自1984年鐵路地下化以來，地下街漸成為國內普遍的都市設施，至今台北都會區亦已開發了八處地下街。而近年來有關地下街之研究多在強調經營管理面的重要性，將地下街視為重要都市商業空間的延伸，特別是在像台北這樣的商業密集型都市中，更認為經營地下街的目的在於創造巨大的商機，卻反而忽略了地下街規劃設計之原意及功能。鑑於地下街主要係銜接大眾運輸場站的通行空間，在交通功能外，兼具商業及防災等功能的複雜特殊場域。而如何有系統地診斷現況地下街規劃設計面之課題，乃為本文之研究重點。 基此，本研究首先回顧國內外有關人行空間、商業空間以及地下街之文獻研究，採以模糊德爾菲法（Fuzzy Delphi Method，FDM）進行評估因子篩選，整合多位專家學者建議與互動結果，建立包括交通順暢、防災保全與商業環境等三項層面之評估架構；再透過分析網路程序法(Analytic Network Process，ANP)，在考量各項評估因子間交互關係的前提下，彙整專家群體決策求取各項評估準則之權重值，完成「地下街空間規劃最適評估架構」之建立，其中發現專家群體首重「交通順暢」與「防災保全」兩層面，反視「商業環境」為地下街發展之附屬功能。 最後則以該評估架構為基礎，實地運用於現況地下街之檢討，針對台北市站前地下街與東區地下街進行實證分析，歸納出目前地下街所面臨之課題並提出相關具體建議。評估結果顯示，站前地下街於交通順暢與商業環境層面之表現皆不如東區地下街，得師法東區地下街之空間規劃設計進行加強；而在權重值較高的防災保全層面，此兩條地下街之因應手段皆有所不足，亟待相關單位進行改善。據此本研究除提出相關規劃、管理手段加以解決交通與商業環境面課題外，更強調透過疏散引導計畫研擬、防災管理系統整合、民眾防救災知識教育等手段改善現況防災保全之欠缺；進而建議相關單位得盡速建立一套專責法規範進行把關，藉以維護地下街建設之品質與安全。 / Since railway started to go underground in 1984, the underground streets have been emerging as popular city facilities in Taipei Megalopolis. Up to now, eight underground streets have been developed. In recent years, most researches about underground streets emphasize the importance of administration, and regard them as the extension of commercial space within cities, especially in the commerce-intensive cities such as Taipei. On the contrary, the underground streets’ original meaning and function of planning and design had been ignored. Owing to the complex and particular characteristics of these places, systematical diagnosis is needed to be discovered in spatial planning. For constructing an evaluation framework, this research reviews references related to pedestrian space, commercial space, and underground streets firstly. And, FDM (Fuzzy Delphi Method) method was utilized to extract proper impact criteria. To the evaluation framework, including three dimensions “traffic function”, “commercial environment”, and “disaster-prevention and security”, etc. Furthermore, ANP (Analytic Network Process) method was used to overcome the inter-correlation of each impact criteria for refining the evaluation framework and also generate the weight values. Both dimensions include “traffic function” and “disaster-prevention show high weight values as expected, contrarily regard “commercial environment” as accidental function of underground streets. Finally, based on this evaluation framework, user questionnaires were designed and surveyed in the Taipei Station Front Metro Mall and the East Metro Mall, for discovering the issues underground streets confront at present. Research results show that the planning of East Metro Mall is better than Taipei Station Front Metro Mall in the dimension of “traffic function” and“ commercial environment”. In the aspect of “disaster-prevention and security”, both these underground streets don’t have enough contingency ability, and should be improved immediately. According to the research findings, this study suggests some solutions for traffic function and commercial environment, and also emphasizes how to improve the planning of “disaster-prevention and security”. Moreover, related standards and guidelines for design and planning should be drawn up in related laws and regulations, in order to keep the quality and safety of underground streets’ space.

