This diploma thesis is focused on war journalism and compares how the Czech daily Mlada fronta Dnes and American daily The New York Times inform about Syria civil war. In first theoretical part is introduced concept of journalism, process of news selection and agenda setting. Moreover war journalism, propaganda and historical development of war journalism are introduced. Following part brings concrete description of for theoretical bases which help form research questions. The quantitative analyse is chosen as a method of research. Research part of this work aims to discover masculine and feminine values in journalism. These values were former defined in Gina G. Barker study. Next part aims to connect three media roles by Daya Kishan Thussu a Des Friedman to chosen newspaper. Moreover the used sources of dailies are described. Research is focused on patriotism during inform about civil war as well. The last part brings the results of this research and comparison of journalism about Syrian civil war on the pages of Czech and American newspapers.

La philosophie ricœurienne indique qu’il n’est pas de compréhension de soi qui ne soit médiatisée par des signes, des symboles, des textes ; elle peut donc être interprétée comme une chance pour la philosophie africaine. En effet, si on estime que le champ éthique s’étend à tous les domaines de la vie, si on admet avec Ricœur que l’existence est synonyme d’action, à savoir que « dire ‘’je suis’’, c’est dire ‘’je veux, je meus, je fais’’ », alors l’Africain traditionnel qui n’a pas une pensée systématique comme l’exige la philosophie grecque, mais a plutôt développé une pensée de ce qu’il fait, peut apporter au discours éthique sa modeste contribution. En effet, ses mythes, ses contes et même quelquefois ses chants, contiennent un enseignement à la fois pratique, symbolique et philosophique, à caractère universel. Entrer à l’intérieur d’un conte, c’est comme entrer à l’intérieur de soi-même. / Ricoeur’s philosophy shows us that there is not any comprehension of self without it being mediated by signs, symbols and texts; it can be, therefore, interpreted as a chance given to the African philosophy. In fact, if we estimate that the ethical field extends to all human domains and if we admit, like Ricoeur does, the synonymy between action and existence – “to say I am, means I want, I move, I do” – thus the traditional African, who hasn’t a systematical thinking as required by the Greek philosophy, but instead has developed a thinking of what he can do, can bring into the ethical discourse his modest contribution. In reality, his myths, his tales and sometimes his chants, all contain a message that is at the same time: practical, symbolical and philosophical, with a universal character. To enter into a tail is like entering inside one’s self.

Les récentes révolutions du « Printemps des pays arabes » attestent de la vivacité de l’idéal démocratique. Or ce régime est caractéristique d’une manière philosophique de penser le droit et les institutions. En effet, il se conforme mieux que nul autre à l’essence de l’Homme. Alors, malgré le succès des méthodes quantitatives en sciences humaines et l’autonomie désormais incontestée de la science du politique, nos temps contemporains seraient les héritiers d’une vision métaphysique plutôt que scientifique de la matière politique. Pourtant, la thèse explore l’histoire de la première « science des institutions » qui naît et se développe dans les Temps Modernes. Courant méconnu au cœur de l’histoire des institutions, ses tenants sont pourtant des figures incontournables et emblématiques de la pensée politique moderne, qu’il s’agisse de Machiavel, Hobbes, Montesquieu ou encore Hume. La thèse dévoile alors l’ambitieux projet de ces penseurs : proposer des institutions adaptées à la variété des mœurs, des histoires et des sociétés qu’ils étudient. Le choix du régime politique se doit d’être à la fois respectueux de l’humain et adapté à la variété des populations existantes. Dès lors l’universel et le particulier se rejoignent pour servir la première « science » de la Modernité. La thèse serpente les siècles et le continent européen. Au bout de son périple, une rencontre surprenante : celle de philosophes fascinés par les découvertes de ces premiers scientifiques du politique. De cette rencontre devait naître un nouveau régime politique, différent de son homologue athénien : la Démocratie moderne / The recent revolutions of the « Arab Spring » attest of the vivacity of the democratic ideal. Yet, this regime is characterised by a philosophical questioning on law and on institutions. In fact, it fits better than any other regime the essence of mankind. So despite the success of quantitative methods and the now undisputed autonomy of political sciences, modern times inherited a metaphysical point of view rather than a scientific way to address political questioning. However, the thesis explores the history of the first “science of institutions” that was born and