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Nutida förutsättningar för samhällsplanering har resulterat i att barns demokratiska och fysiska utrymme i planer är mindre än det som stipuleras i barnkonventionen. Syftet med studien är att skapa en förståelse för vilka utmaningar, brister och möjligheter som finns att inkludera barnfrågor i kommunal planering. Undersökningen utgår från två frågeställningar där detta konkretiseras. Studien är avgränsad till Sverige och den teoretiska utgångspunkten är begreppen ”barnperspektiv”, ”barns perspektiv” och ”barns bästa”. Materialet har samlats in med hjälp av de kvalitativa metoderna dokumentstudie och intervju och empirin har sammanställts genom en tematisk analys i tre delar. Arbetet har resulterat i tre centrala slutsatser kring utmaningar, brister och möjligheter. Genom dessa argumenterar vi för att förhållningssättet till barns kompetens samt strukturella och praktiska förutsättningar är avgörande för en lyckad inkludering av barnfrågor i planering. / Present conditions for urban and regional planning have resulted in children's democratic and physical space in development plans being smaller than what is stipulated in Children’s Rights Convention. The purpose of this study is to understand what challenges, deficiencies and opportunities there are when including children’s needs in physical planning in Sweden. The study is based on two research questions where this is further specified. The theoretical framework is the concepts of “child perspective”, “child's perspective” and “children's best interests”. The data has been gathered trough the two qualitative methods document study and interview and compiled through a thematic analysis. This work has resulted in three central conclusions regarding challenges, deficiencies and opportunities. With these conclusions we argue that the approach to children’s competence as well as structural and practical conditions are crucial for successfully including issues concerning children in planning.

The primary objective of this study is to clarify a child's perspective within family matters surrounding financial aid from social services likewise how social workers interpret and implement the perspective in their tasks. Answers to the study's questions are supported by theories about the capacity for action and Shier's theory, Pathways to Participation. The foundation of this study is based on, among other things, scientific articles, literature, and reports that build the analysis which diverges into several themes as a result. The results showed that the children's perspective was inconclusive and a complex concept to define both in research and legislative texts, while simultaneously showing that the social secretary's broad and respectively narrow possibility of interpreting the law could be received as both negative and positive in the assessment of the child's best interests. There were also flaws in the documentation regarding the child's situation. In conclusion, some of the results of this study were based on the fact that the given legislative texts and guidelines did not provide a clear definition of how the social secretary should proceed in their work with the children's perspective and in the child's best interests.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka och få en bättre förståelse för hur barnombuden inom vuxenpsykiatrin arbetar med barnperspektivet och hur barnombuden uppfattar sina möjligheter och begränsningar i att uppmärksamma barn som anhöriga inom vuxenpsykiatrin. Studien inriktar sig på Region Skånes barnombud och studiens empiriska material bygger på sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med barnombud runt om i Skåne. Vi har analyserat vårt material med hjälp av tidigare forskning inom området samt professionalisering och handlingsutrymme. Resultatet av studien visar på att barnombudens roll ser olika ut beroende på vilken kommun de verkar inom, men även hur barnombudet själv väljer att utforma sitt uppdrag med hjälp av sitt handlingsutrymme. Det framkom också av studien att det fanns en del begränsningar i arbetet med ett barnperspektiv inom vuxenpsykiatrin. Dels fanns begränsningar inom organisationen och dels ansågs barnfrågan vara ett känsligt ämne att ta upp med föräldrarna. Främst berodde det på föreställningar om hur föräldern skulle reagera, då barnombuden ofta mött positiva reaktioner och lättnad då de pratat med föräldern om barnens situation och behov. Vuxenpsykiatrin är en verksamhet som är inriktad på vuxna vilket gör det trögt att implementera ett barnperspektiv i en sådan verksamhet. Barnombuden konkurrerar även med andra starka professioner i en verksamhet som är individuellt inriktad vilket är ännu en utmaning för arbetet. Det framkom ur intervjuerna att ett mer familjeorienterat arbetssätt för alla professioner inom vuxenpsykiatrin hade gjort det enklare att uppmärksamma barnen som anhöriga. Risk och skyddsfaktorer var centrala begrepp att tala med föräldern om och att hjälpa föräldern att sätta ord på sin sjukdom. Det var även av stor vikt att informera barnen om sjukdomen och avlasta barnen från skuld och skam. / The purpose of this study is to investigate and gain a better understanding of how the child representatives in adult psychiatry work with the child perspective and how they perceive their opportunities and limitations in acknowledging children as relatives in adult psychiatry. The study focuses on Region Skåne's child representatives and the study's empirical material is based on six semi-structured interviews with child representatives around Skåne. The material is analyzed with the help of previous research in the field as well as professionalization and discretion. The results of the study show that the role of the child representative varies depending on which municipality they work for, but also how the child representative decides to form their assignment with the help of their discretion. It also emerged from the study that the work with the child perspective in adult psychiatry had some limitations. Partly because of the organizational restrictions, but also because the child matter was considered a sensitive subject to discuss with the parents. This was mainly due to a conception of how the parent would react, when in reality, the child representatives often met positive reactions and relief when they talked to the parent about the child's situation and needs. The work of implementing a child perspective in adult psychiatry is moving slow, due to the fact that the operation is so heavily focused on the adult perspective. The child representative also contends with other substantial professions in an operation that is focused on the individual, which is another challenge in their work. The interviews revealed that a more family-oriented way of working for all professions in adult psychiatry would help to acknowledge children as relatives. Risk and protection factors were key concepts to discuss with the parent, as well as helping the parent to put their mental illness into words. It was also of great importance to inform the children about mental illness and how it works, as it will relieve the children of guilt and shame.