本研究以美國早期的都市社會學與社會心理學的理論，瞭解都市化對都市生活影響的一些表徵，包括大量的人口、差異化的個體、高人口密度，以及有別於鄉村的都市生活面貌，例如冷淡、拘謹、膚淺、利益導向、理性的社會情境等。由於台灣快速都市化讓社會整體進步與發達，但都市的意象不免讓人感到冷漠、疏離與隔離，此是否誠如過去西方的都市社會研究結果一般，源於都市空間會影響都市人的心理與外顯的生活方式，此引發本研究進一步探究之動機。有鑑於過去以都市空間規劃為研究主軸之文獻，顯少有學者直接將「生活方式」與「都市空間」兩大議題做關聯性的探討，而台灣早期60、70年代的都市社會學者，曾以社區凝聚、社區發展、社區意識或是鄰里關係進行討論，但時至今日此類的研究亦顯得零星且分散。因此，本研究關懷都市空間與都市人的議題，以西方文獻中的實證經驗來觀察台灣都市社會的情況，並予以驗證假設一：都市人的空間使用行為會因不同社經背景而有差異；假設二：移入都市生活的居民其自身價值觀將會有所改變；假設三：價值觀的改變會對生活方式與使用都市空間的行為產生影響；假設四：都市人的生活方式會對空間使用產生影響，並與空間課題的產生有所關聯；假設五：都市空間與生活方式有所關聯。 因此，本研究在文獻回顧與推演台灣都市社會的情境後，抽樣台北市大安及士林兩區的居民，瞭解遷移者在價值觀、生活方式與空間使用的情況，並以敘述性統計分析與結構方程模式(SEM)歸納問卷結果，回應研究假設，並驗證都市空間與生活方式之關聯。最後，參照實證結果研擬重塑都市空間新風貌之目標與對策體系，做為提昇都市空間品質的建議；而此建議亦可供政府與規劃單位及後續研究者在政策操作上與研究時之參考。最後，獲致以下幾點結論： 一、本研究認為遷移者進入都市生活後，其價值觀可能被改變或是強化的面向，包括自我防衛、個人主義、經濟報酬、理性、容忍五大價值觀。而生活達一定時間後，生活方式將會受到都市環境的影響，以致呈現較互不干涉(疏離)、社區意識缺乏、務實生活(精確計算)，以及重娛樂休閒的傾向。 二、本研究提出都市空間諸多課題，例如社區空間意識衰頹、公共空間私有化、人行空間被遺忘、消費空間主導地方空間的興衰、人工空間取代生態空間，以及空間的過度與不當利用，可能與都市人被強化或改變後的價值觀與生活方式息息相關。而經由敘述性統計分析及SEM的分析，已驗證本研究所提出之五大假設。 三、本研究認為都市空間是自變數亦是應變數。因此，經由實質與非實質規劃策略之研擬，將可重塑都市空間的面貌，並經由影響生活方式來發掘與提高都市社會互動和社會資本的發展，從而再次影響都市人使用空間的行為與態度。本研究研擬實質空間規劃策略，分成三大目標、三項標的與六大對策--提供適當合宜的公共空間、營造巷弄的春天、提高都市空間水平流動性、形塑友善人行空間的元素、增加非機動車的通行空間、經營都市的精耕主義。同時亦認為，都市人的生活方式亦應搭配做一調整(此屬非實質的規劃策略)，例如建立具有社區鄰里道德規範與共識之生活方式、提高民眾參與度之生活方式、推廣植栽與綠化生活方式，或是推展永續的旅行行為，亦即步行生活方式。 / Based on theories of urban sociology and social psychology, this study explores the effects of urbanization on the urban life, including large population, heterogeneous, and high density. The differences of life style features between country and urban areas are discussed, such as indifferent, reserved, superficial, self-interest, and intellectuality and so on. With the rapid urbanization in Taiwan, society has been entirely improving and developing. However, the image of urban area makes people feel indifferent and segregation. Whether this result is the same as which of the studies found in western society brings me to conduct this study. According to literature review, there lacks scholars directly putting “lifestyle” and “urban space” into a relative discussion. The urban sociologists in 60s and 70s in Taiwan had discussed about community coherence, development, consciousness or neighborhood relationship, while to now this kind of research becomes fragmentary. Hence, this study concerns with issues between the urban space and urban residents. With the western literature review, this study observes the conditions of urban society in Taiwan and proposes the following hypotheses. First of all, the behavior of urban residents who utilize the space will be different due to the social economic status. Second, the self-value will be changed after the residents move to urban areas. Third, the change of value system will influence lifestyle and the utilization of urban space. Forth, the lifestyle of urban residents will affect the way of using urban space. Fifth, there is a connection between urban space and lifestyle. This study conducts a survey in Daan and Shilin districts to explore the value system, lifestyle, and the way of using urban space of immigrants. It employs statistic analysis and SEM to generalize the result of questionnaires in order to verify the above hypotheses and the connection between urban space and lifestyle. Then, based on the outcome of verification, this study suggests several strategies for reshaping the image and functions of urban space. Consequently, this study provides conclusions as follows. 一、The value system of immigrants, such as self-protection, egoism, economic reward, rationality, and toleration will be changed or intensified after people move into urban areas. The lifestyle, however, will be influenced by urban environment after a certain time of living in urban areas. And the characteristics of lifestyle include the sense of aloofness, the lack of community consciousness, material life, and the tendency of focusing on entertainment. 二、According to the SEM analysis, this study has verified the five hypotheses. This study also infers that the degenerative consciousness of community, the personalization for public space, the pedestrian space into oblivion, the wax and wane of regional space led by consumption space, artificial space replacing ecologic space, and the overuse and misuse of space are all relevant to the change of value system and lifestyle of urban residents. 三、This study develops several strategies for reshaping the image of urban space which may further influence urban residents’ lifestyle, attitude, and behaviors toward space utilization and urban environment. In order to create a livable urban space, this study suggests relevant strategies, such as providing decent public space, improving the accessibility of urban space, ameliorating friendly pedestrian space, increasing the walking space, and embellishing urban space through new urbanism.

