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The purpose of this qualitative study is to investigate how social science teachers perceive and express the concept of society in social studies. The study consists of focus group interviews with nine social science teachers at two upper secondary schools and its results are analyzed against the theoretical backdrop of Odenstad's orientation topics, analytical subjects and discussion topics and Sandahl’s first-order and second-order concepts. In short, the two different conceptual devices can be described as the skills and abilities that are most important for the students to master in order to develop advanced thinking skills in social science. Particular emphasis is put on critical thinking, that is, the ability to seek, structure and evaluate information from different sources and to draw conclusions from this process. The emerging results show a certain consensus on the concept of society among social science teachers as the potential subject of study and analysis that would simplify and clarify the analyses of the different levels in society which, in turn, would contribute to adding significance and bringing cohesion to the subject as a whole. As for the skills and abilities that stem from Odenstad's orientation topics and Sandahl’s first-order concepts, the interviewed teachers all emphasize conceptual ability as well as good external knowledge to have knowledge of how society is made up. With reference to Odenstad's analytical subject and discussion topics and Sandahl's second-order concepts, it would seem that it is not only important but a prerequisite that students develop an analytical ability and critical thinking as well as the ability to sift through and process large amounts of information and assume different perspectives on the topic or issue at hand.

Le turnover au sein des organisations, à un faible niveau, peut être bénéfique pour le renouvellement des ressources. Mais en atteignant des sommets, il perturbe l’organisation et oblige à une gestion de l’immédiat, nuisible pour la performance des hommes et de l’entreprise. Le groupe Veolia Transport souffre de cet aléa organisationnel de manière récurrente, quand le cœur de son activité est basé sur la délégation de service public, où la qualité des hommes est gage de la performance de l’organisation. En appui de cet impératif qualitatif, le groupe promeut une politique générale de formation ambitieuse afin d’intégrer, professionnaliser et fidéliser ses collaborateurs. Le fer de lance de cette politique est l’alternance, la formation diplômante en alternance. Dès lors, l’alternance impacte-t-elle à la baisse le turnover ? À travers une démarche proche d’un design quasi-expérimental, mobilisant une enquête dite longitudinale par questionnaire et l’appui d’un groupe de contrôle je teste, sur les exploitants du groupe en France, un design théorique explicatif de la relation alternance-turnover, par le prisme de l’implication organisationnelle. En proposant une définition gestionnaire de l’alternance, mes résultats démontrent le développement d’une relation dialectique individu-organisation par l’alternance, conditionnée par la mise en exergue d’un contrat psychologique fort et d’un double tutorat organisationnel. En croisant mes résultats avec 18 entretiens dits de validation, il ressort que l’alternance développe une socialisation organisationnelle partielle, en raison de la difficulté à comprendre pleinement son rôle en fin de cursus. Un glissement de la fonction tutorale en un système tutoral apparait, où la communauté de travail aide à l’apprentissage du métier, quand le supérieur-tuteur conserve un rôle de mentor. Enfin, l’alternance possède un effet positif sur l’intention de quitter, en créant les conditions du développement de l’implication organisationnelle, à la condition d’une gestion dédiée. Dans ce dessein, je propose la mise en place d’une gestion spécifique des alternants, en ne considérant plus l’alternance comme un outil de formation mais comme un outil de gestion des ressources humaines, créateur de potentiels. / Within the organizations, the turnover when limited can have a positive influence on the resources’ renewal. But when it grows, it badly affects the organization leading to a management of the immediate, jeopardizing people and company’s effectiveness. Veolia Group is suffering from this regular organizational move, when its core business is made of services and where people are the key quality asset. On top of that, the company encourages an ambitious training policy in order to integrate, professionalize, and retain employees. To be successful, the company relies on the classroom learning (alternation). Therefore, can we claim that alternation has a direct impact on turnover’s decrease?Thanks to a quasi-experimental design approach, using an investigation so called longitudinal per questionnaire strengthened by a group of control, a theoretical design explaining the relationship alternation-turnover in the organizational frame was tested in France over a French population of production units. Alternation shows the emergence of a dialectical relationship human being-organization, monitored by the creation of a strong psychological contract and a double tutorial system. Mixing my results with 18 interviews of so called validation, it appears that alternation develops an organizational socialization only partial, due to the difficulty in the understanding of its own role at the end of the journey. The shift from a tutorial function to a tutorial system is also highlighted in my results, where the learning of the job is supported by the working community and the lead-tutor continues playing a mentor role. Lastly, according my study, when well managed, alternation can prevent the turnover, by supporting the development of a strong involvement within the organization. Therefore, I suggest the set up of a specific management unit for alternates, considering not anymore the alternation as a training tool but also as human resource tool enabling talents’ discovery.

