Magistro darbe analizuojamas informacinių technologijų taikymas Lietuvos logopedų darbe. Apie IKT ir KMP taikymą Lietuvos logopedų darbe nėra daug žinoma, nėra parengta išsamių mokslinių straipsnių ar apžvalgų, kurie nurodytų, kokiomis informacinių technologijų programomis ar priemonėmis naudojamasi logopedų darbe, kokios iš jų vyrauja ir kurios yra efektyviausios dirbant su kalbos, kalbėjimo ir komunikacijos sutrikimų turinčiais asmenimis. Praktinis tyrimo naudingumas – atskleisti informacinių technologijų taikymo realybę logopedų darbe su kalbėjimo ir kalbos sutrikimų turinčiais asmenimis. Palyginti pasiekimus šioje srityje Lietuvoje ir užsienio šalyse. Prieduose pateikiamas internetinių svetainių sąrašas, kur galima rasti logopedinėse pratybose pritaikomų lavinimo užduočių. / Master’s thesis analyzes the informational technologies application in Lithuanian speech and language therapists’ work. The aim of this research - to assess the informational and communication technology (ICTs) and computer-based speech training system (CBST) use at the speech and language therapists work in comprehensive schools who work with persons who have language, speech and communication disorders. The empirical part of the paper deals with the use of ICTs/ CBST at speech and language therapists work, their possibility of usage, the coherence between speech therapists qualification and their age, the usage of the programs for development educable self-dependent tools, speech and language therapists interest in various sources of work-related topics and others. In the questionnaire survey (in electronic form) have participated 258 speech and language therapists who work in comprehensive schools.

Research examining bilinguals who stutter (BWS) is limited; in particular there are few studies that have considered examining features of speech motor control in BWS. The present study was designed to examine features of speech motor control in bilingual speakers of Mandarin and English. Speech motor control was examined through the acoustic analysis of speaking rate, voice onset time (VOT) and stuttering adaptation. Participants ranged from age between 9 and 27 years. Upon completion of a language dominance questionnaire, two BWS participants were found to be English dominant and three were Mandarin dominant. Each BWS participant was matched to age/sex matched control participants (BWNS). Results for the BWS participants found more stuttering in the less dominant language based on a measure of percentage of syllables stuttered. All of the BWS participants demonstrated stuttering adaptation and there was no significant difference in the amount of adaptation for Mandarin and English. There was no difference found between BWS and BWNS for speaking rate and VOT. In spite of the similarity between BWS and BWNS, speaking rate in Mandarin appeared to be faster compared to English. These findings suggest that speech motor control in BWS and BWNS are similar and current application of these findings to the clinical setting is discussed.

Det saknas logopediskt bedömningsmaterial normerat för flerspråkiga barn, och kunskapen om dessa barns typiska tal- och språkutveckling är begränsad hos logopeder i Sverige. Detta leder till över- och underdiagnostisering av språkstörning. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka svensk-engelsktalande barns narrativer (berättelser). Dessa analyseras kvantitativt och kvalitativt, både makrostrukturellt (story grammar) och mikrostrukturellt (lingvistiska mått). Även narrativ förståelse undersöks och jämförs med produktion. Studiens deltagare är 16 simultant flerspråkiga svensk-engelsktalande barn i åldern 6-7 år, som går i förskoleklass eller i första klass. Narrativerna eliciteras med hjälp av två bildsekvenser ur ett bedömningsmaterial framtaget av en forskningsgrupp inom COST Action IS0804. Bedömningsmaterialet innehåller även förståelsefrågor till bildsekvenserna, och bakgrundsfrågor för vårdnadshavare att fylla i. Resultaten visar inga skillnader i makrostruktur mellan svenska och engelska, vilket tyder på att narrativ förmåga inte nödvändigtvis är språkbunden. Jämförelser mellan förståelse och produktion av utvalda story grammar-komponenter visar dock en tydlig skillnad. Förståelsen för en karaktärs mål (story grammar-komponenten goal), vad karaktären vill uppnå, är etablerad hos de flesta deltagarna trots att produktionen av goal är begränsad. Till skillnad från makrostrukturen, skiljer sig mikrostrukturen åt i narrativerna. De engelska narrativerna är både längre och mer komplexa än de svenska. Skillnaderna mellan barn i förskoleklass och i första klass är dessutom stor, både makro- och mikrostrukturellt. Detta tyder på att mycket händer i barns språkliga och narrativa utveckling i tidig skolålder. Tvärspråkligt inflytande förefaller vara en naturlig del av den typiska språkutvecklingen hos simultant flerspråkiga barn. / There are no standardised tests for assessing bilingual children’s speech and language development, and the knowledge about these children’s typical language development is limited amongst speech and language therapists in Sweden. Studies have shown that this can lead to misdiagnosis of language impairment in these children. The aim of this study is to