Many economies throughout the world were devastated by the global financial crisis of 2007-2008. Ireland in particular experienced a severe collapse in its housing market. Despite the progression of European-influenced planning policy that was meant to promote balanced regional development in Ireland, the country's housing market vastly overbuilt, exacerbating a housing market crash that ended the Celtic Tiger era. Drawing on Europeanization and historical institutionalism as theoretical frameworks, this thesis argues that the link between these EU-influenced policy principles and local Irish planning practice was weak during an important phase of Ireland's economic growth. This conclusion is demonstrated through the analysis of a case study, McEvoy and Smith v. Meath County Council. The findings show that while Ireland's national government created an ambitious National Spatial Strategy modeled on EU principles, non-binding Regional Planning Guidelines allowed local authorities to continue granting zoning changes and permissions. These decisions were therefore uninhibited by the constraints of population projections, consideration for infrastructure provision, and overall good planning practice. This research calls into question the effectiveness of transferring policy principles from the EU to Member States. It suggests more generally that to implement policy and law successfully, policy makers must appreciate the societal and economic context in which these rules will operate.

This PhD thesis in Spatial Planning argues for the importance of understanding the approaches to knowledge and rationalities embedded in spatially relevant decision-making. It emphasises the significance of seeing law as an empirical object of study for planning and environmental management. The Swedish development of wind power and 3G mobile infrastructures are used as cases to study these issues of principal interest. It is a compilation thesis consisting of a comprehensive introductory framework and five articles or chapters that have also been published elsewhere. The study is based on three main perspectives: Level of decision-making, legitimacy of different forms of knowledge involved in the process, and the sociolegal tension between formal law and its practical consequences. The thesis deals with problems stemming from the multi-level tensions in the planning and implementation that exist between the national, the regional and the local authorities. The legal context is analysed from the sociolegal perspective, in particular how the juridification of siting and permit conflicts determines what type of knowledge that can legitimately affect the decision-making and thereby set conditions for public participation. Finally, the thesis elaborates on the largely counterproductive results of the strong emphasis on “efficiency” in the revision of planning and permit processes for wind power and 3G-infrastructure, and what can be learnt from the experiences of the attempts at increasing efficiency. A combination of methods has been employed in the studies, and the data comes from a range of sources such as a large set of mast building permits, a sample of wind permit cases, as well as appealed permit cases. In addition, interviews have been conducted with judges from relevant courts, including regional handling officers who assess wind turbine applications. Legal documents such as preparatory work and licence conditions have also been analysed. The results show that there is a legal-rhetorical adaptation to the expert-based decision-making in court when permits are appealed. Further, the administrative levels interact poorly in the overall implementation. The national decisions, irrespective of the normative viewpoint of who should control the landscape planning, could be better informed of the preconditions at a local level that factually define the outcome of the implementation. The author, Stefan Larsson, holds a PhD in Sociology of Law, an LLM and is a sociolegal researcher who generally studies issues in the intersection of conceptual, sociolegal and technological change. The thesis has been supervised by Professor Lars Emmelin, The Swedish School of Planning, BTH, and co-supervised by Professor Karsten Åström, the Department of Sociology of Law, Lund University. The thesis is the result of research within the programme Tools for environmental assessment in strategic decision-making, MiSt, funded by The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and the Centre for Work, Technology and Social Change at Lund University. / <p>Full text available: http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&amp;recordOId=4587806&amp;fileOId=4 588973</p>

