The purpose ofthis study is to examine how Sweden and Denmark explain their colonial experience in textbooks. A comparison will be made between Sweden’s colonization of Sápmi and treatment of Samer, and Denmark’s colonization of Greenland and treatment of Innuits. To conduct this study a comparative method was utilized, as well as hermeneutic theory which was used to try to understand how the countries explain their colonial experience. The theory applied for this topic was selective traditions in a textbook perspective. The results show that Sweden tones down their colonial experience, and the textbooks differ a lot in (if) and (how) they mention Sweden’s experience. The colonization of Sápmi is toned down as well as the treatment of Samer in books written before the new curriculum. The textbooks written after the new curriculum present a less toned down version of Sweden ́s treatment of Samer. This change is due to changes in society, as Samer have gained a lot more rights in Swedish society, which can be seen in Swedish textbooks. Denmark does not hide their colonial experiences, and the books also have more consensus in their description of Denmark’s colonial experience. The books before the new curriculum describe Denmark’s colonial experience as proof of the greatness of Denmark’s past. The books after the new curriculum describe Denmark’s colonial experience in the perspective of slave trade. Slave trade was one of the 29 canon points that entered the Danish curriculum, which could have influenced the Danish textbooks. Denmark’s textbooks often describe Denmark as a “good” colonial country, and the textbooks do not describe the treatment of Innuits, which could be explained by that, Denmark’s treatment of Innuits does not match with Denmark’s national image.

Abstract Since 2005, it has been government policy in Taiwan to introduce English in Grade 3 of primary schooling (when learners are generally age 9). The overall aim of this research project was to investigate some of the problems associated with the implementation of this policy by combining research involving teacher cognition with research involving the criterion-referenced analysis of a sample of textbooks produced in Taiwan for young learners and a sample of lessons taught in Taiwanese primary schools. A questionnaire-based survey of a sample of teachers of English in Taiwanese primary schools (166 respondents) was conducted, focusing on teacher background and training, views about national and local policies, approaches to course content, methodology and teaching resources, and perceptions of their own proficiency in English and of their own training needs. Only 46 (27%) of the respondents reported that they had a qualification specific to the teaching of English and 41 (25%) reported that they had neither a qualification in teaching English nor a general primary teaching qualification. Many expressed dissatisfaction with the implementation of policies relating to the teaching of English at national level (46/ 29%), local level (39/24%) and in their own school (28/17%). Although many reported that the availability of resources (125/ 75%) and/ or student interest (101/ 61%) played a role in determining what they taught, none reported that the national curriculum guidelines did so. Although official policy in Taiwan endorses the use of 'communicative language teaching', only 103 (62%) of respondents reported that their own approach was communicatively-oriented, with 18 (11%) observing that they preferred grammar-translation. A more in-depth survey relating to teacher perception of pre- and in-service training was conducted using a questionnaire and semi-structured interview. Although all 10 participants in this survey are officially classified as being trained to teach English in Taiwanese primary schools, the type and extent of their training varied widely and all of them expressed dissatisfaction with that training, noting that they had no confidence in the trainers' own competence in teaching English to young learners. All claimed that critical issues were either omitted altogether or dealt with in a superficial way. One contextual factor that has a significant impact on teacher performance in Taiwan is the quality of the textbooks that are generally available. A sample of textbooks (3 different series) produced in Taiwan was analysed and evaluated, the analysis revealing that the materials were often poorly organised, inappropriately selected and illustrated, contextually inappropriate. Finally, from a sample of twenty videotaped English lessons taught to students in primary schools in Taiwan, six that were considered to be typical were transcribed, analysed and evaluated in relation to criteria derived from a review of literature on teaching effectiveness. All of these lessons were found to be characterised by problems in a number of areas, including lesson focus, lesson staging, concept introduction, concept checking, and the setting up and conducting activities. It is concluded that the implementation of official policy on the teaching of English in primary schools in Taiwan is fraught with problems, problems that are evident at every stage in the process, from teacher education, through materials design to lesson planning and delivery.