developed in Modernity. Unknown current in the history of institutions, its proponents are paradoxically emblematic figures of modern political thinking, such as Machiavelli, Hobbes, Montesquieu or even Hume. The thesis unveils their ambitious project: to propose institutions adapted to the variety of the customs, behaviours, histories of the societies they study. The choice of the political regime should be respectful of human nature and at the same time adapted to the variety of the existing people. Therefore, the universal and the specific merge in order to serve the first real science of the modern era. The thesis research progresses through Europe from the XVIth to the XVIIIth centuries. At the end of its journey: a surprising encounter: the meeting of philosophers fascinated by the discoveries of these first political scientists. This encounter bore a new type of political regime, different from its Athenian counterpart: modern Democracy

Le but principal du présent travail est ainsi de réaliser une expérience de mélange par la turbulence, dans laquelle il est possible de déterminer et de quantifier les temps de cohérence des différentes échelles spatiales des fluctuations du champ de vitesse et du champ de concentration qu'il transporte et mélange. La turbulence est ici voisine de la situation idéale statistiquement homogène et isotrope, et la configuration est conçue pour qu'il en soit de même pour le champ de concentration. La turbulence est créée par une grille placée perpendiculairement à un écoulement uniforme à l'extérieur des couches limites qui se développent le long des parois de la veine d'essais à section carrée constante. L'écoulement de la présente étude est un écoulement d'eau, dans lequel le champ de concentration est celui d'une solution de Rhodamine B injectée au niveau de la grille à travers des injecteurs équi-répartis le long des barreaux de celle-ci. Ce choix, dicté par la technique de mesure du champ de concentration par Fluorescence Induite par Laser, permet en outre de mesurer le champ de vitesse par une autre technique optique, elle aussi non-intrusive. Pour se rapprocher le plus de la théorie d'un mélange idéal statistiquement homogène et isotrope sans vitesse moyenne, on considère dans l'expérience, conformément à l'hypothèse de Taylor, que toutes les échelles associées à chacun de ces champs, sont convectés à la vitesse moyenne U de l'écoulement, et l'on suit une "boîte de turbulence" qui se déplace à cette vitesse le long de la veine. Par suite déterminer l'état de la turbulence en un point donné de cette boite à l'instant t et à l'instant t'=t+dt, revient à l'étudier dans l'expérience à t à l'abscisse x de la veine d'essai, et à t' à l'abscisse x+dx , avec dx=Udt, où se trouve le point de la boîte aux deux instants successifs. Les résultats expérimentaux concernant les échelles pour lesquelles l'isotropie statistique est satisfaite, permettent alors de vérifier une phénoménologie de l'évolution de la cohérence temporelle des diverses échelles spatiales du champ des fluctuations de concentration fondée sur les idées de Comte-Bellot et Corrsin. Cette expérience, est en outre l'occasion de donner des résultats sur les densités de probabilité de diverses propriétés statistiques des champs de fluctuation de vitesse. / The main purpose of this work is to make an experiment of mixing by turbulence, in which it is possible to determine and quantify the coherence time of the different spatial scales of fluctuations of a scalar field. We measure concentration fluctuations of rhodamine B by Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) which is transported and mixed by velocity fluctuations. These latter ones are generated by a grid placed perpendicularly to the flow in a water channel and are measured by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The concentration field is injected in the flow by injectors regularly spaced on the grid so that it is a situation where both the velocity and the concentration fields are statistically homogeneous and isotropic. To get as close as the theory of statistically homogeneous and isotropic turbulence with no mean velocity, we consider, according to Taylor's hypothesis, that all scales associated with each of these fields are convected with the mean velocity U of the flow, and we follow a "turbulent box" that moves at U along the channel. As a result determining the state of turbulence at a given point of the box at time t and time t ' = t + dt, is like studying in the experiment at time t and space x of test section, and time t' and space x + dx of the test section, with dx = U dt. When statistical isotropy is satisfied, we can verify a phenomenology of the evolution of the temporal coherence of various space scales of the concentration fluctuation fields based on the ideas of Comte-Bellot and Corrsin. This experiment is also an opportunity to give results on probability densities of various statistical properties of fluctuating velocity fields.