Notre thèse a pour objectif de déterminer la nature des liens entre la multiplication des processus de macro-régionalisation, dans un contexte de mondialisation, et le renouvellement des politiques d’aménagement du territoire à travers la mise en place de nouvelles formes de coopération décentralisée entre villes et territoires. Notre projet de recherche cherche ainsi à établir comment la régionalisation permet la mise en place d’une gouvernance à niveaux multiples mettant en relation des acteurs territoriaux, à différents échelons de décision (supranational, national et infranational) dans le but de faire face à la complexité grandissante des problèmes actuels à l’échelle mondiale. Parmi ces projets régionaux qui émergent dans plusieurs parties du monde, nous avons choisi le Partenariat euro-méditerranéen comme cas d'étude en s'intéressant de manière particulière aux projets et programmes de coopération décentralisée et transfrontalière qui se mettent en place autour de la Méditerranée et qui mettent en relation plusieurs villes et régions riveraines. Afin de répondre à ces questions, nous avons décliné notre argumentation en plusieurs axes de réflexion. Un premier axe de réflexion tourne autour de la nature du projet régional euro-méditerranéen et de son implication au niveau des stratégies territoriales principales. Un deuxième axe concerne le contenu et les processus de mise en œuvre des programmes et projets de coopération décentralisée et transfrontalière et leur pertinence au niveau du développement local des territoires du Sud. Un troisième axe s’intéresse au rôle de l’État central en face du développement de ces initiatives qui le contourne. Enfin, un quatrième axe de réflexion concerne l’attitude de l’échelon local par rapport à ces initiatives qui l’interpellent et le sollicitent en tous sens. / The objective of our thesis is to determine the nature of the relation between two ongoing phenomena, i.e. the development of macro-regions in the context of globalization, on one hand, and the revival of spatial planning policies through the rise of new forms of crossborder cooperation between cities and local authorities and the preparation of regional policies related to transport and environment, on the other. Our main argument is that Regionalization encourages the development of a multi-level governance approach that provides a platform for interaction between various territorial actors, located at different decision-making level (supranational, national and local) in order to face the growing complexity of Globalization and its challenges. We selected the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership as a case study out of a number of world regional projects and paid special attention to crossborder and decentralized cooperation initiatives that are being implemented around the Mediterranean Sea and that join together Mediterranean cities and regions. Our arguments are presented along 4 main sets of questions. A first series of questions revolves around the nature of the Euro-Mediterranean regional project and its relevance for strategic spatial planning. A second set of questions is concerned with the content and the implementation processes of crossborder and decentralized cooperation programmes and their relevance to the local development of territories, mainly located in the South of the Mediterranean. A third set of questions is concerned with the way the Central State is facing such initiatives that are ultimately aiming to limit its authority. Finally, a fourth series of questions is interested in the position of the local level that is the main beneficiary of such initiatives.

Les cytokines, produites lors de l’activation du système immunitaire, ont la capacité d’agir au niveau du système nerveux central et d’induire diverses altérations comportementales. Lorsque l’activation du système de l’immunité innée devient chronique, ces altérations comportementales peuvent évoluer en véritables symptômes neuropsychiatriques. La physiopathologie des symptômes neuropsychiatriques qui se développent dans un contexte d’inflammation chronique à bas bruit, c’est-à-dire caractérisé par une activation chronique des processus immunitaires mais à un niveau relativement faible, est peu connue et reste à déterminer. L’implication de l’inflammation chronique à bas bruit dans les symptômes de fatigue et les altérations cognitives constitue l’élément d’étude principal de ce travail de thèse. Les troubles métaboliques, tels que l’obésité et le diabète de type 2, sont de bons modèles pour une telle étude. Ces deux pathologies sont en effet caractérisées par une inflammation chronique à bas bruit qui proviendrait, au moins en partie, du tissu adipeux. De plus, la fatigue et les altérations cognitives sont fréquentes chez les patients souffrant de troubles métaboliques. Compte tenu du rôle connu de l’inflammation dans la physiopathologie de ces altérations comportementales, leur développement dans des contextes de troubles métaboliques pourrait également être lié à l’activation chronique à bas bruit de processus inflammatoires. Différents objectifs ont été définis pour tester cette hypothèse : 1) caractériser et spécifier les symptômes de fatigue et les altérations cognitives chez des patients diabétiques ou obèses ; 2) évaluer la relation entre inflammation systémique et état inflammatoire du tissu adipeux ; 3) étudier l’association de l’inflammation chronique à bas bruit avec les symptômes de fatigue et les altérations cognitives des patients souffrant de troubles métaboliques. Nos résultats indiquent que la fatigue, en particulier la fatigue générale et physique, représente une caractéristique fondamentale des troubles métaboliques. Des perturbations cognitives, se traduisant par un ralentissement psychomoteur dans un test de temps de réaction ainsi qu’une altération de performance dans une tâche de planification spatiale, ont également été décelées chez les patients diabétiques de type 2, particulièrement ceux sous insulinothérapie, et chez les patients obèses. Des altérations mineures étaient également mesurées dans une tâche