There have been numerous calls for the radical transformation of public education in the United States. Reform initiatives are fuelled by the need to prepare students to meet the challenges of the networked knowledge society. This thesis examines the shaping of school culture within two public non-charter high schools, in different regions of the United States and with different socioeconomic characteristics, that are implementing the "New Technology" (or "New Tech") model of education: Pacific Coast High, a well-established New Tech school, and Midwest High, a school that recently transitioned to the model and is still in the process of culture change. This rapidly expanding school reform network includes 168 schools in the United States and 7 international sites in Australia. The New Tech Network, the organisation that provides training and support for these schools, explicitly emphasises the goal of changing the culture of education. They describe themselves as a network of schools that promotes a culture of trust, respect, and responsibility and uses project-based learning and "smart use" of technology to redefine teaching and learning. I employed an ethnographic multisite case study design to gain an understanding of the everyday experiences and practices of teachers, students and school leaders as they work through the process of implementing and maintaining the New Tech model. Fieldwork included six and a half months of participant observation of secondary classrooms, school meetings, professional development sessions, and New Tech training conferences as well as semi-structured interviews with teachers, students, and administrators. My analysis provides an understanding of the influence of local context, including historical background (local and national) and economic and political structures. The research findings indicate that a deliberate focus on 'culture-building', with particular values like trust, respect and responsibility, underpin and shape relationships, behaviours and educational practices, including the extensive use of ICTs. A multi-faceted approach to socialisation and enculturation, which includes extensive peer-to-peer support, is involved in inculcating values and shaping behaviours and practices. The New Tech model shifts the focus of education from a primarily individualist competitive endeavour (reflecting the broad cultural orientations of modern society in the United States) to a more collectivist approach, with students working in collaborative groups supported by the use of ICTs. Schools operate as learning communities with collaborative partnerships with the wider community. Pacific Coast High is an exemplar for the model in its fully implemented form, while Midwest High's transition to the model has been fraught with tensions as they navigate numerous context-specific challenges. I argue that real reform requires an intentional effort to change the culture of education and that pedagogy and culture have to necessitate the use of ICTs to more fully integrate them into the education process. I characterise the culture I observed in New Tech schools, particularly at Pacific Coast, as an 'ICT-facilitating school culture' with (1) a collaborative project-based focus and encouragement of students to communicate and find information themselves which pushes them to use ICTs, (2) a system of cultural values that, when internalised, operates as a means of social control, keeping students on task as they work independently and collaboratively, using ICTs, including social networking sites, and (3) an ideal classroom layout and technology infrastructure that facilitates the use of ICTs. I characterise the New Tech Network of schools as a revitalization movement, addressing the needs of a changing society by changing the culture of education.