Wird der Äquator-Pol-Energietransfer als Wärmediffusion berücksichtigt, so gehen Energiebilanzmodelle in Reaktions-Diffusionsgleichungen über, deren Modellfall die (deterministische) Chafee-Infante-Gleichung darstellt. Ihre Lösung besitzt zwei stabile Zustände und mehrere instabile auf der separierenden Mannigfaltigkeit (Separatrix) der stabilen Anziehungsgebiete. Es wird bewiesen, dass die Lösung auf geeignet verkleinerten Anziehungsgebieten mit Minimalabstand zur Separatrix innerhalb von Zeitskalen relaxiert, die höchstens logarithmisch darin anwachsen. Motiviert durch statistische Belege aus grönländischen Zeitreihen wird diese partielle Differentialgleichung unter Störung mit unendlichdimensionalem, Hilbertraum-wertigen, regulär variierenden Lévy''schen reinen Sprungrauschen mit index alpha und Intensität epsilon untersucht. Ein kanonisches Beispiel dieses Rauschens ist alpha-stabiles Rauschen im Hilbertraum. Durch Erweiterung einer Methode von Imkeller und Pavlyukevich auf stochastische partielle Differentialgleichungen wird unter milden Bedingungen bewiesen, dass im Gegensatz zu Gauß''schem Rauschen die erwarteten Austritts- und übertrittszeiten zwischen Anziehungsgebieten polynomiell mit Ordnung in der inversen Intensität für kleine Rauschintensität anwachsen. In Kapitel 6 wird eine zusätzliche natürliche “Separatrixhypothese” über das Sprungmaß, eingeführt, die eine obere Schranke für die Austrittszeiten aus einer Umgebung der Separatrix impliziert. Dies ermöglicht den Nachweis einer oberen Schranke für die Austrittszeiten, welche gleichmäßig für Anfangsbedingungen in dem ganzen Anziehungsgebiet gilt. Es folgen zwei Lokalisierungsergebnisse. Schließlich wird gezeigt, dass die Lösung metastabiles Verhalten aufweist. Unter der “Separatrixhypothese” wird dies auf ein Ergebnis erweitert, welches gleichmäßig im Raum gilt. / If equator-to-pole energy transfer by heat diffusion is taken into account, Energy Balance Models turn into reaction-diffusion equations, whose prototype is the (deterministic) Chafee-Infante equation. Its solution has two stable states and several unstable ones on the separating manifold (separatrix) of the stable domains of attraction. We show, that on appropriately reduced domains of attraction of a minimal distance to the separatrix the solution relaxes in time scales increasing only logarithmically in it. Motivated by the statistical evidence from Greenland ice core time series, we consider this partial differential equation perturbed by an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space-valued regularly varying (pure jump) Lévy noise of index alpha and intensity epsilon. A proto-type of this noise is alpha-stable noise in the Hilbert space. Extending a method developed by Imkeller and Pavlyukevich to the SPDE setting we prove under mild conditions that in contrast to Gaussian perturbations the expected exit and transition times between the domains of attraction increase polynomially in the inverse intensity. In Chapter 6 we introduce an additional natural separatrix hypothesis on the jump measure that implies an upper bound on the exit time of a neighborhood of the separatrix. This allows to obtain an upper bound for the asymptotic exit time uniform for the initial positions inside the entire domain of attraction. It is followed by two localization results. Finally we prove that the solution exhibits metastable behavior. Under the separatrix hypothesis we can extend this to a result that holds uniformly in space.

