Les groupes de sociétés rassemblent des sociétés juridiquement distinctes mais liées entre elles par des rapports de domination et de coopération au point de former une entité relativement identifiable. Leur organisation renvoie au jeu mêlé de la norme sociétaire et de la norme contractuelle. Prises de participation, pactes extra-statutaires, contrats commerciaux permettent à la société dominante de contrôler et de coordonner les activités des sociétés dominées au gré de la stratégie de développement par elle arrêtée. Mais, fondé sur le paradigme de l’entreprise, le droit du travail néglige souvent la relation de dépendance économique et juridique inhérente au groupe. Il n’appréhende qu’une relation de travail binaire unissant la société employeur à ses salariés ; les groupes ont généralement la volonté d’assurer l’unité de la collectivité de travail par la création d’un socle institutionnel commun et le partage d’une vision stratégique. En résulte une politique à bien des égards originale de gestion des effectifs, vecteur d’unité et instrument de protection des intérêts du groupe et de tous ceux qui contribuent au déploiement de son activité… avec l’effet ultime de donner au groupe l’allure d’une entreprise. / Corporate groups gather entities that are legally distinct but linked to each other’s in a context of domination and cooperation forming a relatively identifiable entity. Their organization belongs to both corporate standards and contractual standards. Acquisition of a stake, stability pacts and commercial contracts enable the parent company to take control over and to coordinate the activities of dominated companies for the sake of the developing strategy that it determined. However, built upon the paradigm of the company, labour law frequently neglect the economic and legal relationship of dependence existing within the group. It only apprehends a bilateral working relationship between the company and its workers/employees; the corporate groups often have the will to ensure unity of the overall workforce by creating a common institutional set and the share of a strategic vision. This lead to an original political approach for workforce management, a means to enhance unity and tool to protect the group’s interests also with the interest of those who contribute to the deployment of the activity… with the ultimate effect to project on the group the appearance of a company.

Master's thesis deals with the issue of temporary agency work of manual workers in the Czech and Slovak Republics. The aim of this thesis is to identify the benefits and potential risks of temporary agency work and formulate measures to strengthen identified advantages and eliminate the potential risks from the perspective of the Czech labor market. The theoretical part describes the basic concepts and applicable legislation on this issue. The practical part is focused on analysis of selected economic and legislative factors of temporary agency work in the Czech and Slovak Republics. Based on the results of the analysis are identified the benefits and potential risks and recommended steps to improve the status of this form of employment in the labor market.

Like death, the defining human reality underlying our relationships and views of life's meaning, the experiences and activities of undertakers, remains an uncommon subject for psychological research. Existential anxiety roots a society-wide denial of the fundamental nature of death. which necessitates the development of institutions to take responsibility for the dying and dead. As the image and service of the stigmatised funeral industry improves, society's experience of death should become more meaningful. The overview of the research into these topics noted the need for further studies. Within a holistic, ecosystemic epistemology, this study adopted a qualitative approach and case study method, which provided descriptions of the ecology, contexts, and relationships characteristic .of the undertaker's vocation by focussing on patterned expressions of views and attitudes. The aim was to gain insight into the undertaker's experience of the many faces of death, with a genuine interest and deep respect for their world. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