d’empan spatial rétrograde chez les patients obèses. En ce qui concerne les données biologiques, nos résultats indiquent diverses associations entre l’inflammation systémique et l’expression des marqueurs inflammatoires (cytokines inflammatoires, dont le MCP1, et marqueurs des cellules T) dans le tissu adipeux viscéral des patients obèses. De façon intéressante, l’inflammation systémique à bas bruit était associée aux dimensions de fatigue (générale, mentale, réduction des activités et de la motivation) et aux altérations de performance dans les tests ciblant les fonctions exécutives. Dans l’ensemble, ces résultats supportent l’hypothèse de l’implication des macrophages et des lymphocytes T du tissu adipeux dans l’état inflammatoire systémique associé à l’obésité. Il suggère en outre que l’inflammation systémique à bas bruit pourrait participer au développement de la fatigue et des altérations cognitives chez les patients souffrant de troubles métaboliques. Ce travail de thèse offre une caractérisation précise des symptômes de fatigue et des altérations cognitives associées aux troubles métaboliques. En outre, ce travail apporte d’importantes informations sur les relations de l’inflammation chronique à bas bruit avec ces symptômes, et permet d’affiner les hypothèses relatives à l’implication de processus inflammatoires dans la physiopathologie de ces altérations. / Cytokines produced during the activation of the immune system have the ability to act within the central nervous system and to induce a large number of behavioral alterations. When the activation of immune system becomes chronic and unregulated, these behavioral alterations may lead to the development of neuropsychiatric symptoms. The pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric symptoms that develop in conditions of chronic low-grade inflammation context (i.e., characterized by a chronic but low activation of inflammatory processes), remains unknown. The main aim of this thesis was to investigate the involvement of low-grade inflammation in the development of fatigue symptoms and cognitive alterations in patients with metabolic disorders including obesity and type 2 diabetes. These conditions are characterized by a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, manifesting by higher blood concentrations of inflammatory factors. This inflammatory state would originate, at least partially, from the adipose tissue. Moreover, fatigue symptoms and cognitive alterations are common in metabolic disorders. Given the role of inflammation in the physiopathology of these symptoms, their development could also rely on chronic low-grade inflammatory processes. Several objectives were defined to test this hypothesis: 1) to characterize fatigue symptoms and cognitive alterations in obese and diabetic patients; 2) to assess the relationship of systemic inflammation with the inflammatory state of the adipose tissue; and 3) to investigate the association of low-grade inflammation with fatigue symptoms and cognitive alterations in patients with metabolic disorders. Fatigue symptoms and cognitive function were respectively assessed using the multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI) and the neuropsychological tests automated battery CANTAB in diabetic patients (type 1 and type 2) and in obese patients before and after bariatric surgery. A control group was included for each model (obesity and type 2 diabetes). Circulating concentrations of inflammatory markers, as well as expression of inflammatory markers in the visceral adipose tissue of obese patients, were measured. Our results indicate that fatigue symptoms, especially in the dimensions of general and physical fatigue, represent fundamental characteristics of patients suffering from metabolic disorders. In addition, cognitive alterations (psychomotor slowing and alterations in spatial planning performance) were measured in type 2 diabetic patients, more particularly those under insulin treatment, and in obese patients. Slight alterations in the test of backward spatial span were measured in obese patients. With respect to biological data, our results indicate significant relationships between systemic inflammation and inflammatory markers (inflammatory cytokines, including MCP1, and T-cell markers) in the visceral adipose tissue of obese patients. Interestingly, chronic low-grade inflammation was associated with fatigue symptoms (general fatigue, mental fatigue, reduced activity and motivation) and performance alterations in tests assessing executive functions. Altogether, these data support the hypothesis of the involvement of the adipose macrophages and T lymphocytes in the systemic inflammatory state associated with obesity. Moreover, these results suggest that systemic low-grade inflammation associated with metabolic disorders may contribute to the physiopathology of fatigue and cognitive alterations in these conditions. In conclusion, these studies provide a precise characterization of fatigue symptoms and cognitive alterations associated with metabolic disorders, such as obesity or type 2 diabetes. In addition, this thesis work gives interesting information about the relationships of chronic low-grade inflammation and fatigue and cognitive symptoms, and refines hypotheses regarding the involvement of inflammatory processes in the physiopathology of these symptoms in patients with diabetes or obesity.

