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There is a constant struggle for teachers to find new methods that generate learning. Every student learns differently and not everyone benefits from the traditional learning methods that teachers have used for centuries. Therefore, teachers must now variate their teaching methods so that every student gets the same opportunity to learn. This study aims to explore the possibility to use song lyrics as a didactic tool to bring in a practical element in the subject of social studies. Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to see how the students experience this kind of practical element in a theoretical school subject. At last, this study is interested in finding out if this kind of didactic tool and teaching method is an effective way to generate learning. To answer these questions the study uses three qualitative methods - a lesson study, group interviews and a survey. Earlier research has found that is it positive to connect the teaching materials to something that the students can relate to since this can create interest and motivation. The use of song lyrics in this study hopes to use something familiar to the students and connect this to social studies. By analysing collected data using two scientific theories, we can conclude three things. First of all, song lyrics can be used to provide a clear and realistic connection to society. Secondly, the participating students overall seemed to enjoy using song lyrics as a didactic tool. Finally, the study can conclude that song lyrics can generate learning since it creates interest among the students.

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This thesis discusses source criticism from a critical perspective which encompasses its challenges, demands and possibilities for teaching practice. The questions guiding the core of this research are the following:1) What differentiates people’s activities in the process of evaluating sources? 2) What characterizes an effective practice in critical evaluation of sources? 3) Which criteria, factors and strategies might be important to consider in order to have a successful source critical methodology that promotes the improvement of critical thinking when analysing information and news?The studied materials include data from one survey and 54 semi-structured interviews. The interviews, analysed by using a methodology based on Grounded Theory, led to the development of a concept, critical source criticism (CSC), which define a broad perspective for the analysis of sources, and a related theoretical model (the CSC-model) aimed to be used for didactical purposes. The outcomes from this research suggest that different forms and levels of knowledge in history and social studies (in theory and practice), have a critical impact on the way we interact with information. The results also suggest that the combinations of theories and methodologies, alongside an emphasis on pluralism and multiperspectivity, can turn source criticism into an effective practice to achieve several educational goals. Subsequently, these results, are considered in the development of the proposed model in this thesis. The CSC-model developed in this study could be suitable for the analysis of information such as news, in planning of source-critical based teaching and in source critical discussions. I argue that this methodological structure, can be applied to facilitate the development of critical thinking, as well as other skills and abilities essential for democratic participation. This thesis Includes summaries in Swedish and Spanish as appendices".

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka gymnasielevers upplevelse av musik och låttexter som ett didaktiskt redskap inom ramen för samhällskunskapsämnet. Studien avser också att öka förstå- elsen för de faktorer som påverkar elevernas upplevelse av detta didaktiska redskap, samt deras upplevelse av estetiska läroprocesser på gymnasienivå. Det teoretiska ramverket utgår från två motstridiga teorier om hur undervisningen och läraren bör förhålla sig till elevernas livsvärldar. Åtta intervjuer ligger till grund för studiens resultat. Intervjuerna föregicks av en lektion där musik integrerades som en del i undervisningen. Resultatet pekar på att elevernas upplevelse av musik och låttexter i samhällskunskapsundervisningen i hög grad är kopplade till en mängd individuella faktorer. Aspekter som elevens inlärningspreferenser, livsvärld, personlighet, in- tresse och motivation framstod här som betydande. Slutsatsen visar dels att metoden tycktes göra störst skillnad för elever med både låg inre och yttre motivation. Slutligen belyser studien å ena sida betydande skillnader i elevernas upplevelse och åsikter om undervisning generellt, men visar å andra sidan att de förenas i åsikten att en god undervisning karakteriseras av vari- ation, elevaktiva metoder, tydlighet och struktur. / This study aims to examine upper-secondary school students' experience