Political legitimacy has often been addressed in terms of the legitimacy of actors, while the legitimacy of policies as such is relatively neglected. This thesis argues that an analytical distinction between the categories of the actor and its action is necessary, since an actor's legitimacy does not automatically imply the legitimacy of its behaviour; furthermore, in real social discourse, actions are not exempt from legitimacy judgments. The ambition of the thesis is to make use of this research gap and to examine one of the most important tools of the EU's foreign policy by means of an analytical framework of political legitimacy. The selected cases are the current episode of CFSP sanctions against Russia; "appropriate measures" under the ACP Partnership agreement against Zimbabwe; and the informal arms embargo against China. Sanctions dealt with in the first two cases are deemed legitimate, while the arms embargo on China failed to meet the legitimacy criteria. Apart from the findings on legitimacy, two major conclusions can be drawn from the analysis: The lack of internal coherence is impairing the legitimacy of the EU's political measures; and the imposition of sanctions through an institutionalised political framework enhances their transparency in contrast to informal measures.

Contexte : La survie à long terme après la transplantation pulmonaire est compromise par le rejet chronique (chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD)), une complication qui touche 50% des patients à 5 ans post-greffe. Le CLAD regroupe quatre phénotypes distincts caractérisés par une atteinte pulmonaire obstructive (Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS)) ou restrictive (Restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS)), ou une combinaison des deux (phénotypes mixte et non défini). L’obésité est associée à une diminution de la fonction pulmonaire en raison de facteurs mécaniques, métaboliques et inflammatoires qui lui sont associés. Le gain de poids suite à la greffe pulmonaire est fréquent et parfois considérable, ce qui peut compromettre la fonction pulmonaire. Or, le lien entre le gain de poids post-greffe et la survenue des phénotypes du CLAD demeure inconnu. Objectifs : 1) Décrire les trajectoires pondérales post-greffe pulmonaire des patients ayant développé ou non l’un des quatre phénotypes du CLAD; 2) Déterminer si le statut pondéral à la greffe et la variation de poids et d’IMC après la greffe sont associés à la survenue des phénotypes du CLAD; 3) Examiner si les phénotypes du CLAD influencent la survie post-greffe. Méthodologie : Étude rétrospective des dossiers médicaux de patients ayant reçu une transplantation pulmonaire bilatérale au CHUM entre 2000 et 2020. En utilisant la classification de l’International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation, les patients ont été classés parmi les cinq catégories suivantes : Absence ou présence de l’un des quatre phénotypes du CLAD. Résultats : Parmi les 579 patients inclus; 412 (71.1%) n’ont pas développé de CLAD, et 81 (14.0%), 20 (3.5%), 59 (10.2%) and 7 (1.2%) ont respectivement développé les phénotypes BOS, RAS, mixte et non-défini. Les trajectoires post-greffe de poids des patients qui développent une restriction pulmonaire (RAS, mixte et non-défini) se distinguent par des gains de poids plus importants. Une augmentation du poids (kg) (Hazard ratio [HR] : 1,04, IC 95% [1,01-1,08]; P = 0,008) et de l’IMC (kg/m2) (HR : 1,13, IC 95% [1,03-1,23]; P = 0,008) en post-greffe sont associés à une augmentation du risque de RAS. La survie post-greffe (années) est plus faible chez les patients ayant développé les phénotypes RAS (9,07 [IC 95% 7,43-10,70]), mixte (8,41 [IC 95% 6,56-10,25]) et non défini (9,99 [IC 95% 4,67-15,31]; p<0,001). Conclusion : Les liens entre le gain de poids post-greffe et la survenue des phénotypes restrictifs du CLAD doivent être clarifiées pour déterminer si une gestion optimale du poids préviendrait leur développement. / Background: Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) is a common complication after lung transplant (LTx), affecting 50% of patients by five years post-LTx. It is associated with poor survival, limited to 1 to 5 years after CLAD diagnosis. Four CLAD clinical phenotypes have been defined: Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome (BOS), Restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS), mixed and undefined phenotypes. Weight gain is commonly observed after LTx and may negatively impact lung function and post-LTx survival. Yet, the association between post-LTx weight gain and the development of CLAD and its phenotypes remains to be explored. Objectives: 1) To describe post-LTx weight trajectories of CLAD-free patients and patients who developed the various CLAD phenotypes; 2) To determine the associations between BMI at transplant, post-LTx variation of weight and BMI, and the risk of developing the various CLAD phenotypes and; 3) To examine whether the development of the CLAD phenotypes impacted post-LTx survival. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of patients who received a first bilateral LTx at the CHUM between 2000 and 2020. We extracted demographic, anthropometric, and clinical data from medical charts. Using the 2019 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation classification, patients were categorized among these five categories: CLAD-free or presence of one of the four CLAD phenotypes. Results: Our sample consisted of 579 patients; 412 (71.1%) remained CLAD-free, and 81 (14.0%), 20 (3.5%), 59 (10.2%), and 7 (1.2%) developed BOS, RAS, the mixed and the undefined phenotype, respectively. Weight trajectories showed that patients who developed restrictive CLAD (RAS, mixed and undefined) experienced weight gains of greater amplitude within the first five years post-LTx than CLAD-free patients and patients with BOS. An increase in weight (kg) (Hazard ratio [HR]: 1.04, 95% CI [1.01- 1.08]; P = 0.008) and BMI (kg/m2 ) (HR: 1.13, 95% CI [1.03-1.23]; P = 0.008) during post-LTx follow-up was associated with a greater risk of RAS. Worse survival (years) was seen in patients who developed the RAS (9.07 [95% CI 7.43-10.70]), mixed (8.41 [95% CI 6.56-10.25]), and undefined (9.99 [95% CI 4.67-15.31]; p<0.001) phenotypes. Conclusion: Future studies must clarify the associations between post-LTx weight gain and the onset of restrictive CLAD and whether it could be prevented with appropriate weight management strategies.

