Esta pesquisa é um levantamento das reportagens presentes em REALIDADE a respeito de mulheres e gênero, e a análise de como a publicação tratou esses assuntos ao longo de sua existência. Buscou-se, aqui, a inserção da revista na história da imprensa, assim como as suas relações com os poderes econômico e político e a sua trajetória, de seu lançamento em 1966 ao seu término em 1976. As questões de gênero foram incluídas nesse contexto, sob as perspectivas das representações de mulheres veiculadas pela imprensa e da liberação feminina em processo, ambos temas recorrentes em REALIDADE. A análise ficou dividida entre as questões que envolviam a vida íntima de mulheres (sexualidade e família) e a atuação feminina extralar (trabalho e política) e o olhar masculino dirigido a elas. Pretende-se, com este trabalho, examinar as histórias propagadas pela imprensa levando-se em consideração o filtro dos jornalistas e as influências dos proprietários da Editora Abril e da ditadura civil-militar instaurada. Com esse enfoque, espera-se que este estudo seja uma contribuição para a visibilidade das mulheres em um período no qual imperava a Doutrina de Segurança Nacional, de forma que as pequenas resistências de comportamento corriam o risco de serem consideradas uma ameaça ao Estado. Contudo, muitas mulheres continuaram lutando para a conquista de direitos e mais liberdades. / This research is a counting of the reports present in the magazine REALIDADE about women and gender, and the analysis of how the periodical treated these subjects all over its existence. It was searched here the inclusion of the magazine in the press history, as long as its relations with the economic and political power, since the launch in 1966 to the break down in 1976. The gender issues were included in this context, under the view of women’s representations spread by the press and women’s liberation process, both of them recurrent themes in REALIDADE. The analysis was divided among the questions that involve the intimate life of women (sexuality and family) and the female performance outside the home (work and politics) and the male view directed to them. The intension with this work is to examine the stories spread by the press, taking into account the journalists filters and the influences of Editora Abril’s owners and the civil-military dictatorship established. With this approach, it’s expected that this study contribute to the visibility of women in a time of National Security Doctrine, when the small resistances of behavior were in risk of being considered a threat to the State. Even so, many women kept fighting to the reach of more rights and freedom.

Esta pesquisa é um levantamento das reportagens presentes em REALIDADE a respeito de mulheres e gênero, e a análise de como a publicação tratou esses assuntos ao longo de sua existência. Buscou-se, aqui, a inserção da revista na história da imprensa, assim como as suas relações com os poderes econômico e político e a sua trajetória, de seu lançamento em 1966 ao seu término em 1976. As questões de gênero foram incluídas nesse contexto, sob as perspectivas das representações de mulheres veiculadas pela imprensa e da liberação feminina em processo, ambos temas recorrentes em REALIDADE. A análise ficou dividida entre as questões que envolviam a vida íntima de mulheres (sexualidade e família) e a atuação feminina extralar (trabalho e política) e o olhar masculino dirigido a elas. Pretende-se, com este trabalho, examinar as histórias propagadas pela imprensa levando-se em consideração o filtro dos jornalistas e as influências dos proprietários da Editora Abril e da ditadura civil-militar instaurada. Com esse enfoque, espera-se que este estudo seja uma contribuição para a visibilidade das mulheres em um período no qual imperava a Doutrina de Segurança Nacional, de forma que as pequenas resistências de comportamento corriam o risco de serem consideradas uma ameaça ao Estado. Contudo, muitas mulheres continuaram lutando para a conquista de direitos e mais liberdades. / This research is a counting of the reports present in the magazine REALIDADE about women and gender, and the analysis of how the periodical treated these subjects all over its existence. It was searched here the inclusion of the magazine in the press history, as long as its relations with the economic and political power, since the launch in 1966 to the break down in 1976. The gender issues were included in this context, under the view of women’s representations spread by the press and women’s liberation process, both of them recurrent themes in REALIDADE. The analysis was divided among the questions that involve the intimate life of women (sexuality and family) and the female performance outside the home (work and politics) and the male view directed to them. The intension with this work is to examine the stories spread by the press, taking into account the journalists filters and the influences of Editora Abril’s owners and the civil-military dictatorship established. With this approach, it’s expected that this study contribute to the visibility of women in a time of National Security Doctrine, when the small resistances of behavior were in risk of being considered a threat to the State. Even so, many women kept fighting to the reach of more rights and freedom.