of music and song lyrics as a didactic tool within the social studies subject. Furthermore, the study aims to increase the understanding of factors that affect students' experience of the aesthetic learning process. The theoretical framework is based on two conflicting theories about how teaching and teachers should relate to the students' life worlds. Eight interviews form the basis of this study's results. The interviews were preceded by a lesson where music was integrated as a part of the teaching. The results indicate that the students' experience of music and lyrics in social studies teaching, were to a large extent linked to a multitude of factors. Aspects such as the student's learning preferences, life world, personality, interests and motivation appeared to be significant factors that affected their experience. The method seemed to make the largest difference for students with both low internal and external motivation. On one hand the study highlights the differences in the students' experience and opinions on teaching in general. On the other hand, the students unanimously described good teaching to be characterized by varied and student-active methods in combination with lucidity and structure.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the meaning of a heteronormative in schoolenvironments. The purpose is also to investigate whether the examined curriculum materialsin social studies for grades 4–6 display a heteronormative and how different types of gender,family constellations and sexual orientation are displayed in curriculum materials in socialstudies for that age group. The conclusion is based on a textual and visual analysis of fourdifferent curriculum materials in social studies. Methodological triangulation is used to makeit easier to discover whether they are heteronormative. The survey is based on a qualitativeanalysis with quantitative elements. As both the text and visuals have been examined, it wasnot enough to only use one measurement method. The quantitative method was used toanswer the frequency of the appearance of gender, family constellation and sexual orientationin the curriculum materials. To answer the issue on whether the teaching materials areheteronormative or not, the qualitative method was used. The main result shows that all examined instructional materials display men and women,nuclear families and heterosexuals the majority of times. Based on the result, it also appearsthat the instructional materials, in one way or another, are heteronormative.

Syftet med denna undersökning är att synliggöra vilka former av arbets- och bedömningsmetoder som lärare väljer att använda sig av för att bedöma elevernas kunskaper och genom detta studera hur dessa kan betraktas som likvärdiga i ämnet samhällskunskap, årskurs 1-3. Syftet är även att synliggöra hur lärare som undervisar i ämnet, årskurs 1-3 uppfattar ramfaktorer, och ställa detta mot tidigare forskning huruvida faktorer kan påverka lärares förutsättningar att bedöma eleverna likvärdigt. I en enkätundersökning har lärare som undervisar i samhällskunskap, årskurs 1-3, svarat på frågor om bedömningsmetoder och vilka ramfaktorer de anser påverkar förutsättningar för bedömning. Lärare i undersökningen använder framförallt muntliga och skriftliga bedömningsmetoder, vilket indikerar på hög validitet och reliabilitet. Ramfaktorer som lärarna anser ha störst påverkan på deras möjlighet till att genomföra bedömningar är de pedagogiska- samt de administrativa ramarna. En likvärdig bedömning är svår att uppnå på grund av avsaknad av bedömningsstöd för årskurs 1-3. Lärarnas svar i undersökningen, gällande ursprungskälla av bedömningsmaterial samt användandet av bedömningsmatriser skiljer sig åt, vilket kan peka på skillnader av lärarnas tolkningar av styrdokumenten. / The purpose of this study is to highlight the forms of work- and assessment methods, that teachers choose to use to assess pupil’s knowledge and thereby study how these can be considered equivalent in the subject of social studies, grades 1-3. The purpose is also to make visible how teachers who teach the subject perceive framework factors, and set this against previous research on which factors affect teachers' ability to assess students equally. In a survey, teachers who teach in the grades 1-3 answered questions about assessment methods and which framework factors they consider to affect the conditions for assessment. The teachers mainly used oral- and written assessment methods, which indicates high validity and reliability. Framework factors that teachers consider to have the greatest impact on their ability to assess pupil’s are the pedagogical- and administrative frameworks. Equivalent assessment is difficult to achieve due to the lack of assessment support for grades 1-3. The teachers answers in the survey, that their source of assessment material and the use of assessment matrix differ, which may indicate differences in the teachers' interpretations of the governing documents.