Bakgrund: Barn som vårdas på sjukhus är ofta i behov av någon form av venaccess. På flera platser i Sverige finns enbart perifiera venkatetrar att tillgå när en central infart ej är aktuellt. För barn med långvarigt behov av intravenösa läkemedel kan detta orsaka upprepade stick och kateterbyten. Midline är en perifer venaccsess med längre hållbarhet som nyligen börjat användas inom pediatrisk vård. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att vårda barn med Midline. Metod: Studien genomfördes med kvalitativ metod genom semistrukturerade intervjuer.Därefter utfördes en innehållsanalys för att besvara studiens syfte. Deltagarna var nio sjuksköterskor vid fyra olika sjukhus i mellersta och södra Sverige. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i kategorierna: En ny typ av infart, En vårdupplevelse med barnet i fokus samt Att företräda barnen. Tillgång till en infart som var säker och hade längre hållbarhet än andra perifiera venkatetrar uppskattades av deltagarna. Tydliga instruktioner och rutiner ansågs viktiga. En stor fördel med Midline ur ett barnperspektiv var färre stick i samband med långvarigt behov av venaccsess. Samt vikten av det interprofessionella samarbetet som krävs för att få inläggning av katetern att bli så bra som möjligt. Slutsats: Deltagarna såg Midline som ett bra alternativ till andra perifiera infarter i vården av barn med behov av långvarig venaccess. Detta då det minskade lidandet för barnen samt att det gav en möjlighet till lek och vistelse utanför sjukhus som annars hade varit svårt att tillgodose. / Background: Children in hospital care may need venous access. In many places in Sweden the only type of access available is peripheral venous catheter or central lines. For children with a long need of intravenous treatment this can cause repeated procedures and pain.Midline is a peripheral venousacsess with longer durability that recently has been introduced in pediatric care. Aim: To explore nurses experience of using Midline in paediatric care. Method: The method used was a qualitative design with a content analysis. Semistructured interviews were conducted with nine nurses from four different hospitals in the middle and southern parts of Sweden. Results: The participants’ experiences were categorized in three main categories: A new type of venous access, A care experience with the child in focus and To represent the child. To have a secure access with a longer durability compared to a regular venous catheter was highly appreciated by the participants. Instructions and routines where essential for the catheter to work properly. Fewer painful procedures was seen as an advantage with the Midline catheter through the children's perspective. Conclusion: The participants saw the Midline catheter as a good alternative to the regular peripheral venous catheter in the paediatric care. It was seen to decrease childrens suffering and gave a better opportunity to play and spend time outside of the hospital.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur kvinnojourspersonal arbetar med barn som lever på skyddat boende samt hur de uppfattar att arbetet fungerar i praktiken. Studien utgick ifrån barnperspektivet som teoretisk tolkningsram. Data samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med kvinnojourspersonal som arbetar på skyddat boende. Materialet analyserades därefter med hjälp av tematisk analys. Sammantaget visade resultatet att arbetet med barnen som lever på skyddat boende ser väldigt olika ut. Viktiga arbetsområden visade sig vara miljön på boendet, att erbjuda olika typer av samtalsstöd, att stötta mammorna och att bedriva någon form av pedagogisk verksamhet. Andra delar i arbetet med barnen som personalen upplevde vara mindre fungerande var samverkan med socialtjänst och skola, resursbrist och inkluderande av förövaren i form av vårdnad- och umgängesfrågor. / Every year thousands of children are forced to flee their homes to women’s shelters due to domestic violence. This study aimed to explore how staff at women’s shelters work with the children. The aim was also to explore the workers experiences of the work with the children at the shelter. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight workers at different women’s shelters in Sweden. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. The results showed that the environment at the shelter, supporting the mothers, pedagogic activities and counseling are important aspects of the work with the children. The staff also raised some barriers in the work with the children at the women’s shelters, such as cooperation with social services and the children's schools, lack of resources and inclusion of the perpetrator in terms of contact and custody.