My Masters project is a visual exploration of otherwise unrecorded girls' and women's sports stories from the pre-Title IX era. Title IX is an American piece of legislation that was signed into law in 1972. It states that any institution receiving federal funding cannot discriminate based on sex. This law would help to expand girls’ and women’s opportunities and participation in sports, although gender equality in American school athletics has yet to be achieved. The visual outcome of my project took the form of the Sports Fans Newsstand which housed a variety of ephemera such as comics, newspapers, sports trading cards, posters and pins--each element adding a new entry point to these complex stories.

The purpose of the present thesis is to examine the modes of enunciation (“mode d’énonciation”) and the use of text genres in relation to thematic and semantic aspects of Claude Cahun’s book, Aveux non avenus (Disavowals: or, Cancelled Confessions)(1930), which consists of text fragments. Claude Cahun, who is mostly known for her photographic self-portraits, was active on the margins of surrealism in Paris in the 1920s. The text fragments of Aveux non avenus can be compared to a collage technique that she also uses in the photomontages which open each chapter of the book. As an author, Claude Cahun clearly resisted traditional confessional literature (as the title of the book also suggests), and this study focuses on how she creates images of herself through characters borrowed from mythology, the Bible, and popular and literary texts, but also through reflections on specific themes in dialogues, essays and aphorisms. The thesis examines how Aveux non avenus differs from an actual autobiography, how the fragmented self-portrait is constructed, and how the book expresses a critique of contemporary society. The method of the thesis is based on textual analysis, with the support of the concepts of modes of enunciation (”mode d’énonciation”), text genres, and détournement (”détournement”). It also rests on the contextualisation of Claude Cahun’s practice of writing in relation to the history of literary genres, surrealist avant-garde movement, and in relation to sources within cultural history and the history of women. The thesis analyses how Claude Cahun, through the use of different genres and shifting modes of enunciation, creates a fragmented, diverse, and contradictory portrait of herself, in a way that also conveys a critical image of contemporary society. The text functions, simultaneously, as a collage of different text genres. The conclusion thereby underlines the idea that the text is not arbitrarily fragmentary, but constructed on the principles that the analysis of the work has demonstrated. In previous research on Claude Cahun, the indefinite genre of the book has been emphasised. Instead, this thesis wants to show that the diversity of text genres is deliberately explored to develop varying modes of enunciation that give Claude Cahun the opporturity to reflect and give nuance to representations of the self and to convey a radical critique of society.