鑑於教科書審查規準的建構在建構過程、方法模式、規準結構及規準內容等各方面均未臻理想，本研究透過文獻分析與問卷調查等方法，針對教科書審查規準的建構問題進行研究。除探討教科書審查規準的定義、功能、特質、發展模式等相關概念外，更著重於建構原則的歸納；此外，並以九年一貫課程社會學習領域教科書審查規準為例進行實際建構。研究之主要目的在於為教科書審查規準的建構，奠定理論性的與實證性的基礎，並提出研究所得供各界做為訂定、修訂或研究審查規準之參考。 經由文獻探討，本研究認為審查的實施在我國現階段的教科書發展上具有正當性與必要性，教科書審查規準之主要功能在於可以積極性地輔助審查的執行以及消極性地管制約束審查者，次要功能則是在於可以做為出版業者編輯研發教科書的參照指標，此外亦可發揮做為與公眾對話的共同語言、做為師資培訓參考教材等衍生功能。審查規準的建構，在鉅觀層面的發展模式上，應包括規準建構規劃、規準建構、規準實施、規準檢討評鑑等四大要素，以及相關的規準改革作為與回饋程序；其微觀層面的建構程序，則應包括建構定向、規準設計、規準妥適性驗證、規準修訂、規準定案等步驟及相關的回饋線。在鉅觀與微觀層面的發展與建構模式下，教科書審查規準的建構成為一個循環不斷的動態發展歷程。審查規準的建構及其妥適性的檢核，必須把握或遵循一些技術性與實質性的原則，計有四類十三項。第一類為「與規準建構程序相關的原則」，包括：適當程序原則、專業共議原則；第二類為「與規準基本定位相關的原則」，包括：分科建構原則、審查專用原則、質性處理原則；第三類為「與規準結構相關的原則」，包括：程序區隔原則、必要規準原則；第四類為「與規準內容相關的原則」，包括：廣泛周延原則、適切水準原則、效度原則、具體明確原則、內在標準原則、項目獨立原則等。如果做為事後檢核規準妥適性之用時，則尚應檢視其是否能發揮其預期的功能。 為建構九年一貫課程社會學習領域教科書審查規準，本研究透過教科書角色與功能、課程設計、及閱讀理解等相關研究的啟示，歸納出內容選材、組織結構、教學設計、圖文傳達、物理產製、研發過程等六大項，做為審查規準頂層架構的六個構面，再進一步解析各構面的細部架構。整個規準架構與既有的相關審查或評鑑規準做對照，具有相當的普效性與涵括能力，用以做為教科書審查規準之架構，應是合理而可行的。惟為實際使用，此一理論架構必須一合理的審查作業進程做階段區隔，並以手冊形式詳細闡述各規準項目的定義與審查方法，提供審查人員做為共同的背景知識與評鑑基礎。 為驗證所歸納之審查規準建構原則的妥適性，以及所建構之九年一貫課程社會學習領域教科書審查規準的妥適性，本研究問卷調查方式，諮詢各類專家學者、教師、出版業者，以及文字編輯、美術編輯、印刷、媒體等相關專業人員之意見。諮詢結果發現，在建構原則妥適性方面，其中適當程序原則、專業共議原則、分科建構原則、審查專用原則、程序區隔原則、適切水準原則、效度原則、具體明確原則、內在標準原則、項目獨立原則等建構原則並無太大爭議，至於質性處理原則、必要規準原則、廣泛周延原則等方面，部分諮詢對象抱持不同看法，認為審查規準的建構可以考慮併用質性與量性方式來處理審查結果，可以考慮區分必要規準與一般規準，並可以將部分教科書屬性、成分與研發過程等改由其他評鑑進行處理。基於審查的特質與目的，本研究仍建議應力求維持並遵循上述建構原則，若欲放鬆，則必須有良好的配套措施。 至於九年一貫課程社會學習領域教科書審查規準的妥適性，本研究係依據教科書審查規準建構原則進行檢核。在與規準建構程序、規準基本定位、規準結構相關的原則等方面，所建構的審查規準基本上均能符合。至於與規準內容相關的原則以及是否能發揮預期功能等方面，諮詢對象多半肯定所建構的審查規準能夠符合各該項建構原則，但提出有部分的修訂意見。 最後依據文獻分析的結果與實證研究的發現，本研究針對教科書審查規準的應用、未來建構、未來相關研究等，分別提出若干建議。 / Since there is still some unsatisfactory parts on the constructive process, methodology, structures and contents of screen-and-approval criteria(SAC) of textbooks, this study tries to explore these issues through literature analysis and questionnaire survey. The definition, functions, property, develop-and-construct model and constructive principles of SAC are discussed, and tries to construct SAC for social studies textbook of 1-9 curriculum guideline of compulsory education system is tried. The main purpose of this study is to establish the theoretical and empirical basis for the construction of SAC, and to offer reference for people who is going to construct SAC, modify SAC, or inquire the issues of the construction of SAC in future. The screen-and-approval process of textbook is indispensable to the development of qualified textbooks in Taiwan. The major function of SAC is to assist and to restrain the screen-and-approval process, moreover it can guide the publishers to develop and publish qualified textbooks. SAC can also be a common conversation language between public and screen-and-approval institution, and be a reference material for the teachers who are being training. On the macro-dimension, the development model of SAC should include four elements : planning, constructing, implementing, and evaluating. On the micro-dimension, the construction process of SAC should follow three steps: to decide the approach of the construction of SAC, to design SAC, and to verify the validity of SAC. Through the model and process described above, the construction of SAC forms a dynamic circulating process. For the construction of and the appropriateness verification of SAC, there are 13 principles which can divide into 4 categories that must follow. The first category includes two principles that relate to constructive process that includes: 1.the construction of SAC must arrange some adaptive processes; 2.the construction of SAC must invite some experts and stakeholders to participate. The second category includes three principles that relate to constructive approach : 3.construct a subject-oriented