L’ouverture de la fenêtre des Combrailles apporte des enseignements nouveaux sur la puissance et la richesse de la cité des Arvernes.L’occupation du territoire est continue, de la Protohistoire au Moyen Âge, avec un très grand développement au moment de l’Empire romain.Le tracé des deux voies romaines majeures est établi : la densité de la population le long de leur passage prouve le rôle qu’elles ont joué.L’installation des habitats (avec la présence des élites) sur la totalité du territoire montre la complémentarité économique entre la capitale et la moyenne montagne.La densité des espaces miniers et l’exploitation de l’or à la période gauloise ont certainement contribué à la richesse des Arvernes. / The opening of the window of study of Combrailles provides new insights into the power and the wealth of the city of Arvernes.The occupacy of the territory is continuous from the Protohistory to the Middle Ages, with a great development at the time of the Roman Empire.The layout of two major ways is established : the density of population along their path proves the role they played.The settlement of the habitat (including those of the elites) on the whole territory shows the economic complementarity between rural areas and the cities.The density of mining spaces and the exploitation of gold during the Gallic period certainly contribute to the richness of Arvernes.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T14:41:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 422971.pdf: 11451859 bytes, checksum: 44bc7be3ae741cfa3dea015f7c22c587 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-31 / An?lise e hist?ria do surgimento, na m?dia brit?nica, das bandas The Beatles e The Rolling Stones, utilizando as hip?teses de agenda setting, enquadramento e constru??o do imagin?rio. O estudo fixou-se entre os anos 1963 e 1967, na Inglaterra per?odo de surgimento e explos?o midi?tica dos dois grupos vista pela cobertura dos jornais The Times e The Guardian. A pesquisa busca fatos em artigos e mat?rias jornal?sticas da imprensa brit?nica, baseadas na constru??o de suas imagens, atrav?s da publica??o dessas reportagens.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:57:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALEX SANDRO MARQUES.pdf: 7139616 bytes, checksum: f96912783b8a80ca4b7918ade2f51542 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-11-04 / The purpose of our search, to verify how mathematics was organized at junior high school in 1950 s, it s located between two fundamental moments in brazilian mathematics education history: the born of mathematics as a subject, in 1929, and the advent of Modern Mathematics Movement (MMM), in the beginning of 1960 s decade. Inicially, to analyse this question, we worked out on a synthesis about the educational reforms Francisco Campos and Gustavo Capanema, that are responsable for the criation of mathematics as a subject and junior high school, respectivily. After that, based on the new educational legislation, the Ministry Edict of 1951 we verified the estabilishment of Minimum Programs to be carried out obrigatorily, motivating a worry about the possibility of that among the teachers. On this context, we analysed the Annals of the 1st National Congress of Mathematics Teaching in High School, that happened in Salvador in 1955, witch counted on the participation of the teacher and author of the school books Osvaldo Sangiorgi, one of the protagonists of MMM in Brazil, and we verified that the discussion epicenter wasn t around the programs but had been dislocated to the quastion of weekly number of this subject classes. With the purpouse to get traces of the school daily we analysed the collection of the most representative brazilian school books of pre-modern times, that authorized us to certificate the subject estability on this decade. That way, we conclued that the pre-modern times didn t represent an ideal setting for a revolution on this subject; on the contrary, were years of agreement among the teachers about the methods and contents to be taught, were years of estability / O objeto de nosso trabalho, a verificação de como estava organizada a matemática escolar do ginásio nos anos 1950, está situada entre dois momentos fundamentais da história da educação matemática brasileira: o nascimento da disciplina matemática, em 1929, e o advento do Movimento da Matemática Moderna (MMM), no início do decênio de 1960. Inicialmente, para análise desta questão, elaboramos uma síntese sobre as reformas educacionais Francisco Campos e Gustavo Capanema, responsáveis pela criação da disciplina matemática e do ginásio, respectivamente. Em seguida, partindo da nova legislação educacional, a Portaria Ministerial de 1951, verificamos o estabelecimento de Programas Mínimos a serem cumpridos obrigatoriamente, motivando uma preocupação entre os professores em relação à viabilidade de tal medida. Nesse contexto, analisamos os Anais do I Congresso Nacional de Ensino da Matemática no Curso Secundário realizado em Salvador no ano de 1955, que contou com a participação do professor e autor de livros didáticos Osvaldo Sangiorgi, um dos protagonistas do MMM no Brasil, e verificamos que o epicentro das discussões não estava em torno dos programas e havia se deslocado para a questão do número de aulas semanais para a disciplina matemática. Com a finalidade de obter indícios do cotidiano escolar analisamos as coleções de livros didáticos brasileiros mais representativas dos tempos pré-modernos, o que nos autorizou atestar sobre a estabilidade da disciplina nessa década. Assim, concluímos que os tempos pré-modernos não representavam um cenário ideal para uma revolução na disciplina; pelo contrário, foram anos de consenso entre os professores sobre métodos e conteúdos a serem ministrados, foram anos de estabilidade