La Manche orientale représente une zone économique importante qui supporte diverses activités anthropiques comme le tourisme, le transport maritime et l’exploitation de ressources vivantes ou minérales. De plus, cette région possède un riche patrimoine biologique illustré par sa grande diversité d’habitats. Les Aires Marines Protégées (AMP) sont souvent évoquées comme un instrument de gestion permettant d’aménager l’exploitation durable de ces ressources marines, dans le cadre d’une gestion écosystémique intégrée et responsable. Si les Etats ont pour obligation de créer des réseaux d’AMPs dans leurs eaux nationales, chacune d’elles est souvent localisée au cas par cas. Afin de coordonner la mise en place des différents réseaux d’AMPs, une démarche de planification spatiale systématique de la conservation est de plus en plus encouragée. Cette démarche a pour but de proposer un réseau d’AMP qui soit cohérent, même dans un contexte transfrontalier, comme c’est le cas en Manche orientale. Les travaux de recherche menés lors de cette thèse apportent ainsi une contribution scientifique à la mise en cohérence de l’aménagement des activités anthropiques avec les objectifs de conservation de l’écosystème marin de Manche orientale. Dans le cadre d’une approche de conservation intégrée, toute la biodiversité de la Manche orientale doit être représentée. Pour cela, en complément des typologies benthiques existantes dans la zone, une typologie des masses d’eau a été proposée et validée avec différents jeux de données d’espèces pélagiques. Marxan et Zonation, deux logiciels largement répandus en planification de la conservation ont été comparés dans le processus de conception du réseau d’AMP en Manche orientale. La conclusion a été que Marxan serait le logiciel utilisé pour la suite des analyses. En effet, ce logiciel est conçu pour atteindre clairement les cibles de conservation, ce qui facilite l’interprétation des résultats.Puis une étape essentielle de planification de la conservation a été réalisée à travers une analyse des lacunes (gap analysis) à l’échelle de la Manche orientale. Elle a permis de montrer que le réseau d’AMP existant atteint les cibles de conservation calculées dans cette thèse et qu’il couvre 33% de la Manche orientale. Il faut toutefois noter que l’étude des possibles lacunes au niveau de la gestion des AMPs n’a pu être réalisée de façon approfondie car la majorité de ces AMPS ne possèdent pas encore de plan de gestion défini.Finalement, l’influence de l’intégration des activités humaines dans le processus de conception du réseau d’AMP a été explorée grâce à l’utilisation de données d’effort de pêche et de données de débarquements. De plus, d’autres informations sur le trafic maritime, les extractions de granulats marins et les potentielles zones d’éoliennes en mer ont été ajoutées pour prendre en compte la totalité des usages et réglementation qui génèrent des contraintes spatiales en Manche orientale. / The eastern English Channel is a significant economic area that supports a number of human-based activities, such as tourism and recreational activities, international ports and shipping, and the extraction of both living and mineral resources. In addition, the region supports a number of important marine biological features and large habitat diversity. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are increasingly used as a management tool to foster a sustainable exploitation of marine resources in an ecosystem based management framework. All European countries have a legal obligation to develop MPA networks in their national waters. However, there has to date been only limited attempts to coordinate the design and positioning of such networks at an international level and the use of a systematic conservation planning approach is now recommended. This process aims to propose a coherent MPA network, even in a trans-boundary context as in the eastern English Channel (EEC). The studies conducted in this thesis contribute to the scientific knowledge needed to support both anthropogenic activities and conservation objectives in the eastern English Channel.The representation of the whole biodiversity of the eastern English Channel is important in a context of an integrated conservation approach. With this objective, to complete the existing benthic typologies, a pelagic typology was produced and validated with various pelagic species distribution data to ensure that the total biodiversity of the eastern English Channel would be considered.Marxan and Zonation, two widely used conservation planning software packages that provide decision support for the design of reserve systems were compared in the MPA network design process in the EEC. It was found that Marxan was most suitable for subsequent analyses in this thesis because it found reasonably efficient and clear solutions to the problem of selecting a system of spatially cohesive sites that met a suite of biodiversity targets, and the results were easily interpretable.Then, as it is an essential step in a conservation planning approach, a gap analysis was realized at the scale of the EEC. The currently proposed network met conservation targets proposed in this thesis and was found to cover 33% of the EEC. However, a correct assessment of management gaps was not possible as a major part of these MPA do not have management rules yet.Finally, the influence of the human activity data on the MPA design process was studied using landings and fishing effort data. Other information on maritime traffic, aggregate extraction or offshore windmills zones, and on-going MPA projects were also added to consider the whole set of uses and regulations that generate spatial constraints in the eastern English Channel.