investigate the narratives of Swedish-English speaking children. Analysis is made, both quantitatively and qualitatively, regarding the macrostructure (story grammar) and the microstructure (linguistic measurements) of the narratives. Narrative comprehension is also examined, and compared with the produced narratives. The participants are 16 simultaneously bilingual Swedish-English speaking children, aged 6-7 years and either attending preschool class or first grade in the Swedish education system. The narratives are elicited using two different sets of pictures from an assessment material designed by a research group within COST Action IS0804. The assessment material also contains comprehension questions and a form for carers to fill in, regarding the children’s linguistic backgrounds. The results in this study show no macrostructural differences between the Swedish and the English narratives, which indicates that narrative ability is not necessarily language dependent. There is a clear difference between the comprehension and production of selected story grammar components. Despite the limited production of characters’ goals in the narratives, the participants appear to have established the comprehension of this story grammar component. The microstructural analysis of the narratives shows that the English narratives are both longer and more complex than the Swedish ones. There are differences between participants attending Swedish preschool class and participants attending Swedish first grade, with regards to both macrostructure and microstructure. The differences indicate that language and narrative ability is increasing between the ages of 6 and 7. Crosslinguistic influence appears to be a natural part of typical language development in simultaneously bilingual children.

As alterações de linguagem são vistas como um dos elementos fundamentais dos quadros de autismo infantil. A atuação como supervisora de estágio de alunos de quarto ano de graduação em Fonoaudiologia evidenciou que frequentemente há dificuldade na transposição do conhecimento teórico para a prática clínica. Objetivo: construir um programa aberto de intervenção pedagógica e aprendizagem, baseado na prática clínica e na literatura especializada; aplicá-lo a esse grupo de estudantes e avaliar o resultado desse procedimento, a partir de uma prova de raciocínio clínico. Método: foram sujeitos dessa pesquisa 16 terapeutas estagiárias sem experiência prévia no atendimento de crianças do espectro autístico divididas em: Grupo Pesquisa (sete estagiárias que participaram da oficina de formação e de um período de oito meses de estágio supervisionado) e Grupo Controle (composto por nove estagiárias fonoaudiólogas que participaram apenas do período de oito meses de estágio supervisionado). Procedimentos: levantamento dos princípios norteadores da terapia fonoaudiológica com crianças com diagnóstico incluído no espectro autístico, segundo a abordagem pragmática por meio de revisão da literatura e entrevistas com profissionais com pelo menos três anos de experiência no atendimento a esta população; construção do programa de intervenção; aplicação do instrumento e de uma prova de raciocínio clínico para verificação dos resultados do emprego do programa, com a comparação dos dois grupos. Resultado: foi construído um programa de formação que é estruturado, mas flexível o suficiente para que o processo de aprendizagem seja construído pelo próprio aluno. Os estagiários do GP tiveram melhor desempenho em uma prova de raciocínio clínico do que os estagiários do GC. Conclusão: o programa de Oficina de Formação de Terapeutas mostrou-se eficiente. / Language disorders are one of the central elements of autism spectrum disorders. The work as practice supervisor with last year under graduation students of Speech, Language and Hearing Pathology has shown that frequently the transposition from theoretical knowledge to clinical practice is not easily done. Purpose: To propose an open intervention program for teaching and learning based on the specific literature and on the clinical practice; apply the program with a group of last year\'s students and verify its results through a clinical reasoning assessment. Method: Subjects were 16 students/therapists with no previous experience in working with autistic children divided in two groups: Research Group (7 students that participated in the learning workshop plus an eight-month period of supervised practice) and Control Group (9 students that participated only in the eight-month period of supervised practice). Procedures: literature review of the driving principles of pragmatic based language therapy for children of the autism spectrum and interviews with professionals with at least three years of experience with this population; proposal of an intervention pedagogical program; conduction of the learning workshops with RG; clinical reasoning assessment to verify the differences in performances by the groups. Results: the learning workshop is a structured program that is flexible enough to allow each student to build his/her own learning process. The students of RG had performed better in the clinical reasoning assessment then the ones from CG. Conclusion: The Learning Workshop Program has shown to be efficient.