SAC, not a generic type one; 4. construct SAC for screen-and-approval use only, not for all kinds of textbook evaluations; 5.the result of screen-and-approval must display in quality mode. The third category includes two principles that relate to the structure of SAC : 6.SAC must separate to some sections according to the stages of the screen-and-approval process; 7.all SAC must be uncompromising criteria. The fourth category includes six principles that relate to the content of SAC that includes: 8. SAC must contains all criteria that textbook screen-and-approval need to consider; 9.the standard of passing of each SAC must proper; 10.all SAC must be relevant to textbook quality and effectiveness; 11.the implication of each SAC must concrete and clear; 12. SAC must exclude the criteria that relate to practical effectiveness of textbooks; 13.all SAC must exclusive mutually. For the appropriateness verification of SAC, it is necessary to check whether the SAC can function as to assist and to restrain the screen-and-approval process, and to guide the publishers to develop and publish qualified textbooks. In order to construct SAC of social studies textbooks of 1-9 curriculum guideline of compulsory education system, the structure of textbook SAC is established through the discussion or research about the role and function of textbook, curriculum design, and reading comprehension. The upper structure of SAC are constituted by 6 dimensions: content selection, organization structure, instructional design, communicate effectiveness of text and illustrations and tables, physical making-up, and R & D process. Each dimensions includes many criteria items. For practical application, the theoretical structure of SAC should separate to three sections: the complication planning of textbook series, the main components of individual textbook, and the other components of individual textbook. Furthermore, it is necessary to elaborate the definition and evaluative method of each SAC in a booklet, so as to be the background knowledge and evaluation basis for people who screen-and-approval textbooks. This study tries to verify the appropriateness of the constructive principles and SAC of social studies textbooks through consults several professors, teachers, publishers and somespecialists in edition, graphic arts, typography, and courseware. For the appropriateness of constructive principles, most of them are agreed by consultants, but those three principles that the result of screen-and-approval must display in quality mode, all SAC items must to be uncompromising criteria, SAC must contains all criteria that textbook screen-and-approval need to consider, leave some rooms for arguing. Some consultants suggest the result of screen-and-approval can display in both qualitative and quantitative mode, some items of SAC can meet selectively, and some items of SAC are criteria that ought to consider in other situation of textbook evaluation. For the sake of the nature and goal of textbook screen-and-approval, it is suggested tend to persist the three principles above. If the construction of SAC don't follow those three principles, some remedies are needed. For the appropriateness of SAC of social studies textbooks of 1-9 curriculum guideline, it can meet the constructive principles which are relevant to constructive process, approach, and structure. Most consultants agree that the SAC can meet those constructive principles which are relevant to the content and can perform the expectative functions, but some suggestions for revision are offered. Consequently, with the outcomes of literature analysis and the findings of empirical research, some recommendations for the application, construction, research of SAC are made.