The aim of this study is to adress how preschool teachers reason about children's opportunities and difficulties for influence in preschool and how preschool teachers describe that this is shown in the preschool pedagogical environment. The questions that this study is based on are, how preschool teachers reason about children's opportunities for influence in preschool, in what way preschool teachers describe that they work with children's influence in everyday life at preschool and what difficulties and obstacles preschool teachers experience when it comes to working with children's influence in preschool. This qualitative study is based on the interviews of nine preschool teachers in the Stockholm area. The research approach has been a hermeneutic perspective and the results have been analyzed in accordance with power perspective and child perspective.   The result has shown that preschool teachers have a common view of what children's influence is and that they, in accordance with the preschool's control documents, are working consciously with children´s influence in their preschool practice. On the other hand, it has been proven that working with children's influence in preschool is complicated. As the preschool teachers expressed there are several factors that affect what working with children's influence can look like. Some of these factors are time, routines, staff shortage and the approach of educators. The result also showed that the preschool teachers express that children do gain influence in small and large choices, but that this is constantly done within the frame of what preschool teachers think is reasonable.

Children’s literature is written by adults, who have assumed a child’s perspective to understand their world. In other words, adults have a great impact with their subjective views and perspectives about what childhood is, in their presentation of literature. The purpose of this thesis is to attempt to identify what children’s literature mediates and how the concept of the competent child presents itself within relevant books. This term is well sought after in the Swedish preschool curriculum and heavily discussed between preschool teachers. With this thesis, our goal has been to examine the Swedish curriculum referencing the competent child, utilizing current children’s literature from preschools. With the help of the Reggio Emilia pedagogy we have acquired results that indicate factors such as age and the physical size of a child, amongst others, provide a negative obstacle that hinders a child to appear sufficiently competent from the perspective of adults. Therefore, we deem it important to analyze children’s literature and determine if it portrays a modern childhood and an accurate concept of the competent child, or if it fails to do so.

Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att undersöka hur forskning har beskrivit uppväxten för barn som lever med en mamma med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning och vad det finns för risk- och skyddsfaktorer kring barnen. Samt om eller på vilket sätt föräldraförmågan påverkar barnens uppväxtförhållanden. Metod: En kvalitativ litteraturstudie bestående av 14 artiklar och en bok. Databassökningarna utfördes via databaserna SOCIndex, SWEpub och Discovery. Dataanalysen utgjordes av en tematisk analys. Huvudresultat: Litteraturstudien har identifierat tuffa uppväxtförhållanden hos en betydande majoritet bland barn som lever med en mamma med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning. Resultatet tyder på att målgruppen bör betraktas som en riskgrupp. Denna målgrupp har visats ha sämre levnadsvillkor på grund av mammans intellektuella funktionsnedsättning. / Aim: The aim of this literature study was to investigate how research has described the childhood of children living with a single mother with intellectual disability and what the risk and protection factors are around the children. And whether or in what way parenting ability affects the children's childhood conditions. Method: A qualitative literature study consisting of 14 articles and a book. The database searches were performed through the databases SOCIndex, SWEpub and Discovery. The data analysis consisted of a thematic analysis. Main results: The literature study identified difficult upbringing conditions in a significant majority of children living with a mother with intellectual disability. The results indicate that the target group should be considered a risk group. This target group has been shown to have poorer living conditions due to their mother's intellectual disability.

The aim of the study is to highlight children’s perspectives on parental mental health issues and/or substance abuse problems. Exploring their perspectives involves analyzing autobiographies written by individuals who have lived in dysfunctional homes. The analysis categorizes themes that cover events and experiences across all biographies. The study examines the children’s own mental health and how and if it gets affected from their parents’ issues, grounded in various concepts of attachment theory, aiming to investigate whether the children may have experienced insecure attachment or not. The thesis also delves into what enables children to find inner strength despite the challenging childhood they have experienced and how childhood is described, encompassing both negative and positive aspects. Their parents exhibit various forms of issues at different levels of severity, including alcohol misuse, severe mental health problems, and/or comorbidity.