The aim of the thesis was to analyse indicators and data sets used in the field of sustainable spatial plannig. On the base of the analyses there were spatial indicators of the sustainable development designed. The basic condition to design new indicators it was the accessibility to the elementary datas. The other condition was to design very simply methodology that could be use also for measuring in very small location. The thesis designed idnicators in three main areas of the spatial planning: • landuse, • accessibility of the services, • inner city/town/village traffic. One of the demands for the new indicators set was it´s efficiency for all kinds of the cities in the Czech Republic. This demand was fullfilled by the 3 level methodolgy – the main indicator was measurable for all kinds of settlemets – small villages, small and middle towns and also for cities. The basic methodology (for small villages) was very simple. Indicators were computed from very easy accesible data sets. And this methodology could also be used for larger settlements without any problems. The second level – for small and middle towns – sometimes needs special surveys or special hardware and software. The top of the pyramid is the methodology for cities. In this level there are used detailed analyses and computing methods. The thesis designes the methodology and also checks the practical application up.

La thèse porte sur les conditions d’émergence d’une approche territoriale de prévention et de gestion des risques collectifs à l’échelle des agglomérations urbaines. Cette approche s’appuie une définition endogène et extensive du mot « risque », qui vise finalement à un fonctionnement sans incident des villes. Le suivi du parcours des agents administratifs, principaux porteurs de cette ambition dans les trois intercommunalités françaises étudiées (agglomérations de Nantes, de Lyon et du Havre), permet de mesurer la réception de cette approche dans la gouvernance locale et dans le développement des agglomérations urbaines. La première partie de la thèse, qui couvre les années 1960 à 2000, vise à montrer la lente légitimation d’une approche territoriale de prévention et de gestion des risques jusqu’à la structuration administrative de services dédiés. La seconde partie de la thèse, qui couvre les années 2000 à 2006, examine les conditions de leur maintien sur l’agenda. Contre toutes attentes, les agents publics ne réussissent pas à inscrire leur approche des risques dans les politiques d’urbanisme. Par contre, ils parviennent à la valoriser dans la politique locale de sécurité civile. Cette thèse met les agents territoriaux au cœur de l’analyse de l’action publique et de l’évolution des représentations urbaines. Mais c’est dans la confrontation de ces agents publics aux autres techniciens, communaux ou d’État, et surtout dans le rapport aux élus, que se révèlent les enjeux politiques de la prise en compte des risques dans le développement urbain / This thesis is concerned with the conditions in which a territorial approach to the prevention and management of collective risks within city regions has emerged. This approach offers an endogenous definition of risks, linking them to the overall functioning of cities. With a focus on the role of technical and administrative officials, the thesis explores whether the formation of a territorial approach to risks leads to transformations in wider urban development policies The first section presents modes of the territorial definition of risks between 1960 and 2000, used by public officials aiming to justify and legitimate their roles within intercommunal institutions, such as the institutional enrolment of a public action at the level of the city region and the administrative structuring of a dedicated service. The second section analyses the conditions of its continuing importance in the public policy agenda between 2000 and 2006. Against all expectations, public officials found during this period neither an opening nor a foothold in planning policies for their actions. Nevertheless, they did find possibilities for maintaining its importance in the formation of a territorial approach to civil security. The thesis restores the administrative and political role of territorial agents to the core of analysis of public action and of evolving urban representations. Focusing on how the policy of risk prevention and management is framed by a set of technical and administrative discourses, the study retraces the hidden face of the political challenges associated with taking into account risks in wider urban development