<p>У раду су истражене релације између садржаја у<br />наставним програмима и уџбеницима наставе<br />природе и друштва у односу на ставове учитеља<br />различите етничке припадности. У склопу тако<br />реализованог истраживања, утврђена је структура<br />садржаја у програмима разредне наставе, који се<br />односе на област природе и друштва у Србији,<br />Хрватској и Босни и Херцеговини. Након тога,<br />анализирани су ставови учитеља о другим<br />(суседним) народима, не само у паралели са<br />наставним садржајима и коришћеним уџбеницима,<br />већ и на нивоу њихове кореспонденције са<br />практично коришћеним наставним методама и<br />дидактичко-методичким принципима. Посебна<br />истраживачка пажња посвећена је поступцима, који<br />пружају могућност учитељима да у важнијим<br />аспектима доживљаја националног идентитета<br />формирају став о одређеним садржајима наставе<br />природе и друштва везаним за свој народ и друге<br />народе из региона. Овако постављен дијагностички<br />приступ био је неопходан, нарочито због тога што<br />је омогућио да се идентификују важнији елементи<br />на пољу мишљења и социјалног опажања, на шта<br />ставови директно утичу, а у сврху побољшања<br />васпитно-образовног рада са ученицима.<br />Преиспитани су односи и међусобно разумевање<br />култура српског, хрватског и бошњачког народа.<br />Циљ емпиријског дела био је да се утврде ставови и<br />утицаји учитеља различите етничке припадности<br />према реализацији друштвених садржаја наставе<br />природе и друштва. Резултатима истраживања<br />констатовано је да етничка припадност учитеља не<br />утиче на реализацију садржаја наставе природе и<br />друштва. Резултати говоре и у прилог основне<br />претпоставке истраживања да се учитељи,<br />припадници сваког испитиваног ентитета,<br />статистички значајно разликују у ставовима иначину реализације друштвених садржаја наставе<br />природе и друштва. Закључује се да извор за<br />ослобађање од многих предрасуда, пре свега<br />етничких, треба тражити у адекватном васпитнообразовном процесу, у коме су главни актери<br />васпитања и образовања учитељи.</p> / <p>U radu su istražene relacije između sadržaja u<br />nastavnim programima i udžbenicima nastave<br />prirode i društva u odnosu na stavove učitelja<br />različite etničke pripadnosti. U sklopu tako<br />realizovanog istraživanja, utvrđena je struktura<br />sadržaja u programima razredne nastave, koji se<br />odnose na oblast prirode i društva u Srbiji,<br />Hrvatskoj i Bosni i Hercegovini. Nakon toga,<br />analizirani su stavovi učitelja o drugim<br />(susednim) narodima, ne samo u paraleli sa<br />nastavnim sadržajima i korišćenim udžbenicima,<br />već i na nivou njihove korespondencije sa<br />praktično korišćenim nastavnim metodama i<br />didaktičko-metodičkim principima. Posebna<br />istraživačka pažnja posvećena je postupcima, koji<br />pružaju mogućnost učiteljima da u važnijim<br />aspektima doživljaja nacionalnog identiteta<br />formiraju stav o određenim sadržajima nastave<br />prirode i društva vezanim za svoj narod i druge<br />narode iz regiona. Ovako postavljen dijagnostički<br />pristup bio je neophodan, naročito zbog toga što<br />je omogućio da se identifikuju važniji elementi<br />na polju mišljenja i socijalnog opažanja, na šta<br />stavovi direktno utiču, a u svrhu poboljšanja<br />vaspitno-obrazovnog rada sa učenicima.<br />Preispitani su odnosi i međusobno razumevanje<br />kultura srpskog, hrvatskog i bošnjačkog naroda.<br />Cilj empirijskog dela bio je da se utvrde stavovi i<br />uticaji učitelja različite etničke pripadnosti<br />prema realizaciji društvenih sadržaja nastave<br />prirode i društva. Rezultatima istraživanja<br />konstatovano je da etnička pripadnost učitelja ne<br />utiče na realizaciju sadržaja nastave prirode i<br />društva. Rezultati govore i u prilog osnovne<br />pretpostavke istraživanja da se učitelji,<br />pripadnici svakog ispitivanog entiteta,<br />statistički značajno razlikuju u stavovima inačinu realizacije društvenih sadržaja nastave<br />prirode i društva. Zaključuje se da izvor za<br />oslobađanje od mnogih predrasuda, pre svega<br />etničkih, treba tražiti u adekvatnom vaspitnoobrazovnom procesu, u kome su glavni akteri<br />vaspitanja i obrazovanja učitelji.