The purpose of this study is to contribute to the development of integrated child welfare services through an exploration of how professionals providing such services make sense of children's rights and interpret their understandings in their approach to practice. The study focuses on professionals providing services for children between 5 and 13 years old within the Every Child Matters initiative, designed to support the assessment and provision of integrated child and family preventive services in England. The aims were to explore professional understandings of, and engagement with children's rights, provide a description and analysis of the empirical data, and develop a theorised understanding of the factors influencing sense-making and their implications for professionals' interpretations of their role. Areas of interest included similarities and differences in professionals' understandings and how these matched the understandings of service users and those evident in legal and policy texts. It was anticipated that professionals' understandings and engagement would draw on a complex mix of variable knowledge and embedded assumptions and practices, contested and negotiated in relation to welfare structures, texts and professional identities. The study was designed to explore whether this was borne out. A post-modernist theoretical approach was used, drawing on Bourdieu's theories of structured inequalities and influenced by Actor Network Theory's perspectives on networks. Using qualitative methodologies a case study was undertaken within one local area, linking a range of elements in an iterative process, with data from one phase interwoven in the next. Thirty-nine semi-structured interviews with professionals from social work, education and health settings drew on material developed from focus group discussions with child and parent service users and were supplemented by analysis of legal and policy texts and of 30 case records and site-based observations. Initial findings were discussed in parent and professional focus groups. In a second stage analysis of a subset of the data, these findings were explored further and situated within research and academic debate on professional practices and theories of childhood and of rights. Three broad configurations emerged from the data, reflecting differing professionals' constructions and practice interpretations of children's rights. Some participants interpreted children's rights as an essential ‘golden thread' underpinning their practice; others took a more selective ‘pick and mix' approach; and in a third perspective, children's rights were positioned as ‘uncomfortable accommodations' in relation to interpretations of professional role and of family life. These varying dispositions and related interpretations of professionals' regulated liberties were associated with perspectives on childhood, rights knowledge, professional setting, personal dispositions and relational practices. The findings are necessarily tentative and a causal relationship cannot be inferred. Three overarching themes emerged across these configurations. These related to: a common rights language and framework; children's longer-term welfare rights; and conceptualisations of the role of rights within relationships. The absence of a common rights framework to support professional and interprofessional discussions of children's rights was evident across all settings, as was a professional focus on the immediate and lack of attention to children's longer-term welfare, civil and social rights. Participants indicated that providing information about children's rights and exploring rights-based relationships in work with parents and carers was very rare and often avoided. The study proposes that in order to address children's rights in a more consistent and holistic way professionals need opportunities to explore theories of human and children's rights using a broad common framework such as the UNCRC. In integrating children's rights within professional practice increased attention is needed to children's longer-term welfare and development rights and to providing children and adults with information about, positive modelling of and opportunities to explore the place of rights in children's key relationships.

The special needs domain has long been recognised as problematic and adversarial. Much research has focused on areas of contention, such as the relationships between parents and practitioners, especially in educational settings, or on problems within the structure and operation of the domain. This study adopts a whole system approach in combining discussion of the structural basis of tension within the domain with an investigation of how both parents and practitioners describe, experience and respond to tensions within the special needs domain; such tensions being viewed as facets of the 'struggle' and 'fight' metaphor. Whole systems approaches are derived from the systems discipline, which developed initially out of the nineteenth century interest in organic and engineering systems, but more recently has focused on organisational and inter-organisational arrangements, including the part people play in enabling or disabling such arrangements. It is a strongly interdisciplinary approach more commonly found in organisational studies than in the social sciences more generally. Fifteen practitioners, from health and education settings, and twelve parents of children and young people with diagnoses of high functioning autism spectrum conditions participated in the study. The participants' stories of their experiences of the special needs domain were collected using a narrative inquiry approach. The data was analysed using concepts and theoretical frameworks derived from the work of Pierre Bourdieu, Uri Bronfenbrenner and Charles Wright Mills. An exploration of the influences shaping the special needs domain revealed a number of areas of unresolved tension, some of which result in tensions for those involved in the domain such as can be described as 'fight', and some of which might be addressed by structural changes to the systems comprising the special needs domain such as those envisaged in forthcoming legislation. However importantly the empirical study found that many tensions and struggles experienced by both parents and practitioners did not emanate from the structures of the domain and therefore were unlikely to be amenable to structural changes. Parents 'struggle' to maintain their identity as 'good' parents, to acquire information and to navigate the system in order to access services and resources. Practitioners experience conflict as they seek to access information and training, engage in the complex choreography of cooperating and collaborating in interagency and interprofessional working and endeavour to harmonise their professional practice with agency and public policy priorities. The thesis concludes with a brief discussion of the relationship between whole system approaches and other interdisciplinary approaches to investigating complex problems in the human sciences. It is suggested that systems diagramming techniques such as systems mapping and rich pictures are useful additions to the sociologist's toolkit.