[pt] Trata-se de proposta de sistematização da superação do precedente judicial vinculante no direito brasileiro. O Código de Processo Civil atual introduziu um conjunto de regras que disciplina a formação e a aplicação do precedente vinculante. Embora estabeleça a possibilidade da modificação da jurisprudência, mediante fundamentação adequada e específica e a observância dos princípios da segurança jurídica, da proteção da confiança e da isonomia (art. 927, parágrafo 4) e mencione a superação uma única vez (art. 489, parágrafo 1, VI), o Código não regula de forma específica esse instituto. Por outro lado, a interpretação atual dos tribunais acerca das regras de admissibilidade de recursos excepcionais impede o acesso aos tribunais superiores para levar a questão da superação, o que traz sério risco de estagnação do direito. A partir do conceito de superação extraído da teoria geral e da interpretação conforme as normas constitucionais das regras inerentes à formação, aplicação e modificação dos precedentes constantes do nosso ordenamento processual atual, procura-se suprir as lacunas legais para identificar os contornos da superação no direito brasileiro, seus requisitos materiais e processuais, as regras de transição que devem acompanhá-la, sobretudo a modulação dos seus efeitos, e os meios adequados para promovê-la. / [en] This is a proposal to systematize the overruling in Brazilian Law. The current Civil Procedure Code has introduced a set of rules to regulate the formation and application of the binding precedent. Although it establishes the possibility of modifying the precedent, through appropriate and specific reasoning and compliance with the principles of legal certainty, justified reliance and isonomy (art. 927, paragraph 4) and mentions the overruling once only (art. 489, paragraph 1, VI), the Code does not specifically regulate this institute. On the other hand, the current interpretation of the courts on the rules of admissibility of exceptional appeals prevents the issue of overruling from being brought to higher courts, which carries a serious risk of stagnation of law. From the concept of overruling as extracted from the general theory and from its interpretation according to the constitutional norms of the rules inherent to the formation, application and modification of the precedents contained in our current procedural order, this work seeks to fill the legal gaps to identify the contours of overruling in Brazilian law, its material and procedural requirements, the transitional rules that must accompany it, with especial regard to the modulation of its effects, and the appropriate ways to promote it.

No description available.