Low-grade gliomas (LGGs) constitute a major challenge for health care because of their location and nature. LGGs are often found in eloquent areas, and their infiltrative growth cause neurological reorganization, which complicates the mapping of important functions. Awake surgery in combination with direct electrical stimulation (DES) and intraoperative tests is a relatively new method for mapping the brain's functional limits, thus eliminating as much of the tumor as possible while maintaining important functions. At present there is no available intraoperative test for semantic processing in Swedish. Tests of specific linguistic abilities improves the specificity of mapping which reduces post-operative linguistic impairments. Intraoperative tests can thus contribute to increased quality of life in the patient group. This study was based on the Dutch Lingusistic Intraoperative Protocol (DuLIP) test battery to create a Swedish version of the subtest semantic odd word out (SOWO). SOWO tests semantic processing via lexical reading. The adjusted and extended version of SOWO was tested during a pilot trial on 26 standard-language people. The study has resulted in a new semantic intraoperative test in Swedish that will be clinically examined at University Hospital in Uppsala. Hopefully, the new test contributes to better treatment options for patients with LGG. / Lågmaligna tumörer (LGG) utgör en stor utmaning för vården på grund av deras lokalisation och karaktär. LGG återfinns ofta i elokventa områden och deras infiltrativa växtsätt orsakar neurologisk omorganisering, vilket komplicerar kartläggning av viktiga funktioner. Vakenkirurgi i kombination med direkt elektrisk stimulering (DES) och intraoperativa tester är en relativt ny metod för att kartlägga hjärnans funktionella gränser och därmed kunna avlägsna så stor del av tumören som möjligt samtidigt som viktiga funktioner kan bevaras. I dagsläget finns det inget tillgängligt intraoperativt test för semantisk bearbetning på svenska. Tester av specifika lingvistiska förmågor förbättrar specificiteten av kartläggningen vilket minskar postoperativa språkliga nedsättningar. Intraoperativa tester kan därmed bidra till ökad livskvalitet hos patientgruppen. Denna studie har utgått från det nederländska testbatteriet Dutch Lingusistic Intraoperative Protocol (DuLIP) för att skapa en svensk version av deltestet semantic odd word out (SOWO). SOWO testar semantisk bearbetning via lexikal läsning. Den anpassade och utökade versionen av SOWO pilottestades på 26 normalspråkiga personer. Studien har resulterat i ett nytt semantiskt intraoperativt test på svenska som ska prövas kliniskt på Akademiska sjukhuset i Uppsala. Förhoppningsvis bidrar det nya testet till bättre behandlingsmöjligheter för patienter med LGG.