<div> <p>Despite its location in the rain shadow of the southern Sierra Nevada, the Panamint Range within Death Valley National Park, CA hosts a complex aquifer system that supports numerous springs. These springs, in turn, support unique groundwater-dependent ecological communities. Spring emergences range in elevation from 2434 m above sea level (within the mountain block) to 77 m below sea level (in the adjacent basins). Waters were collected from representative Panamint Range springs and analyzed for environmental isotopes and geochemical tracers to address the following questions: 1) What is the primary source of recharge for the springs? How much recharge occurs on the Panamint Range? 2) What groundwater flowpaths and geologic units support springflow generation? and 3) What are the residence times of the springs? The stable isotopic composition (δ¹⁸O and δ²H) of spring water and precipitation indicate that localized high-elevation snowmelt is the dominant source of recharge to these perennial springs, though recharge from rainfall is not wholly insignificant. Geochemical evolution was evaluated using principle component analysis to compare the concentrations of all major spring cations and anions in a multidimensional space and group them according to dominant geochemical signatures. These resulting geochemical groups are controlled primarily by topography. The Noonday Dolomite and other carbonate units in the range are identified as the water-bearing units in the mountain block based on the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of spring waters and rock samples. These units also offer higher hydraulic conductivities than other formations and are chemically similar. Radiocarbon- and ³H derived residence times of these spring waters range from modern to approximately 1840 years, with the shortest residence times at higher altitudes and Hanaupah Canyon and increasing residence times with decreasing altitude. This residence time-altitude relationship is likewise likely topography-driven though there are significant disparities in mountain block storage between the various canyons of the range resulting in variable residence times between drainages. Lower Warm Springs A and B, however, are the exceptions to this trend as they emerge at lower altitudes (750m above sea level) and are likely driven by the transport of groundwater to the surface along faults which increases both the temperature and groundwater residence times of waters from these springs. Benthic macroinvertebrates and benthic and planktonic microbes were also sampled for each spring studied. BMI and microbial community structure in the Panamint Range is likewise topography-controlled with more tolerant communities at lower elevations (within more chemically evolved waters) and less tolerant species in the unevolved waters at higher elevations.</p></div>

Dans la forêt de pin maritime (Pinus pinaster) des Landes de Gascogne (sud-ouest de France), la mortalité des pins causée par le champignon pourridié Armillaria ostoyae (Basidiomycète) a augmenté au cours des 30 dernières années. Les premiers cas de cette maladie ont été signalés quelques années après un changement majeur dans l'utilisation des terres, qui a eu lieu dans cette région suite au remplacement des landes et marais d'origine par une forêt plantée et gérée da façon intensive. Notre objectif était de comprendre les facteurs à l'origine de cette maladie émergente. Pour cela, nous avons étudié la distribution spatiale des dommages causés par le pathogène en relation avec des facteurs historiques, estimé la variabilité des traits fongiques liés au parasitisme et saprophytisme, et étudié l'histoire démographique d'A. ostoyae. La répartition actuelle de la mortalité induite par A. ostoyae est apparue dépendre de la présence des forêts préexistantes, ce qui suggère qu'A. ostoyae était fréquent dans ces zones forestières anciennes, qui ont agi comme un réservoir pour la colonisation des forêts plantées récentes. La production de rhizomorphes était significativement corrélée avec la virulence, suggérant que ce trait joue un rôle important dans le stade parasitaire d'A. ostoyae. Aucune relation significative entre le parasitisme et saprophytisme n'a été détectée, suggérant une absence de compromis évolutif entre ces traits. Enfin, le meilleur scénario démographique pour expliquer la structure de la population d'A. ostoyae dans la forêt des Landes est un scénario en deux étapes : il y aurait eu d'abord une diminution puis une expansion de la population fongique, qui semblait suivre la dynamique de la population d'hôtes. Le temps de génération d’A. ostoyae a été estimé entre 10 et 20 ans. / In the maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) forest of the Landes de Gascogne (south-western France), pine mortality due to the root rot fungus Armillaria ostoyae (Basidiomycete) has been increasing over the last 30 years. The first cases of this disease were reported a few years after a major change in land use which occurred in this region following the replacement of original moors by an intensively managed planted forest. Our aim was to understand the factors driving this disease emergence. For this, we investigated the spatial distribution of pathogen damage related to historical factors, estimated the variation in fungal traits related to parasitism and saprophytism and investigated the demographic history of A. ostoyae. The current distribution of A. ostoyae mortality appeared depending on the pre-existing forests, suggesting that A. ostoyae was commonly distributed in pre-existing forest areas which acted as a reservoir for the colonization of recent planted forests. The rhizomorphs production was significantly correlated with virulence, suggesting that this trait plays an important role in the parasitic stage of A. ostoyae, but no significant relationship between parasitism and saprophytism components was detected, which may suggest that there is no trade-off between these traits. Finally, the best demographic scenario to explain A. ostoyae population structure in the Landes forest is a two step scenario: there was first a decrease and then an expansion in the fungal population, which appeared to follow the dynamics of the host population. The generation time of A. ostoyae was estimated between 10 and 20 years.