Le droit d’agir devant la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme est assurément unique dansl’ordre juridique international. Erigé en « pierre angulaire » du système européen de sauvegarde,bénéficie-t-il pour autant d’une protection à la hauteur de cette qualification? L’engorgementmanifeste de la Cour de Strasbourg place cette interrogation dans une actualité perpétuelle.L’étude de ce droit processuel supranational illustre l’existence simultanée de deux courantsprétoriens aux effets diamétralement opposés sur l’exercice du droit d’agir : l’un souple, provictima, qui ouvre largement le prétoire de la Cour et l’autre restreignant a contrario son accès. Sil’approche souple satisfait naturellement l’intérêt individuel des requérants, elle permet égalementà la Cour de bâtir un ordre public européen de protection des droits de l’Homme. Parallèlement,l’interprétation stricte des conditions d’accès repose sur la responsabilisation des acteurs dumécanisme européen et sous-tend un filtrage rigoureux des affaires individuelles. Le droit d’agirreprésente, par conséquent, une composante d’un système de protection de nature« constitutionnelle » évoluant aux rythmes des liens tissés entre les deux courants prétoriensévoqués. C’est en effet par un mouvement pendulaire entre l’ouverture et la fermeture du prétoirede la Cour de Strasbourg que la garantie durable du droit d’agir peut être assurée. / The right of action in front of the European Court of Human Rights is certainly unparalleled in theinternational legal order. In the light of the constant congestion at the Strasbourg Court, one canonly ask if this right is genuinely guaranteed as the corner stone that is intended to be in theEuropean system of protection. The analysis of this supranational procedural right reflects theexistence of two distinct case law dynamics that influence the right of action: the pro victimaeffect, widening the access to the Court, and the opposite restraining effect. The first effect, moreflexible, not only favors the individual interest of the plaintiff, but also allows the Court todevelop the European public order of human rights protection. In parallel, the restraining effect onthe grounds of access to the Court entails a rigorous filtering of the individual cases, in order toachieve an increased accountability on human rights protection both of States and individuals.Therefore, the right of action represents the component of what can be nowadays qualified of a« constitutional » system of Human rights protection. Moreover, the alternate dynamics, closingand opening access to the Court, describe a pendula movement that is essential for a sustainableright of action.

La première cause de maigreur chez les femmes dans les pays occidentaux est l’anorexie mentale (AM). La maigreur constitutionnelle (MC) regroupe des femmes d’Indice de masse corporelle identique aux AM mais sans les anomalies psychologiques, biologiques ou hormonales (pas d’aménorrhée) rencontrées dans l’AM. Les troubles du comportement alimentaire (TCA) comprennent l’AM restrictive pure (AM-R), l’AM avec crises boulimiques (AM-BP) et la boulimie nerveuse (BN). Notre travail explore ces troubles à la lumière de la régulation de l’appétit dont le centre organique (noyau arqué) reçoit des afférences de peptides périphériques tels que la leptine, le PYY, le GLP1 , la ghréline et l’obéstatine. Nous montrons un profil orexigène dans l’AM-R, témoignant d’une intégrité du système de régulation de la prise alimentaire et adaptatif, luttant contre la restriction alimentaire. Nous avançons le concept de ghrélino-résistance dans l’AM-R dont le substratum biologique est peut-être l’obéstatine. Nous montrons une ghréline basse chez les AM-BP comme chez les BN permettant un diagnostic différentiel précis et rapide. A l’inverse, nous montrons un profil anorexigène constitutif chez les MC participant au maintien du poids bas, proposant la MC comme un modèle humain de résistance à la prise de poids. Ces hormones peuvent agir comme arbitre organique objectif entre des entités cliniques parfois à tort confondues. Une leptine basse chez une jeune fille maigre signe une AM, une ghréline basse chez une AM signe la présence de crises boulimiques. Ces éléments forts nous poussent à continuer notre travail de précision et de phénotypage de ces entités pour mieux en comprendre la physiopathologie / The commonest group of underweight young women in the developed world is restrictive anorexia nervosa (AN). However, constitutional thinness (CT) is a condition described in the same low weight range as AN. CT women display normal menstruation an do not present with psychological or hormonal features of AN. Eating disorders (EA) displays Anorexia Nervosa with restrictive food behaviour (AN-R), Anorexia Nervosa with binge purge associated (AN-BP) and bulimia Nervosa (BN ). Food intake is controlled by the arcuate nucleus through integration of peripheral hormonal signals such as leptin, ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Our objective was to understand thinness and EA through those hormonal signals. AN-R presents an orexigenic adaptative profile contrasting with the anorexigenic constitutive one in CT, proving the integrity of the appetite regulation system. We propose the ghrelin resistance concept with the putative obestatin. AN-BP presents a very different profile of appetite regulatory peptides when compared with AN-R, with low ghrelin levels. The hormones appear to be valuable biomarkers to distinguish AN and CT in severe underweight patients and to diagnose binge purge in AN. The assessment of ghrelin (and eventually obestatin) could be of particular interest for differential diagnosis between AN-R and AN-BP. The assessment of leptin could also be useful for differential diagnosis between AN and CT