ABSTRACT Stroke can result in aphasia which is an acquired language disorder. It affects both the person with aphasia and the relatives. Previous studies have shown that people with aphasia consider themselves to have fewer difficulties with communication in comparison to their relatives’ opinions. The relatives rate the difficulties as less severe in comparison to the speech and language pathologists. The scales Communication Outcome after Stroke (COAST) and Carer Communication Outcome after Stroke (Carer COAST) can be used to investigate the experiences of the people with aphasia and their relatives regarding the language and communication ability of people with aphasia and the quality of life for both groups. By using COAST and Carer COAST this study aimed to investigate the experiences of people with aphasia and their relatives and to compare their experiences to the assessment of language. This study also aimed to start a validation of COAST and Carer COAST on a Swedish population. A qualitative and a quantitative analysis were used. Twenty people with aphasia and nineteen relatives were participating. The ratings between people with aphasia, their relatives and the speech and language pathologist did not differ a lot even though the relatives rated the difficulties as most severe. The quality of life was negatively affected for almost all participants. This study provided deeper insight in the different experiences which can be crucial in the clinical practice. The validation of COAST and Carer COAST can contribute to an extended use of the scales clinically and in research. Keywords: aphasia, stroke, relative, experiences, speech and language pathology, Communication Outcome after Stroke, Carer Communication Outcome after Stroke SAMMANFATTNING Afasi är en förvärvad språkstörning som kan uppkomma efter stroke och påverkar både personen som fått afasi och de närstående. Enligt tidigare studier anser personer med afasi att de har mindre kommunikationssvårigheter än vad de närstående upplever. De närstående upplever i sin tur svårigheterna som mindre än vad logopeder bedömer. Skattningsformulären Communication Outcome after Stroke (COAST) och Carer Communication Outcome after Stroke (Carer COAST) kan användas för att undersöka upplevelserna hos personer med afasi och deras närstående avseende den språkliga och kommunikativa förmågan hos personen med afasi samt livskvaliteten hos båda parter. Studien syftade till att med COAST och Carer COAST studera upplevelserna hos personer med afasi och deras närstående samt hur dessa förhöll sig till en språklig bedömning. Ytterligare ett syfte var att påbörja validering av COAST och Carer COAST på en svensk population. En kvalitativ och en kvantitativ analys gjordes. Tjugo personer med afasi och nitton närstående deltog. Det var inga större skillnader mellan skattningarna av deltagarna med afasi och deras närstående. Skattningarna stämde även till stor del överens med den språkliga bedömningen även om de närstående överlag skattade svårigheterna som störst. Livskvaliteten var negativt påverkad för de flesta deltagarna. Studiens resultat ökar insikten om de olika upplevelserna vilket kan vara av betydelse i den kliniska verksamheten. Valideringen av COAST och Carer COAST kan innebära att skattningsskalorna i större utsträckning kan användas kliniskt och inom forskning.   Nyckelord: afasi, stroke, närstående, upplevelser, logopedi, Communication Outcome after Stroke, Carer Communication Outcome after Stroke

I skolan ställs höga krav på språklig förmåga hos barn och för barn med språkstörning kan det innebära svårigheter att klara skolans kunskapskrav. En språkstörning kan också leda till svårigheter med sociala relationer och socioemotionell problematik till följd av den nedsatta språkliga förmågan. För att barn med språkstörning ska klara skolgången är de ofta i behov av logopediska insatser, men trots detta avslutar majoriteten av regionerna i landet logopedisk vårdkontakt vid skolstart. Möjligheten att få logopediska insatser skiljer sig beroende på var i Sverige barnet bor. Tidigare studier visar att ansvarsfördelningen mellan skolan och hälso- och sjukvården skiljer sig över landet, vilket riskerar att leda till ojämlikheter i vilka språkliga insatser barn med språkstörning i skolåldern erbjuds. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur logopeder inom hälso-och sjukvården upplever arbetet med barn med språkstörning i skolåldern för att bidra till en mer likvärdig utbildning och vård. Studien bygger på semistrukturerade intervjuer med elva logopeder, anställda inom fem olika regioner. Intervjuerna transkriberades och analyserades med innehållsanalys. Resultatet i studien visade att flera logopeder upplever en otydlig ansvarsfördelning mellan skola och hälso- och sjukvård gällande uppdraget att tillgodose barnets behov av språkliga insatser. Logopederna upplever att arbetet med barn med språkstörning i skolåldern begränsas av resursbrister och personbundna egenskaper (exempelvis kunskap, intresse och erfarenheter) både i skolan och hälso- och sjukvården. I intervjuerna belyser logopederna vikten av att se barn med språkstörning från flera perspektiv och att ge fortsatta logopediska insatser också under skolåren för att minska risken för konsekvenser till följd av en språkstörning. Tydliga och evidensbaserade riktlinjer för arbetet med barn med språkstörning lyfts som fördelaktigt. Slutligen konstaterades att en god samverkan mellan skolan, hälso- och sjukvården och vårdnadshavarna upplevs vara betydelsefullt för att barn med språkstörning i skolåldern ska få en mer likvärdig utbildning och en mer jämlik vård. / School education puts great demands on a student's language ability, and for students with development language disorder (DLD) it might mean difficulties in achieving educational goals. Language difficulties might lead to socio-emotional problems and struggles with social relationships. Students with DLD are often in need of speech and language pathologists (SLP) efforts to achieve educational goals. However, in the majority of the regions in Sweden no further SLP contact is offered to children with DLD from when they start their schooleducation. The possibility of receiving speech and language interventions differs depending on where in Sweden the student resides. Previous studies show that the division of responsibilities between school and healthcare is unclear in Sweden which might lead to unequal care for children with DLD. This study aims to investigate SLPs working in healthcare and their experience of supporting school-aged children diagnosed with DLD. The study is based on semi-structured interviews conducted with eleven SLPs, employed in five different healthcare regions in Sweden. