety and adverse events. Quality of care refers to the extent to which actual care is in conformity with the present criteria for good care. Patient safety is a parameter used to monitor and enhance quality. Through enhanced patient safety, adverse events can be prevented. Adverse events refer to all the incidents that can affect a patient during hospitalisation that is not due to the patient’s illness, such as hospital acquired infections, medication safety and patient falls with injury. This research aimed to explore and describe the nurse reported differences in quality of care, patient safety and adverse events in the adult medical and surgical units of private and public hospitals in the Free State and North West Provinces. This study was conducted within the RN4CAST research programme, an international consortium of fifteen countries working together towards the formulation of nurse workforce forecasting models. A quantitative, correlational, explorative, descriptive and contextual design was followed. The population consisted of registered nurses employed for at least one year in the selected private and public hospitals in the two participating provinces. Private hospitals with more than 100 beds were included. The public hospitals had a level three status. An all-inclusive sampling was conducted (n=332) after participants gave informed consent. Data was collected through the completion of the National Nurse Survey that covered four sections of which quality of care, patient safety and adverse events was one. Field workers were utilised during data collection. Data capturing was conducted by means of EpiData 3.1. Secondary data analysis was utilised by means of SPSS 16.0. Descriptive statistics were extracted with regard to the demographic status of the participants. The descriptive statistics were congruent with the demographic profile of nursing in South Africa. The inferential statistics included the difference in quality of care, patient safety and adverse events between the private and public hospitals in the selected provinces. Both the t-test based on the quality of care and patient safety as well as the Mann-Whitney test on adverse events indicated an insignificant difference between nurse reported quality of care, patient safety and adverse events between the private and public hospitals. Reliability and validity were assured and recommendations were formulated for nursing education, practice and research. / MCur, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Medarbetarna genererar ekonomiska fördelar och är en konkurrensfördel på markanden, därför anses de som en av företagens viktigaste resurser. Ett ökat intresse för humankapitalet har bidragit till att många företag idag väljer att integrera information om humankapitalet i den frivilliga rapporteringen. Trots detta finns det idag inga riktlinjer eller standarder för hur resurserna ska presenteras. Det finns även lite forskning om hur företag kan presentera frivilliga upplysningar om humankapital. Syftet med vår studie är att generera kunskap om hur fem svenska företag med många anställda presenterar information om sitt humankapital. Vi vill även undersöka hur informationen varierar mellan företagen. Vi har genomfört en kvalitativ innehållsanalys på företagens års- och hållbarhetsredovisningar där vi skapat kärnkategorier utifrån tidigare litteratur men även kunnat addera underkategorier med hjälp av en abduktiv ansats. Undersökningen pekar på att det finns ett externt intresse för de mänskliga resurserna då samtliga företag väljer att integrera information om humankapital i sina års- och hållbarhetsredovisningar. Upplysningarna skiljer sig något mellan företagen men likheterna är desto fler och mönster i utformningen går att finna mellan samtliga företag. / Employees generate economic benefits and are a competitive advantage on the market and therefore they are considered as one of the company's most important asset. An increased interest in human capital over the past years has contributed to the fact that many companies today choose to integrate human capital disclosures in their voluntary reports. However, there is an absence of standards and guidelines of presenting human resources. The research on how companies can present voluntary information about human capital is also unexplored. The purpose of our study is to generate knowledge about how five Swedish companies with many employees present information about their human capital. We also want to acquire knowledge how the information varies between companies. We have conducted a qualitative content analysis on companies' annual and sustainability reports, where we created core categories based on previous literature, but we could also add subcategories using an abductive approach. The survey points out that there is an external interest in human resources where all companies choose to integrate human capital into their annual and sustainability reports. Although the information differs between the companies, there are also similarities and patterns can be found among the companies in their reporting.

Bakgrund: Studien har genomförts för att undersöka och analysera förvärvsupplysningars användbarhet i årsredovisningar respektive integrerade rapporter från och med år 2013 till och med år 2016. Tidigare studier undersöker integrerade rapporters beslutsanvändbarhet utifrån ett investerarperspektiv, vilket kopplas till reaktioner i bolagens aktiepris ochaktieavkastning. Syfte: Syftet med vår studie är att undersöka skillnader i hur väl integrerade rapporter respektive årsredovisningar från noterade europeiska bolag, fungerar som beslutsunderlag för investerare i bolag som genomfört förvärv. Därtill är syftet att undersöka och analysera i vilken utsträckning integrerade rapporter är mer beslutsanvändbara än traditionella årsredovisningar. Genomförande: Studien utgår från en kvantitativ ansats där vi mäter hur aktiepris och aktieavkastning reagerar på årsrapporternas innehåll av förvärvsupplysningar. Detta föregås av innehållsanalyser av årsrapporterna vilka slutligen inkluderas i våra regressionsanalyser för besvarande av syftet. Resultat: Utifrån innehållsanalysen är integrerade rapporter generellt bättre på att ge beslutsanvändbara förvärvsupplysningar. Detta återspeglas i en större reaktion på de förvärvande bolagens aktiepris. Gällande aktieavkastningen uteblir reaktionen både för integrerade rapporter och traditionella årsredovisningar. Rörande upplysningar om goodwill reagerar aktiepriset för både integrerade rapporter och årsredovisningar, medan reaktioneni aktieavkastning uteblir. / Background: This study has been conducted to investigate possible differences in how integrated reports and traditional annual reports provide information about acquisitions for European listed companies from 2013 to 2016. Previous studies on integrated reporting have mainly focused on investigating whether these reports serve as a base for decision-usefulness for investors and how reporting companies' stock returns are subsequently improved after the issuance of annual reports as integrated reports, where results have varied. Aim: The purpose of our study is to investigate differences in how well integrated reports and annual reports from listed European companies serve as a basis for investors in companies that have completed acquisitions. In addition, the purpose is to investigate and analyse the extent to which integrated reports are more decision-useful than traditional annual reports. Completion: The study is based on a quantitative approach where we measure how stock price and return on equity react to acquisition information in annual reports. This is preceded by a content analysis of the annual reports, which is ultimately included in our regression analysis. Results: We find that integrated reports are generally better in acquisition disclosures than traditional annual reports. Furthermore, we find that stock prices of companies with integrated reports receive a more significant reaction in response to the disclosure of acquisition information than traditional annual reports. Such significance does not exist for the stock returns of both types of reporting companies. Lastly, we find that share prices of both types of reporting companies significantly respond to goodwill and intangible assets disclosures.