This thesis investigates three important themes within the development economics literature that link children, women and economic development. In the first essay we present an analysis of child labour among agricultural households in rural Nepal. We first examine the monetary contribution of child labour to family farms. For this purpose, within a non-separable agricultural household model we estimate a farm production function to obtain shadow wages for both children and adults employed on the farm. Our results reveal that the relative contribution of child labour to family income is not negligible. We then analyse child labour supply to explore whether it is driven by poverty or other reasons such as imperfections in the labour market. We estimate both a reduced form model and a structural equation model. This latter includes the estimated shadow wages and income from the previous analysis. Both models allow for an examination of how child labour supply reacts to a change in the opportunity cost of time and wealth. The reduced form results suggest that an increase in household's wealth (measured by land endowments) reduces child labour, specifically of girls. This result is consistent with the hypothesis of poverty-induced child labour in the presence of perfect labour markets. This decline, however, occurs for sufficiently high levels of wealth. Imperfections in the labour market may play a role in explaining child labour of boys and in households that are not at the top-end of the land distribution. Estimates of the structural labour supply model, however, yield results on wage and income elasticities that partly contradicts the theoretical predictions. In the second essay we analyse whether and how an increase in the participation of women in a key decision making body of local collective action institutions - the Executive Committee (EC) of Community Forest User Groups (CFUG) in Nepal - aspects forest protection, specifically household firewood collection. In many developing countries women are responsible for the collection and management of forest products essential to the daily lives of their household. Therefore they have stronger interests than men in ensuring the availability of these products. Despite this, women are often excluded from the decision-making process that sets out the rules to access and collect forest products within community forests. We account for the potential endogeneity of female participation and exploit an amendment made to the guidelines for CFUG formation that sets a higher threshold for women representation in the Executive Committee to evaluate the impact of women on firewood extraction. The results indicate that higher female participation in the ECs of CFUGs leads to a decrease in firewood extraction. This evidence is suggestive that women are prioritising conservation to ensure sustainable firewood extraction for their daily needs. In the third essay we analyse the short and long-term impact of violence on education in Timor Leste. Specifically, we examine the effect of the 1999 violence on school attendance in 2001 and its longer-term impact on primary school completion of the same cohorts of children observed again in 2007. We compare the educational impact of the 1999 violence with the impact of other periods of high-intensity violence during the 25 years of Indonesian occupation. The short-term effects of the conflict are mixed. In the longer term, we find evidence of a substantial loss of human capital among boys in Timor Leste exposed to peaks of violence during the 25-year long conflict. The evidence suggests that this result may be due to household trade-offs between education and economic welfare.

This study from the onset sought to explore, through a postcolonial critique, the meaning ascribed to child labour by fishers in a fishing community in Ghana. The purpose was to inform practice in social work so that social justice might be achieved for working children and their parents. However the study expanded, methodologically and theoretically, to preliminarily include a psychoanalytically informed psychosocial and discursive approach, extending the postcolonial critique to develop a nuanced understandings of the fishers' lived experience of, and responses to, children's work. Distinct from the dominant reductionist and positivistic etiologic understandings of child labour, this approach neither derides child labour as morally reprehensible and unequivocally dangerous, nor romanticises its beneficial aspects and links to cultural and traditional beliefs and practices (see Klocker, 2012). Instead, enables understanding of the fishers as ‘defended subjects' who invest in certain discourses as a way of defending against their vulnerable selves. It also affords a critically reflexive understanding of myself as a ‘defended researcher', owing to my semi-insider position as a former child labourer, and of the impact of this on my research relationships and findings. The study is intended to inform social worker practices in order to deal with complex situations concerning the relationship among fishers and their children paying equal attention both to the inner and the social circumstances of the fishers (Wilson, Ruch, Lymbery, & Cooper, 2011). In this regard it is inspired by Mel Gray's (2005) contention that social work practice should be shaped by the extent to which local social, political, economic, historical and cultural factors, as well as local voices, mould and shape social work responses. The study is conducted using critical ethnographic design that draws on the lived experiences of 24 fishers. Attempts were made to explore the fishers' experiences using psychoanalytically informed method (FANI) in addition to other conventional methods. The study highlights the fishers' use of narratives of slavery to explicate child labour. It focuses on the relationships that the fishers' have developed with their children and with the laws surrounding the use of children in work. It gives an indication of how the fishers' violently and aggressively relate with their working children. It also highlights the fishers' rejection of the laws surrounding child labour as being foreign and an imposition which excludes customary laws. The study further examines the identities the fishers developed in relation to laws that regulate them and children's work. It suggests that others see the fishers as powerless subjects who don't matter. It also underscores my shame and worries as a researcher considered by the fishers as an ‘educated elite' who works for ‘white people'. It further highlights how I provided self-justifying explications to defend myself as a researcher. The findings imply that solutions to child labour need to be localised paying equal attention to both the psyche and the social life of the fishers. They speak to the imperative for critical review of social workers/NGOs practices taking into account the unconscious processes that go on between fishers as parents and social workers as service providers. This thesis introduces a psychosocial dimension and insight into debates on child labour in Ghana.