<p>The main purpose with this study is to describe teachers’ use of textbooks and other teaching materials in upper secondary school (gymnasiet) in Sweden, and to discuss the use according to school subject and teacher style. Data was collected in two different ways. At first twenty classroom observations were made during lectures concerning the subjects Swedish (mothertounge), English (foreign language) and religion. Then four open interviews were carried out with the teaching teachers. The analysis was made using qualitative methods and with a perspective of didactics.</p><p>The results show that textbooks are not as dominating in the classroom as recent studies have proposed. Instead we can see a varied and flexible use of different educational materials, where teachers consciously and independently choose both which media to use and how to use it. Their aim is to shape a curriculum which helps the students learn, but it is seldom explicitly formulated by the teachers. That is among other things discussed in this study, together with the result that school subjects affect the use of teaching material more than teaching styles do.</p> / <p>Syftet med undersökningen är att beskriva användningen av läromedel och hjälpmedel på gymnasiet, samt att diskutera denna användning i förhållande till skolämne och lärarstil. Data har samlats in dels under tjugo klassrumsobservationer i ämnena svenska, engelska och religion, dels genom öppna intervjuer med de fyra undervisande lärarna. Dessa data har sedan analyserats med kvalitativa metoder och ur ett didaktiskt lärarperspektiv.</p><p>Resultatet visar att läroböcker inte har den dominerande roll i undervisningen som tidigare forskning pekat på. Istället ser vi här en varierad och flexibel materialanvändning, där lärarna mycket medvetet väljer både vilka läromedel och hjälpmedel som används och också hur de används. Målet för dem är hela tiden att utifrån de förutsättningar de har forma en undervisning som hjälper eleverna att lära. Att detta och andra mål för läromedelsanvändningen sällan uttrycks explicit av lärarna diskuteras i uppsatsen, liksom att ämnet verkar påverka användningen mer än lärarstilen.</p>

<p>Det verkar råda stor konsensus om att matematikundervisningen är viktig för att Sverige skall kunna hävda sig och kunna konkurrera i en global värld. Samtidigt visar det sig att eleverna i allt större utsträckning har svårt att nå målen för undervisningen. En undervisning, som forskningen visar, är hårt styrd av den matematikbok som används.</p><p>I Finland har det visat sig att vilken lärobok som används i undervisningen får statistiskt signifikanta konsekvenser för elevernas resultat. I uppsatsen undersöks om samma statistiskt signifikanta samband även föreligger i Sverige. 149 skolor omfattande 13 408 elever ingår i den statistiska kvantitativa studien. Till skillnad från i Finland pekar resultaten på att det inte går att dra någon slutsats om samband mellan använd lärobok och elevernas resultat. En förklaring till att det inte går att påvisa någon skillnad kan vara att de två helt dominerande matematikböckerna i årskurs 9, i en kvalitativ utvärdering bedöms som likvärdiga.</p><p>För att göra den kvalitativa utvärderingen av matematikböckerna används en metod utvecklad av The American Association for the Advancement of Science, AAAS, i USA. I uppsatsen visas att metoden är tillämpbar i Sverige och kan fungera som det ”instrument för att bedöma läromedels kvalitet utifrån målen att sträva mot i grundskola och gymnasieskola samt motsvarande mål för annan matematikutbildning” som matematikdelegationen efterlyser (SOU 2004:97).</p><p>Den föreslagna metoden används för att granska de två dominerande matematikböckerna i årskurs 9, Matematikboken Z och Matte Direkt. Den begränsade granskningen visar att de båda böckerna är likvärdiga, men framförallt att de har samma svagheter. Båda böckerna får låga betyg i kategorierna ”Building on Student Ideas about Mathematics” och ”Enhancing the Mathematics Learning Environment”. Något som kan få negativa konsekvenser för elevernas inlärning och för sättet som undervisningen bedrivs på.</p> / <p>Education in mathematics is considered important for Sweden to be able to compete in a global world where knowledge and information is imperative. However, mathematics results are decreasing and students often fail to reach the stipulated educational goals.