L'inflation sémantique qui existe aujourd'hui en France autour de la notion de territoire n'aura pas échappé au plus fin des observateurs. Érigé par le politique en une notion incontournable dont il ne semble plus pouvoir se passer, objet de nombreuses disciplines scientifiques, notion au cœur de multiples controverses : annoncé mort, sur le retour, épuisé, dépassé, l'actualité du territoire est telle qu'on en perdrait presque le sens. Pourtant la question du sens, bien souvent évacuée par ceux qui y ont intérêt, est absolument centrale car à force d'être (trop) utilisée la notion questionne : qui parle du territoire et pourquoi ? Quelles réalités désigne-t-on lorsque l'on parle du territoire en France aujourd'hui ? Faut-il se séparer d'une notion qui semble désigner à peu près tout et son contraire ? L'objet de la présente recherche ne consiste pas en une mise à mort du territoire, ni en son exaltation, mais choisit la voie de la reconceptualisation de la notion, voie qui semble être la plus raisonnable à suivre dans une France qui ne peut, et n'a de toute façon pas intérêt, à se passer du territoire. Afin de reconceptualiser la notion, ce travail se penche sur les principales dimensions à partir desquelles territoire est communément défini, à savoir une dimension politique, le territoire est un espace approprié par le pouvoir politique, qui le gère, le découpe et l'organise ; une dimension sociale, le territoire a été érigé par le politique comme lieu de la solidarité, de l'égalité ; une dimension identitaire, l'espace devient territoire à mesure qu'il est approprié par des individus et des groupes qui s'y sentent appartenir. Afin de continuer à faire sens, ces trois grandes acceptions du territoire doivent êtres reconsidérées au prisme des mutations qui ont transformé notre société depuis le milieu des années soixante-dix et qui sont pour une large part de l'ordre du registre réticulaire : mobilité, fonctionnement selon le modèle du réseau, réticularité, interdépendances. Si ces mutations ont souvent été perçues comme contraires au territoire, car aux antipodes de la manière dont la notion avait été jusque-là construite et pensée en France, cette recherche souhaite prendre le contre-pied de cette idée, en démontrant qu'il s'avère nécessaire de repartir de ces diverses mutations, afin de redéfinir la notion de territoire aujourd'hui au regard de cette réticularité. Car si territoire est apparu à un moment donné pour traduire une certaine réalité, ce n'est parce que cette réalité a changé, que la notion doit être considérée comme obsolète. On peut travailler à sa reconceptualisation et c'est tout le sens de cette recherche. / The semantic inflammation regarding the notion of territory that exists nowadays in France will not escape from the most careful observers. Politics set this notion up as an inescapable concept that cannot be overlooked. The question of territory is the subject of many scientific disciplines, debates as well as controversies. The actuality of this notion, announced dead, on the return, exhausted or out-dated, is such complex, that one can almost lose its meaning. Yet the question of meaning, which is often dismissed by those who are interested in the territory phenomenon, is absolutely central. Consequently, the notion of territory being (over) used in common debates raises many questions such as who speaks of territory and why? What realities do we mean when we talk about territory in France today? Is it necessary to get rid of concepts applied on many fronts and designating all or nothing? This research purpose is not to delete or to exalt the notion of territory. The aim is to find a way of reconceptualization of this notion. This approach seems to be the most reasonable to follow in France that currently does not have any interest in doing without the concept of territory. This research focus is on the main dimensions from which territory is commonly defined, namely a political dimension that defines a space appropriated by the political power managing, organising or cutting the territory out, a social dimension removed as a place of solidarity or equality by politics, and the dimension of identity regarding a space becoming territory as individuals and groups belonging to this territory appropriate it. Those three major concepts of territory have to be rethought in the context of changes such as mobility, networking or functioning according to the network model and interdependency, that our society is facing since the mid-1970s. As those transformations have often been perceived in France as contrary to the territory notion, this research aim is to study the territory from the opposite point of view. So it is necessary to start from these various mutations' analyses in order to rethink the current notion of territory. The concept of territory has appeared at any one time to translate certain reality, however this notion shouldn't be considered as obsolete once this reality has changed. Its reconceptualization can be done and this is the main purpose of this research.