Cette recherche doctorale a pour axe l’élaboration et la mise à l’épreuve d’un modèle évaluatif de l’éducation artistique centré sur les effets de l’art et les normes d’un atelier. Au cœur de ce modèle  : la « pédagogie » de l’artiste et sa relation avec l’élève, s’adressant à un sujet à part entière, visant à développer sa singularité et son autonomie au sein du collectif grâce à la création partagée. La thèse développe l'hypothèse d'une «  zone proximale de développement spécifique » (A. Kerlan, 2008) générée par le travail artistique et l'expérience esthétique dans une co-construction favorisant un processus de subjectivation pour le jeune, grâce à l’instauration d’un « espace de création » (D. W. Winnicott, 1975). Elle montre comment cette subjectivation passe nécessairement en atelier par un travail double de socialisation et d’individuation, dans les domaines cognitif, social et personnel. Sur le plan empirique, la recherche s’appuie sur les données recueillies dans le cadre d’un observatoire que l’on peut qualifier de microsociologique : il s’agit d’une classe artistique expérimentale, située dans un collège en zone d’éducation prioritaire, à Montpellier, ayant reçu des artistes professionnels en résidence durant quatre années, entre trois et six heures par semaine. Grâce à des méthodes qualitatives (observations directes d’un millier d’heures, films, photographies ainsi qu’une trentaine d’entretiens compréhensifs et semi-directifs) les résultats tendent à démontrer que la mise en place de résidences d’artistes sur la durée, à l’image de l’expérimentation longitudinale présentée dans la présente thèse, permet de proposer une éducation par l’art servant la formation de la personne dans son être global. / This doctoral research has for main line the development and testing of an evaluative model of arts education focused on the effects of art and the standards of a workshop. The central issue of this model: the "teaching skills" of the artist and his relationship with the student, addressing a subject in itself, to develop its uniqueness and autonomy within the group through the shared creation. The thesis develops the hypothesis of a "zone of proximal development specific" (A. Kerlan, 2008) generated by the artistic work and aesthetic experience in a co-construction encouraging a process of subjectivation for the young, thanks to establishment of a "creative space" (Winnicott, 1975). It shows how this subjectivity necessarily going in the studio with a double work of socialization and individuation, in the cognitive, social and personal. Empirically, the research is based on data collected as part of an observatory that can qualify for the micro: it is an experimental artistic class, located in a college education area priority in Montpellier, having received professional artists in residence for four years, between three and six hours per week. Through qualitative methods (direct observation of a thousand hours, films, photographs and a thirty understanding and semi-structured interviews) the results suggest that the development of artists in residences duration, like the longitudinal experiments presented in this thesis, allows us to offer an education in art for the formation of the whole person be global. / Esta investigación doctoral se centra en la elaboración y la puesta a prueba de un modelo evaluador de la educación artística centrada en los efectos del arte y las normas de un taller. En el centro de este modelo: la 'pedagogía' del artista y su relación con el estudiante, afín de dirigirse à un sujeto plenamente, para desarrollar su singularidad y su autonomía dentro del colectivo a través de la creación compartida. La tesis desarrolla la hipótesis de una "zona proximal de desarrollo específico" (A. Kerlan, 2008) generada por el trabajo artístico y la experiencia estética en una co-construcción que favorece un proceso de subjetivación de los jóvenes, mediante el establecimiento de un "espacio de creación" (D. W. Winnicott, 1975). Muestra cómo esta subjetivación en el taller pasa necesariamente por un doble trabajo de socialización y de individualización, en los ámbitos cognitivo, social y personal. En el marco empírico, la investigación se basa en los datos recogidos en el contexto de un observatorio que podría describirse como micro-sociológico: Se trata de una clase experimental artística situada en un colegio de una zona de educación prioritaria en Montpellier, que ha recibido a artistas profesionales en residencia durante cuatro años, entre tres y seis horas por semana. A través de métodos cualitativos (observaciones directas de mil horas, películas, fotografías, así como unas treinta entrevistas comprensivas y semiestructuradas), los resultados tienden a demostrar que el establecimiento de residencias de artistas en la duración, a la imagen de la experimentación longitudinal presentada en esta tesis, permite ofrecer una educación artística para la formación de la persona en su ser global.