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed with content analysis. The results showed that several SLPs in the healthcare systems experience an unclear division of responsibilities between school and healthcare regions regardingfulfilling the needs of the children with DLD. The SLPs experience challenges working with school-aged children with DLD, since the school and healthcare lack resources and due to different personal characteristics (for example knowledge, interests and experiences). The SLPs highlights the importance of a holistic perspective and to proceed with speech and language interventions to reduce the risk of consequences of the DLD diagnosis. Evidence-based guidelines are highlighted as a factor of success when working with children diagnosed with DLD. Finally, the study strengthens the understanding that well-functioning collaboration between school staff, health service and care givers is important for students diagnosed with DLD to obtain more equal education, care and support. / Likvärdig utbildning för barn med språkstörning - En studie av måluppfyllelse, erfarenheter och deltagande

Behovet av tolkar inom hälso- och sjukvården har ökat i takt med att antalet flerspråkiga individer ökar i dagens samhälle. Detta medför högre krav på sjukvården att upprätthålla kvalitén på god hälso- och sjukvård för alla. Logopeder kommer ofta i kontakt med flerspråkiga personer och är då i många av fallen i behov av tolkar vid utredningar eller behandlingar. I dagsläget finns det endast ett fåtal studier tillgängliga som beskriver de utmaningar i ett samarbete med logoped, som kan upplevas ur tolkens perspektiv. Syftet med studien är därmed att undersöka tolkars roll och få fram deras perspektiv av logopedisk utredning och behandling av flerspråkiga personer. Ökad kunskap om tolkens perspektiv skulle kunna tydliggöra de utmaningar och välfungerande arbetssätt som kan finnas och bidra till att förstärka samarbetet mellan tolk och logoped.Materialet för studien består av enkätsvar från 209 tolkar som arbetar i olika delar av Sverige. Information om tolkarna sammanställdes i tabeller för att kunna ge en överblick över bakgrundsinformation samt svar på ett antal fasta frågor om deras perspektiv och erfarenheter av tolkning inom logopediska aktiviteter. Många av de fasta frågorna hade också möjlighet till fritextsvar, vilket i hög grad utnyttjades av de tolkar som besvarade enkäten. Fritextsvarenanalyserades med tematisk analys. Resultatet påvisade att många av tolkarna överlag upplevde samarbetet med logopederna som positivt, men att det finns förbättringsområden. Det främst förekommande området var att tolkarna upplevde att logopederna inte hade tillräcklig kunskap över hur tolkarna bör utföra sitt yrke (utifrån yrkesetiska principer). En förbättrad förståelse förvarandras professioner skulle kunna öka den ömsesidiga förståelsen i samarbetet mellan tolk och logoped. Att kunna få ta del av de material som ska användas innan ett besök hos logopeden för att kunna förbereda sig, är något som tolkarna angav skulle kunna förbättra deras egen prestation och på så sätt även bidra till ökad patientsäkerhet. / The need for interpreters in health care has increased as the number of multilingual individuals increases in today´s society. This entails greater demands on healthcare services to maintain a high quality of healthcare for all. Speech therapists often encounter multilingual people and are then in many cases in need of interpreters during assessments or interventions. Currently, there are only a few studies available that describe challenges that may occur in collaborationsbetween interpreters and speech and language therapist, viewed from the interpreters’perspective. The purpose of this study is thus to investigate the role of interpreters and emphasise their perspective on speech and language therapy activities (e.g. assessment and intervention) for multilingual people. Increased knowledge of the interpreters’ perspective may reveal challenges, as well as identify well-functioning working methods that exist. Results of the study may contribute to strengthening the collaboration between interpreters and speech and language therapists.The material for the study consists of questionnaire responses from 209 interpreters from different parts of Sweden. To provide a comprehensive overview of their answers,information about the interpreters was compiled in tables. Free text answers were an accompanying option to many of the fixed questions. The interpreters' free text answers were analysed using thematic analysis. Overall, the results showed that many of the interpreters perceived the collaboration with the speech therapists as positive, but that there are areas for improvement. The most commonly addressed area was that the interpreters felt that the speech therapists did not have sufficient knowledge of how interpreters are required to perform their profession (by oath of conduct). An improved understanding of each other's professions might increase the degree of satisfaction in the collaboration between interpreter and speech and language pathologist. Getting access to the materials that are to be used for assessment or intervention, before the appointment to be interpreted, would provide the interpreter with a fair chance to prepare appropriately. This is something that a majority of the interpreters in the present study pressed would improve their own performance and thus also increase patient safety.