This thesis examines the discipline of English studies in South Africa through a review of articles published in 11 academic journals over the period 1958-2004. The aims are to gain a better understanding of the functions of peer-reviewed journals, to reveal the presence of rules governing discursive production, and to uncover the historical shifts in approach and choice of disciplinary objects. The Foucauldian typology of procedures determining discursive production, that is: exclusionary, internal and restrictive procedures, is applied to the discipline of English studies in order to elucidate the existence of such procedures in the discipline. Each journal is reviewed individually and comparatively. Static and chronological statistical analyses are undertaken on the articles in the 11 journals in order to provide empirical evidence to subvert the contention that the discipline is unruly and its choice of objects random. The cumulative results of this analysis are used to describe the major shifts primarily in ranges of disciplinary objects, but also in metadiscursive and thematic debates. Each of the journals is characterised in relation to what the overall analysis reveals about the mainstream developments. The two main findings are that, during the period under review, South African imaginative written artefacts have moved from a marginal position to the centre of focus of the discipline; and that the conception of what constitutes the `literary' has returned to a pre-Practical criticism definition, broadly inclusive of a variety of types of artefact including imaginative writing, such as autobiography, letters, journals and orature. / English Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (English)

Le monde des affaires est marqué par des contrats conclus entre des personnes de pouvoir économique inégal, ce qui résulte souvent sur des abus subis par la partie la plus faible. De ce fait, la recherche de l’équilibre contractuel et, plus précisément, de la protection de la partie faible, y est constante. Dans cette optique, le droit des pratiques restrictives de concurrence, droit des pratiques économiques individuelles, est souvent présenté comme un dispositif légal permettant de répondre à cette préoccupation en ce qu’il aurait pour finalité la protection des entreprises dans leurs relations bilatérales. Cependant, cette affirmation est loin d’être exacte. En effet, l’analyse des règles de ce droit de la concurrence amène à remettre en cause ce point de vue. En réalité, les dispositions qui le composent ont une finalité qui transcende l’intérêt des parties pour s’attacher à un intérêt général économique. L'encadrement individuel des relations commerciales est un moyen pour parvenir à atteindre des finalités macroéconomiques. La protection de la partie faible ne peut être assurée par le droit des pratiques restrictives de concurrence mais ressortit à d'autres mécanismes juridiques. / The business world is marked by contracts between people of unequal economic power which often leads to abuses suffered by the weaker party. Therefore, the search for the contractual balance and more specifically the protection of the weaker party is constant. In this context, the right of restrictive practices, the right of individual economic practices, is often presented as a legal mechanism to address this concern in that it would aim to protect businesses in their bilateral relations. However, this statement is far from accurate. The analysis of the rules of the competitive law brings to question this view. In fact, the provisions in it have a purpose that transcends the interests of the parties to focus on the general economic interest. Legislature organize relations between enterprises to regulate macroeconomic problems and not regulate problems of each enterprise. The protection of the weaker party cannot be ensured by the law of restrictive practices but falls within other legal mechanisms.