</p><p>Research shows that in mathematics, what is taught and how it is taught is very dependent on the textbook used. In Finland, it has been concluded that there is a statistically significant difference in students´ results depending on which textbook is used. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate if the same is true in Sweden, i.e. is there a statistically significant difference in students’ results in mathematics depending on which textbook is used in Swedish schools? The evaluation is based on responses from 149 schools comprising 13 408 students. The study indicates that the textbook used does not affect the outcome. One explanation is that when assessing the quality of the two textbooks most commonly used in Swedish schools they can be considered equivalent.</p><p>Since textbooks in mathematics have a large influence on what is taught and how it is taught it is important to be able to assess the quality of the textbooks. The thesis demonstrates that a method for assessing textbooks in mathematics, developed by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, AAAS, can be used in Sweden. The method would be appropriate as the tool the “Matematikdelegationen” (SOU 2004:97) is requesting for evaluation of the quality of textbooks in mathematics.</p><p>Following the method stipulated by the AAAS, a limited evaluation is made of the two textbooks that dominate in Swedish schools in year 9, Matematikboken Z and Matte Direkt. It is striking that both books perform poorly in the same areas, Building on Student Ideas about Mathematics and Enhancing the Mathematics Learning Environment. This can have a negative impact on the pupils´ ability to learn mathematics and might also have a negative effect on the way mathematics is taught.</p>

<p>Detta arbete är en textanalys av hur några svenska läroböcker i matematik introducerar algebra speglat i van Hieles teorier om tankenivåer vid inlärning. Van Hieles teorier poängterar språket som kunskapsbärare i matematik vilket går som en röd tråd genom analysen. Generellt börjar läroböckerna på van Hieles tankenivå 3. Enligt van Hieles teorier borde undervisningen i algebra börja på nivå 1, vilket då blir lärarens uppgift att göra utan stöd av matematikboken. Förslag på arbetssätt för nivå 1 och 2 ingår.</p> / <p>This paper is a text analysis of how some Swedish textbooks in mathematics introduce algebra filtered by van Hiele theories of levels of thinking. The van Hiele theories emphasize that the language constitutes the knowledge objects in mathematics, wich is used all through the analysis. Generally the textbooks start at the third van Hiele’s level of thinking. According to the van Hiele theories the teaching of algebra should start at level 1. This then becomes the teachers’ task to do without the support of the textbook in mathematics. Ideas on teaching level 1 and 2 are included.</p>

<p>I uppsatsen görs en läroboksanalys av samhällskunskapsläroböcker från 1970-tal och 2000-tal. Samtliga läroböcker som ingår i analysen vänder sig till elever i gymnasieskolan. Fokus för analysen är hur arbetsmarknadens parter framställs under 1970-talet, respektive under 2000-talet. Framställningen av dessa aktörer kopplas bl.a. till samhällsutvecklingen och till för tiden gällande styrdokument.  </p>

<p>Den här uppsatsen behandlar undervisningen i Lag och rätt på högstadiet. Syftet med min uppsats är att undersöka några samhällskunskapslärares syn på sin undervisning i Lag och rätt. Ställda forskningsfrågor är i korthet vad de väljer att undervisa om, hur dem väljer att undervisa om det och deras förhållande till läroboken. I uppsatsen undersöks även om det är någon skillnad mellan mer respektive mindre erfarna lärares syn på lag och rätt undervisningen.</p><p>Jag har gjort en kvalitativ studie med fyra stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer. Två intervjuer med två mindre erfarna samhällskunskapslärare och två intervjuer med två mer erfarna samhällskunskapslärare. Jag har även gjort en mindre jämförande analys mellan vad samhällskunskapslärarna undervisar om i förhållande till läroboken de använder sig av.</p><p>Mitt resultat pekar på att de fyra samhällskunskapslärarna har en rätt så likartad bild över vad som är viktigt att undervisa om i Lag och rätt och sättet att undervisa på. Dock tycker jag mig kunna tyda att de två mer erfarna samhällskunskapslärarna har en vidare syn på området lag och rätt. Samtliga väljer att ha läroboken som en grund att stå på och gemensamt för dem är att de förhåller sig till läroboken avsnitten då läroboken behandlar processen från att ett brott begås till åtal väcks, hur en rättegång går till och olika sorters straff.