L'aphasie est un trouble acquis du langage qui cause des difficultés de communication pouvant affecter la compréhension et l'expression. Lorsque l'aphasie survient par suite d’un accident vasculaire cérébral, des difficultés importantes de communication sont initialement constatées, puis une amélioration graduelle dans les semaines et les mois qui suivent. Toutefois, pour certaines personnes, l’aphasie peut rester sévère un an, l’aphasie est alors considérée comme chronique. L'une des manifestations les plus courantes de l'aphasie est l'anomie - un manque de mots. Un nombre croissant d'études se penchent sur l'impact de la thérapie sur l'aphasie chronique et ont montré une amélioration du langage après plusieurs années. Des thérapies sont développées et étudiées en anglais, mais peu d’écrits scientifiques décrivent les effets des thérapies spécifiques et formalisées en français. Le but du présent travail doctoral est d'examiner les effets comportementaux et d’explorer les substrats neurologies du protocole Analyse des Composantes Phonologiques (ACP) ainsi que l’influence des facteurs individuels sur les gains chez dix-huit personnes vivant avec une aphasie chronique. Ainsi, la thèse comporte trois articles qui abordent, chacun, des facettes différentes des effets de l’ACP. Dans le premier article, les effets comportementaux de l’ACP sont explorés ainsi que le rôle des facteurs individuels sur la réponse à l’intervention. Le deuxième considère l’effet de l’ACP sur la connectivité fonctionnelle du cerveau, tout en considérant l’effet des facteurs individuels. Enfin, le troisième article s’intéresse à la réponse par suite de l’intervention ACP en considérant les facteurs individuels du bilinguisme et des caractéristiques neuroanatomiques comme la localisation des lésions et l’épaisseur corticale. L'ensemble de résultats démontre une amélioration significative de la dénomination des noms parmi les dix-huit participant·e·s inclus·e·s. Par ailleurs, cette amélioration a été mesurée sur des mots non-traités, ce qui reflète un effet de généralisation. Par surcroit, cette amélioration se maintient à trois mois et six mois après la fin de l’intervention. L’âge, la sévérité de l’anomie et la présence d’une apraxie de la parole sévère influencent les gains mesurés. Les analyses neurofonctionnelles de connectivité fonctionnelle au repos auprès de dix participant·e·s montrent une meilleure intégration des réseaux visuels et langagiers, associés lors d’une tâche de dénomination des noms. Les changements de connectivité observés dépendent de la sévérité de l'aphasie. Plus spécifiquement, l’intégration interhémisphérique et au sein de l’hémisphère droit est plus importante chez les personnes ayant une aphasie plus légère. Finalement, être bilingue influence aussi les gains observés par suite du protocole Analyse des Composantes Phonologiques. Les personnes bilingues s’améliorent davantage, cet avantage est associé une épaisseur corticale supérieure dans l’hémisphère droit comparativement aux personnes monolingues. Ces données préliminaires suggèrent que les changements comportementaux observés résultent de la combinaison des composantes phonologiques et orthographiques de l'intervention, et que l’intervention requiert et entraîne les fonctions exécutives. Les données cueillies dans le cadre de cette thèse sont prometteuses en ce qui concerne les effets bénéfiques de l’Analyse des Composantes Phonologiques en français. Plus précisément, les gains mesurés auprès d’un échantillon présentant des symptômes variés, la généralisation et le maintien supportent l’utilisation de ce protocole d’intervention auprès de personnes francophones. Il est à noter que la taille du groupe étudié est modeste, mais les méthodologies complémentaires et la convergence des résultats avec les données existantes dans les écrits scientifiques et à travers les méthodes d'étude de cette thèse (niveaux comportemental et neurofonctionnel) justifient des études subséquentes pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes d'action et l’influence des facteurs individuels sur les gains. / Aphasia is an acquired language disorder that causes communication difficulties that can affect understanding and expression. When aphasia occurs following a stroke, significant communication difficulties are initially noted, followed by gradual improvement over the following weeks and months. However, for some people, the aphasia may remain severe after a year even when recovery has been seen, in which case the aphasia is considered chronic. One of the most common