隨著全球化、國際化時代之來臨，以及我國加入世界貿易組織(WTO)之後，我國企業面臨越來越激烈的國際競爭。企業對激烈競爭之環境，遭遇經營不善乃是景氣循環的正常現象。企業為求經營合理化與利潤最大化，組織結構與營業項目之調整或改變，在此過程中，事業單位全部或一部之轉讓、裁撤或合併乃正常之現象，而此過程中，經常會帶來事業經營主體變更，此即事業經營主體變更事件。 至於事業經營主體變更之動機，主要包含：事業結合、事業維持、追求綜效、及財務上之動機。而事業經營主體變更事件對雇主之影響層面，包括：營運、財務整合、企業文化整合、組織架構整合、管理階層改變、管理制度改變等。而事業經營主體變更事件對勞工之影響，包括個別勞資關係之解僱及解僱之處理、工資及福利、調動、年資，及集體勞資關係方面之工會地位問題、工會資訊權與諮商權、併購事件中之團體協商、團體協約效力存續問題，與及勞工心理層面之衝擊方面。。 而歐盟針對事業經營主體變更事件，其體認到整個經濟趨勢將引起事業經營結構的改變，故在雇主變化事件中，事業因所有權或經營權的移轉，導致「事業全部」或「事業一部」轉移到其他雇主手中。因此有必要針對經營權變更的情況提供對於勞工權利之保護；尤其是確保勞工的權利之保障。故歐盟針對上開問題通過三項指令，及77/187/EEC、98/50/EC、與2001/23/EC，歐盟這三號指令係歐盟地區遭遇事業經營主體變更事件時最低之勞動標準，故會員國仍可以另外訂定對於勞工權利更有保障之規定，故歐盟地區對於會員國勞工保護之差異仍然存在，但歐盟認為這些指令應該縮小。歐盟之上開指令基本上係認為有僱用勞工從事工作需求是「經濟實體」，其可能為該「事業全部」或「事業一部」；而該有機一體之「經濟實體」不該僅因經營權或所有權之移轉，導致事業經營主體變更後，即可以因此解僱勞工或變更勞動契約；因為如果「經濟實體」僱用勞工從事工作之需求並沒有減少的話，則該「經濟實體」之受讓人自該承擔轉讓人之一切權利義務；而如果該「經濟實體」確有變更勞工人數之經濟性、技術性或組織性之正當事的話，自可循解僱之相關程序，或與勞工代表進行降低勞動條件但不解僱勞工之團體協約之方式進行。簡言之，即重視僱用活動之需求本質是否變更，而不去管僱用活動所附著之所有權或經營權之形式是否變更。歐盟之相關指令在雇主之財產權與勞工之工作權之間，係以雇主所得利益與勞工所受之損害是否相當為衡量之標準。 而我國，在企業併購法尚未通過之前，主要依勞動基準法之規定，對於事業經營主體變更事件時之勞動契約，係從事業經營主體之法人格是否變更之形式進行處理，故會有法人格迷失之問題產生，包括不承認「事業一部轉讓」類型，改組是否得解僱勞工等即是此思考邏輯下之產物。至於企業併購法，由於企業併購法係經濟部門為建立企業良好併購環境，故該法係從經濟思維之角度出發，而較不注重勞工權益之處理，故該法規定對勞工權益之保障甚為不足，包括雇主得因併購之理由解僱勞工，並可以變更留用勞工之勞動條件。簡言之，企業併購法之立法精神係政府為鼓勵企業併購，希望透過法令之建置，可以提供適合企業併購之環境，排除企業併購之障礙；故勞動契約之承擔成為影響企業併購之障礙時，則勞工之權益成為政策抉擇時被犧牲之對象。即我國在雇主之財產權與勞工之工作權之間，目前之立法係偏重於雇主之財產權，而以犧牲勞工之工作權為主。 隨著全球化時代的來臨，國際競爭更形激烈，經營組織透過一連串組織吸收、結合等資源重新配置之方式，提高經營組織之生產力與競爭力，故事業經營主體變更事件將一再重複，此為時代趨勢。但我國目前之勞動基準法或企業併購法等規定將轉讓規定為雇主得解僱勞工之理由，恐將導致雇主以企業併購為藉口，而進行解僱勞工之事實，造成解僱保護之漏洞，雇主將因此逃脫國家在勞動關係上課於雇主之責任，對於勞工之工作權造成侵害。故在企業併購時，應該在雇主之財產權與勞工之工作權之間取得平衡，訂定合適之遊戲規則，而我國目前有關轉讓事件之立法偏重於雇主之財產權，即有加以重新檢討之必要。

This thesis focuses on the rules governing the protection of workers in case of transfer of employer in the European Union law and in the Czech law. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the implementation of the Directive 2001/23/EC into the Czech legal order. The thesis consists of three chapters. The first chapter briefly describes the origin and evolution of the European Union, EU institutions, competence of the Court of Justice of the European Union, sources of the European Union law and the principles governing the relationship between the EU law and national legal order. It also describes the main features of the employment relationship. The second chapter focuses on the legal rules governing the protection of workers in case of transfer of the employer at the European Union level. The first subchapter explains the historical development of the legislation, Directive 77/187/EEC and its amendment (Directive 98/50/EC). The second subchapter defines the personal, territorial and temporal scope of the Directive 2001/23/EC. The third subchapter focuses on the interpretation of the criteria of the subject-matter of the Directive 2001/23/EC conducted by the Court of Justice of the European Union. The fourth subchapter describes the pillars of the protection of employees in case of transfer of the...

- RESUME This work is concentrated on issue of purchase of medical practices which in this market period gains the importence. Even though today there is bigger and bigger demand for this transaction, legislation is not very well adapted to that. Medical practice can be perceived as undertaking pursuant to § 502 civil code. Because of that, it is possible to sell it (besides other ways) based on legal title business purchase contract pursuant to § 2175 civil code. Legal title business purchase contract is in practice used often, nevertheless whole process of purchase of medical practice based on legal title business purchase contract is not smooth. I would like to highlight the problems which can emerge. It is possible to divide this work into two parts. The first part deals with legal definitions and legal analysis of basic legal terms as undertaking, medical practice, provider of medical assistance services. We can find here also justification why it is possible to perceive medical practice as undertaking. The second part is focused on business purchase contract in general with specifics, which can arise in case of purchase of medical practice based on legal title business purchase contract. In second chapter (after the introduction), I define in general the concept of undertaking and I also...