Le pouvoir est omniprésent dans les interactions sociales. Il en va de même pour la politique internationale depuis la naissance des Relations internationales. Mais au sein de celle-ci, ce concept est contesté. Par exemple, le terme anglais power désigne deux phénomènes qui ne sont pas identiques et qui sont traduits par deux termes distingues en français : « la puissance » signifiant la capacité d’obtenir ce qu’on désire, et « le pouvoir » renvoyant au contrôle du comportement d’un acteur sur un autre. L’objectif de la thèse est double. Tout d’abord, cette recherche entend établir un lien étroit entre la façon de définir le pouvoir et les différents cadres théoriques (réalistes, libéraux, constructivistes) puisqu’il n’existe pas d’unique définition du concept. Ce premier aspect permettra de mieux comprendre la genèse mais aussi les tensions entre le concept et sa théorie-cadre lorsque le premier a tendance à circuler dans d’autres théories, comme ce dont témoigne les débats autour de la trilogie hard power, soft power, smart power de Joseph Nye. Le deuxième objectif vise à mieux comprendre le pouvoir des organisations intergouvernementales en adoptant un cadre constructiviste. La thèse s’appuie sur l’approche de Barnett et Duvall qui distingue quatre types de pouvoir (imposé, institutionnel, structurel et productif) en vue de saisir le pouvoir productif de la Francophonie dans la « fabrication » d’une nouvelle subjectivité de l’Etat : le « droit souverain » de promouvoir sa diversité culturelle et le « devoir souverain » concernant la responsabilité de protéger. La thèse montre également que le pouvoir institutionnel du Conseil de Sécurité des Nations Unies s’exerce via la socialisation du Vietnam en son sein dans le cas de la responsabilité de protéger. / The power is a ubiquitous phenomenon in social relations, particularly in International Relations. It is, however, an “essentially contestable” concept in IR theories. For instance, the English term power refers to two different phenomena which can be translated into two distinct terms in French: “la puissance” which means the capacity to get what one wants, and “le pouvoir” which implies the control over other’s behavior. This thesis has two objectives. First, it aims to build close connection between the power conceptualization and its theoretical framework (realism, liberalism, and constructivism) as there is no unique definition of power. The liaison between power definition and its theoretical framework allows us to better apprehend not only its genesis but also the discrepancy that emerges whenever the concept tend to transcend its theoretical framework, as reflected in the debates relative to the trilogy hard power, soft power, smart power of Joseph Nye. Second, this thesis intends to better understand the power of international organizations under the constructivist theoretical framework. The study bases on the power taxonomy of Barnett and Duvall who classify the concept into four types: compulsory power, institutional power, structural power and productive power. Based on this classification, we can understand the productive power of Francophonie in terms of “producing” a new subjectivity of State in IR: the “sovereign right” of promoting its cultural diversity and the “sovereign duty” of fulfilling its responsibility to protect. The thesis demonstrates also the UNSC’s institutional power via the Vietnam socialization process leading to the endorsement of the R2P concept.