symptoms in aphasia is anomia - a difficulty finding and saying words. A growing number of studies are looking at the impact of speech and language therapy on chronic aphasia and have shown improvement in language after several years. Therapies are developed and studied in English, but little scientific literature describes the effects of specific, formalized therapies in French. The purpose of the present doctoral work is to examine the behavioural effects and to explore the neurological substrates of the Phonological Component Analysis (PCA) protocol as well as the influence of individual factors on gains in 18 adults living with chronic aphasia. Thus, the dissertation consists of three articles, each of which addresses different facets of the effects of PCA. In the first article, the behavioural effects of PCA are explored as well as the role of individual factors on the response to the intervention. The second considers the effect of PCA on resting-state functional brain connectivity, while considering the effect of individual factors. Finally, the third paper looks at the response to the PCA intervention by considering the individual factors of bilingualism and neuroanatomical characteristics associated such as cortical thickness, and also lesion location. The overall results show a significant improvement in naming among the eighteen participants included in the thesis. Moreover, this improvement was measured on untreated words, which reflects a generalization effect and was maintained at three and six months after the end of the intervention. Age, severity of impairment and the presence of severe apraxia of speech influenced the measured gains. Neurofunctional analyses of resting-state functional connectivity in ten participants showed improved integration of the visual and language networks, associated during a naming task. The connectivity changes observed depend on the severity of the aphasia. More specifically, interhemispheric and right hemisphere integration is greater in individuals with milder aphasia. Finally, being bilingual also influences the gains observed following the Phonological Component Analysis protocol. Bilinguals improved more, and this advantage was associated with greater cortical thickness in frontal regions of the right hemisphere compared to monolinguals. These preliminary data suggest that the observed behavioural changes result from the combination of the phonological and orthographic components of the intervention, and that the intervention requires and trains executive functions. The data collected in this thesis show promise for the beneficial effects of Phonological Component Analysis in French. Specifically, the gains, generalization, and maintenance measured in a sample of adults living with aphasia displaying varied symptoms support the use of this intervention protocol with French speakers. It should be noted that the size of the study group is modest, but the complementary methodologies and the convergence of the results with existing data in the scientific literature and through the study methods of this thesis (behavioural and neurofunctional levels) justify subsequent studies to better understand the mechanisms of action and the influence of individual factors on gains.

This thesis addresses the issue of the interplay of product form changes and experience in simultaneous interpreting from English into Czech comparing students and graduates in Interpreting. The purpose of this study is to conduct a systematic overview of language form errors in simultaneous interpretation performed by interpreters on different stages of acquiring interpreting skills. The study is divided into two sections - theoretical and empirical. The theoretical section introduces the current state of knowledge and the findings of previous studies concerning product form changes on a language level in simultaneous interpreting. The present study is based on the assumption that growing experience and regular interpreting excercise improve interpreter's output form achieving thus a smooth and fluent interpreting perfomance without any language disfluencies unpleasant to the listener. The study also addresses listener's perception of the language form of interpreter's output with all of its potential infelicities. The empirical section consists of an experiment which is divided into two parts. The first part aims at classifying and quantifying product form changes in simultaneous interpreting performed by three groups of interpreters - beginning students, advanced students and graduates in...