In her PhD thesis, the author deals with the legal regulation of transfer of undertaking (and the passage of the employees' rights and obligations it involves) and the frequent collective redundancy related to such transfers. Both sets of provisions dealing with these topics are embodied in the Czech Labour Code and are harmonised with the EU directives pertaining to these fields, specifically Council Directive 2001/23/EC of 12 March 2001 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the safeguarding of employees' rights in the event of transfers of undertakings, businesses or parts of undertakings or businesses (originally, Council Directive 77/187/EEC of 14 February 1977 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the safeguarding of employees' rights in the event of transfers of undertakings, businesses or parts of businesses) and Council Directive 98/59/EC of 20 July 1998 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to collective redundancies. The two directives mentioned above were already transposed to the Czech Labour Code in 2001 by means of an amendment adopted under No. 155/2001 Coll. As regards the rules governing collective redundancies, it can be stated, in substance, that the original regulation of 2001 remained unchanged and...

L’établissement distinct est devenu un concept incontournable dans la vie des entreprises et une notion récurrente dans les textes légaux et la jurisprudence. Dans l’hypothèse la plus simple, l’entreprise n’est dotée que d’une seule unité de travail, constituée d’activités et de personnels réunis en un même lieu. L’entreprise et l’établissement unique se confondent alors. Mais dès lors qu’elle développe un effectif important et que sa structure complexe impose la mise en place d’une organisation adaptée, elle se démembre et se divise en établissements. L’établissement distinct devient alors un centre d’activité de l’entreprise géographiquement ou matériellement isolé. Le droit du travail tente de saisir l’établissement distinct dans de multiples dimensions et n’adopte pas la même approche selon l’utilité que sa reconnaissance peut apporter dans l’entreprise. L’objet de cette recherche est de saisir la multiplicité des réalités que recouvre l’établissement distinct et d’éclaircir la manière dont le législateur et les tribunaux tendent à l’optimiser en fonction du rôle qui lui est assigné. Concomitamment, il est question de vérifier l’opportunité d’opérer un recentrage des rapports du droit du travail au niveau de l’établissement plutôt qu’au niveau de l’entreprise et les conséquences qui en résultent. / The separate establishment has become an unavoidable concept in the life of the companies and a recurring notion in the legal texts and the jurisprudence. In the simplest case, the company has only one work unit, consisting of activities and personnel in one place. The enterprise and the single establishment are then merged. But since it develops a large workforce and its complex structure requires the establishment of a suitable organization, it is dismembered and divided into establishments. The separate establishment then becomes a center of activity of the company geographically or materially isolated. Labor law attempts to seize the distinct establishment in multiple dimensions and does not adopt the same approach depending on the utility that its recognition can bring to the company. The purpose of this research is to grasp the multiplicity of realities encompassed by the distinct institution and to clarify how the legislature and the courts tend to optimize it according to the role assigned to it. Concomitantly, it is a question of verifying the desirability of refocusing the relations of labor law at the level of the establishment rather than at the level of the enterprise and the resulting consequences.

Like death, the defining human reality underlying our relationships and views of life's meaning, the experiences and activities of undertakers, remains an uncommon subject for psychological research. Existential anxiety roots a society-wide denial of the fundamental nature of death. which necessitates the development of institutions to take responsibility for the dying and dead. As the image and service of the stigmatised funeral industry improves, society's experience of death should become more meaningful. The overview of the research into these topics noted the need for further studies. Within a holistic, ecosystemic epistemology, this study adopted a qualitative approach and case study method, which provided descriptions of the ecology, contexts, and relationships characteristic .of the undertaker's vocation by focussing on patterned expressions of views and attitudes. The aim was to gain insight into the undertaker's experience of the many faces of death, with a genuine interest and deep respect for their world. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

L’objet de cette recherche est d’examiner, selon les règles et la jurisprudence de l’OMC, la définition et le contenu du dommage causé par le dumping à une branche de production de l’industrie nationale. Cela nécessite, d’une part, d’établir les éléments qui entrent en ligne de compte dans le calcul du dommage ainsi que dans la détermination de l’existence de ce dommage, et d’autre part, d’identifier un lien de causalité entre le dommage subi et le dumping. Une fois ces éléments établis, les Membres de l’OMC sont autorisés à recourir à des mesures antidumping dont l’objectif est de neutraliser les effets dommageables du dumping et de rétablir l’équilibre dans le marché local. Par conséquent, dans le souci d’éviter que des mesures abusives soient mises en place, les mesures et leur modalité d’application sont prescrites par les règles de l’OMC. Elles sont au nombre de trois, à savoir les droits antidumping provisoires, les droits définitifs et l’engagement de prix. / The purpose of this research is to examine, in accordance with WTO rules and case law, the definition and the content of the injury caused to one part of the domestic industry by dumping. This requires the need to establish the elements to be taken into account when determining then calculating the injury, and to identify a causal link between the injury suffered by the domestic industry and dumping. Once these elements have been established, WTO members are allowed to use anti-Dumping measures aimed at cancelling out the damaging effects of dumping and restoring balance in the local market. Therefore, with the view to avoiding abusive measures to be put in place, WTO rules prescribe three measures which are provisional anti-Dumping duties, definitive duties and price undertaking, as well as their conditions for application.