</p> / <p>The paper examines the relations between the content in curricula and the content in textbooks of teaching natural and social studies with respect to the attitudes of the teachers of different ethnic backgrounds. Within the framework of this research the content structure in the class teaching curricula, which is related to the field of natural and social studies in Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, was determined. After that, the teachers&rsquo; attitudes were analyzed, not only in parallel with the teaching contents and the textbooks used, but also at the level of their correspondence with practically used teaching methods and didactical-methodical principles. Special research attention is devoted to the procedures that provide teachers with the opportunity to formulate a view on certain contents of teaching natural and social studies related to their nation and other nations from the region in the most important aspects of the experience of national identity. The diagnostic approach outlined in this way would be necessary, especially because it enables the identification of more important elements in the field of thinking and social perception, which are directly influenced by the attitudes, and with the aim of improving educational work with students. Relations and mutual understanding of the cultures of the Serbian, Croatian and Bosniak peoples are reviewed. The aim of the empirical work is to determine the attitudes and influences of teachers of different ethnic backgrounds on the realization of social contents of teaching natural and social studies. It has been found that the ethnicity of a teacher does not influence the realization of the content of teaching natural and social studies. The results also speak in favour of the basic assumption of the research, which is that the teachers, the members of each examined ethniciity, significantly differ in the attitudes and the manners of realization of social contents of teaching natural and social studies from statistical point of view. It is concluded that a&nbsp;starting point of removing many prejudices, primarily ethnic ones, should be sought in an adequate educational process, in which the main actors of education are teachers.</p>

The Use of Reflective Practices in Applying Strategies Learned Through Professional Development in Social Studies Instruction. Montra L. Rogers, 2016: Applied Dissertation, Nova Southeastern University, Abraham S. Fischler College of Education. ERIC Descriptors: Reflective Teaching, Educational Strategies, Professional Development, Theory Practice Relationship, Social Studies. This applied dissertation examined how middle school social studies teachers in a large urban school district in Texas described and documented their process of self-reflection as they integrated instructional strategies learned in professional training into their social studies courses. The study further explored how social studies teachers perceived reflective practice as an element of professional development and how a reflective practice model such as reflective journaling helped middle school teachers document their process of self-reflection as they applied new strategies to their instructional approaches. The researcher explored the teachers’ actions through the concept of organization learning theory, conducted face-to-face interviews, and analyzed documents, observation notes, and journal responses to uncover the processes, practices, and perceptions of middle school social studies teachers. This study’s findings revealed that, to implement strategies learned during professional development training, participants incorporated newly learned practices into their existing practices and routines. These practices or routines included creating resources and sharing and collaborating with peers. In addition, social studies teachers documented their process of integrating the QSSSA (Question, Stem, Signal, Share, Assess) conversation strategy into their instructional approach by planning lessons that facilitated the use of the newly learned strategy, implementing said lesson, and assessing student learning. Finally, the study’s findings confirmed that professional learning experiences that include elements of reflective practices, such as professional learning communities, provided middle school teachers a greater sense of self-efficacy as they worked to integrate the QSSSA conversation strategy into their instructional routines. Furthermore, a reflective practice model such as journaling provided teachers an avenue to consider both their own practice and the individual needs of their students.

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