</p> / <p>This paper deals with the teaching of Justice system in high school. The purpose of my essay is to explore some social studies teachers' views on their teaching of the law. My research questions are about what they choose to teach, how they choose to teach about it and their relationship to the textbook. The essay also examines whether there is any difference between more and less experienced teachers' views on the justice system.</p><p>I have made a qualitative study of four semi-structured interviews: two interviews with two less experienced social studies teachers and two interviews with two more experienced social studies teachers. I have also made a small comparative analysis between what social studies teachers teach according to the textbook they use.</p><p>My results indicate that the four social studies teachers I interviewed have a fairly similar picture of what is important to teach about the Law and Order and the way they teach. However, I seems like that the two more experienced social studies teachers have a broader view of the law area. The four teachers chose to have the textbook as a foundation and common to all is that they relate to the textbook in parts when the textbook deals with the process from when an offense have been committed to the prosecution, the trial, and different kinds of punishment.</p>

<p>This dissertation deals with geometry instruction in Sweden in the period 1905-1962. The purpose is to investigate textbooks and other literature used by teachers in elementary schools (ES) and lower secondary schools (LSS) – Folkskolan and Realskolan – connection to geometry instruction. Special attention is given to debates about why a course should be taught and how the content should be communicated.</p><p>In the period 1905-1962, the Swedish school system changed greatly. Moreover, in this period mathematics instruction was reformed in several countries and geometry was a major issue; especially, classical geometry based on the axiomatic method. However, we do not really know how mathematics instruction changed in Sweden. Moreover, in the very few works where the history of mathematics instruction in Sweden is mentioned, the time before 1950 is often described in terms of “traditional”, “static” and “isolation”.</p><p>In this dissertation, I show that geometry instruction in Sweden did change in the period 1905-1962: geometry instruction in LSS was debated; the axiomatic method and spatial intuition were major issues. Textbooks for LSS not following Euclid were produced also, but the axiomatic method was kept. By 1930, these alternative textbooks were the most popular.</p><p>Also the textbooks in ES changed. In the debate about geometry instruction in ES, visualizability was a central concept. </p><p>Nonetheless, some features did not change. Throughout the period, the rationale for keeping axiomatic geometry in LSS was to provide training in reasoning. An important aspect of the debate on geometry instruction in LSS is that the axiomatic method was the dominating issue; other issues, e.g. heuristics, were not discussed. I argue that a discussion on heuristics would have been relevant considering the final exams in the LSS; in order to succeed, it was more important to be a skilled problem solver than a master of proof.</p>

Detta arbete är en textanalys av hur några svenska läroböcker i matematik introducerar algebra speglat i van Hieles teorier om tankenivåer vid inlärning. Van Hieles teorier poängterar språket som kunskapsbärare i matematik vilket går som en röd tråd genom analysen. Generellt börjar läroböckerna på van Hieles tankenivå 3. Enligt van Hieles teorier borde undervisningen i algebra börja på nivå 1, vilket då blir lärarens uppgift att göra utan stöd av matematikboken. Förslag på arbetssätt för nivå 1 och 2 ingår. / This paper is a text analysis of how some Swedish textbooks in mathematics introduce algebra filtered by van Hiele theories of levels of thinking. The van Hiele theories emphasize that the language constitutes the knowledge objects in mathematics, wich is used all through the analysis. Generally the textbooks start at the third van Hiele’s level of thinking. According to the van Hiele theories the teaching of algebra should start at level 1. This then becomes the teachers’ task to do without the support of the textbook in mathematics. Ideas on teaching level 1 and 2 are included.