Emerging markets such as India have witnessed waves of domestic and cross-border mergers and acquisitions. This historical analysis, which consists of two parts, tests central tenets of resource dependence theory. The first part entails an analysis of the transition in public policy governing corporations between 1991 and 2005. The second part tests hypotheses derived from resource dependence theory relating to a firm’s decision to acquire. The analysis explores the factors that explain why firms engage in mergers and acquisitions by examining three specific policy periods (i.e., 1991-1996, 1997-2001 and 2002-2005). The findings from the historical analysis suggest that firms did not merely react to the conditions (i.e., constraints on capital) in their environment by undertaking merger and acquisition activity, but attempted to alter them as resource dependence theory suggests. Findings from the event history logit model also support resource dependence theory. Overall, the study shows that merger and acquisition activity increased during a period of intense deregulation (i.e., 1991-2005) brought about by the adoption of neo-liberal reforms, change to the multilayer subsidiary form, deregulation of the banking and financial sectors’ and reforms in foreign direct investment and equity markets. During this period of uncertainty, firms controlling more resources in terms of earnings, efficiency and number of subsidiaries were more likely to undertake acquisition activity as they have leverage in organization-environment relationships. The effect of number of subsidiaries on acquisition activity was the most consistent across policy periods’. This dissertation is organized in the following manner: Following the introductory chapter, Chapter II is a historical examination of the three policy periods and includes an analysis of the effect of the political-legal environment on mergers and acquisitions between 1991 and 2005. Chapter III reviews the propositions of resource dependence theory that pertain to organizational change and presents research hypotheses related to mergers and acquisitions. Chapter IV describes the data, measurement and methodology employed in the quantitative analysis. Chapter V presents the findings from the quantitative analysis and discusses the results. The concluding chapter (Chapter VI) includes a presentation of the theoretical findings and discussion of the limitations and scope of the study.

Vad gäller reglerna om tidigare års underskott utgör koncernbidragsspärren en spärregel till den annars gällande huvudregeln att tidigare års förluster får kvittas mot framtida vinster. Koncernbidragsspärren inträder vid ägarförändringar och innebär förenklat att ett underskottsföretag är förhindrat att, under en period om fem år, kvitta kvarstående underskott mot koncernbidrag som underskottsföretaget mottar från företag som inte ingick i koncernen före ägarförändringen (nya företag). Underskott som uppkommer efter ägarförändringen får dock kvittas mot koncernbidrag från nya företag. Uppsatsen syftar till att analysera och granska reglerna om koncernbidragsspärren ur ett företagsperspektiv, vilket innebär att uppsatsen ser till reglernas bakomliggande syfte och till hur reglerna fungerar vid en praktisk tillämpning. Uppsatsen har ett särskilt fokus kring i vilken turordning koncernbidrag ska beaktas vid avräkning mot befintliga underskott när ett underskottsföretag mottar koncernbidrag både från gamla och nya företag i en koncern. I RÅ 2008 ref. 69 ställdes frågan på sin spets och Högsta Förvaltningsdomstolen befäste en ny turordningsprincip där koncernbidrag från gamla företag ska beaktas före koncernbidrag från nya företag i koncernen. Det har genom uppsatsens analys av reglerna om koncernbidragsspärren påvisats att reglerna är svåra att tillämpa och i många fall råder det osäkerhet om hur reglerna ska tolkas. Det kan konstateras att problematik kvarstår avseende frågan om i vilken turordning koncernbidrag från så kallade gamla respektive nya företag ska beaktas vid avräkning mot befintliga underskott även efter RÅ 2008 ref. 69. En rådande osäkerhet om hur reglerna ska tolkas kan inte anses tillfredsställande ur ett företagsperspektiv och en översyn av reglerna vore välkommen. / According to the Swedish legislation tax losses can normally be carried forward and settled against future profits in the same company unlimited of time. However, a restriction of losses being carried forward may occur in situations where change of ownership is at hand. The restrictive rule prohibits offsetting tax losses in an acquired loss-making company against group contributions received from other group companies. The restrictive rule applies up until, and including, the end of the fifth year after the year when the restriction occurred. However, losses that occur after the change of ownership are possible to offset against group contributions from other group companies. The thesis aims to analyze and review the restrictive rule from a business perspective which means that the underlying purpose of the restrictive rule and how it works in practice is examined. The thesis has a particular focus on in what order group contributions should be considered when being offset against existing deficits when the deficit company receives group contributions from old and new companies in the corporate group. In the Swedish case law RÅ 2008 ref. 69 the Supreme Administrative Court laid down a new principle of order where group contributions from an old company should be regarded before a group contribution from a new company. Through the analysis of the restrictive rule it has been demonstrated that the rule is difficult to conform to and that there is an uncertainty regarding the interpretation of it. Through the analysis of this thesis it is established that, even after RÅ 2008 ref. 69, the complexity of problems remains concerning in what order group contributions from old respectively new companies should be considered when being offset against existing deficits. A such prescribed uncertainty regarding the interpretation of the restrictive rule cannot be considered satisfactory from a business perspective and a review of the rules would be preferable.