Plusieurs recherches en didactique de l’histoire se sont intéressées à la faible présence des femmes dans les manuels. Toutefois, aucune ne s’est penchée sur la compréhension des questions reliées au genre dans les récits historiques par les élèves. Cette étude propose de combler cette absence grâce à une étude de cas exploratoire auprès d’élèves de quatrième secondaire en histoire nationale. Nous avons interrogé les adolescents sur leurs conceptions du manuel d’histoire et du féminisme par voie de questionnaire (n=595) et à l’aide d’entretiens individuels (n=9). Durant ces entrevues, des extraits de manuels offrant des discours divergents sur le féminisme leur étaient présentés. Ce travail décrit et analyse les usages du manuel par les élèves, leurs conceptions des luttes féministes dans l’histoire, de même que leur compréhension du rôle accordé aux femmes dans les récits historiques (agentivité). Les élèves perçoivent le manuel d’histoire comme véridique et neutre. Ils l’utilisent d’abord et avant tout afin de répondre à des questions de repérage d’informations historiques. Ils sont peu enclins à le remettre en question, même lorsqu’ils sont confrontés à des récits contradictoires. Ils ont plutôt tendance à amoindrir les différences retrouvées dans les récits afin que le discours corresponde à leurs conceptions initiales de la matière. Pour une majorité d’élèves, les luttes féministes sont associées au passé et il y a peu de liens à faire avec le présent. Le mouvement féministe est associé de manière prépondérante à l’obtention du droit de vote et à quelques évènements ponctuels dénués de contextualisation. Les stéréotypes de genre sont perceptibles dans les réponses de nombreux adolescents, de même que l’antiféminisme, dans une moindre proportion. Cependant, la majorité des élèves rencontrés en entrevue a été en mesure de déceler des différences en fonction de l’agentivité dans les extraits de manuels proposés. Cela nous porte à croire que le développement d’habiletés liées à la pensée historienne en classe pourrait mener les élèves à réfléchir de manière critique aux rapports de genre dans l’histoire. Mots-clés : manuels ; féminisme ; histoire des femmes ; genre ; histoire nationale ; école secondaire ; agentivité ; pensée historienne. / Several research in history education have focused on the low number of women found in textbooks. However, none has looked at the issues of gender in the historical understanding of students. This study proposes to address these questions through an exploratory case study conducted with grade 10 students of national history. We asked these teenagers about their conceptions of the history textbook and feminism; first by using a questionnaire (n = 595) and then with the help of individual interviews (n = 9). During these interviews, excerpts of textbooks offering divergent narratives on feminism were presented. This thesis describes and analyzes the use of the textbooks by students, their conceptions of feminist struggles in history, as well as their understanding of the role of women in historical accounts (agency). Students perceive the history textbook as true and neutral. They first and foremost use it to answer queries related to specific historical content. They are reluctant to question it, even when faced with conflicting accounts. They tend to lessen the differences found in the narratives so that it reflects their initial conceptions of the subject. A majority of student associate the feminist movement with the past and make little links with the present. Their knowledge of feminism is predominantly limited to the right to vote and a very few other events, all devoid of context. Gender stereotypes are evident in the responses of many teenagers as well as anti-feminism, to a lesser extent. However, the majority of students interviewed were able to identify some differences in terms of the agency of women found in textbooks. This leads us to believe that the development of historical thinking in a classroom context could lead students to think more critically about gender issues in history. Keywords: textbooks; feminism; women’s history; gender ; national history; high school; agency; historical thinking.

Cette thèse vise à analyser les discours sur l’Iran dans les récits de voyageurs germanophones entre 1906 et 1941. Le corpus comprend trente récits de scientifiques et de leurs épouses, de commerçants, diplomates, écrivains. La perception de la nature, la vision du progrès technique, le jugement sur les religions et sur la condition féminine constituent les axes de l’analyse. Ce travail interroge les processus de circulation des savoirs présents dans ces récits et la spécificité du récit de voyage féminin. La thèse prend en compte l’influence des facteurs tenant à la culture d’origine des voyageurs et à leur critique des valeurs européennes. Si les discours de certains voyageurs témoignent de l’importance des liens avec la population iranienne et de la remise en question de la suprématie du progrès à l’européenne, d’autres, en particulier les récits féminins, renvoient l’image d’une société allemande patriarcale que les voyageuses aspirent à fuir. / This thesis aims at analyzing the discourses on Iran in the narratives of German-speaking travelers between 1906 and 194. The body of literature is made of thirty narratives written by scientists and their spouses, businessmen, diplomats and writers. The analysis is structured along the perception of nature, the vision of technical progress, and the judgements of religions and women’s conditions. This research questions the means of circulation of knowledge in these stories and the specificity of the female travel story.The thesis takes into account the influence rooted in the travelers’ cultural background and their criticism of European values. If some travelers’ narratives demonstrate the importance of interaction with the local population and challenge the supremacy of European-like progress, others, and especially the women’s narratives, offer the image of a German patriarchal society the travelers sought to escape.

This thesis is situated at the intersection of trans, lesbian, and women’s history. It is an exploratory study that has sought to combine the disparate strands of the social movements organised around the identity categories trans, lesbian, and woman. Using a semibiographical and intersectional approach, the study follows in the footsteps of the transsexual lesbian woman Eva-Lisa Bengtson as she navigated the trans, lesbian, and women’s movements between 1964–1999. The analytical focus is on mapping Eva-Lisa’s presence in the movements, dissecting the production, reproduction, and negotiation of identities within and between the movements, and identifying identity-based conflict. The study finds that similar mechanisms of differentiation and the creation of new normativities occurred across all three movements in a recognisable pattern.

Cette thèse de doctorat examine l’impact social de la Première Guerre mondiale dans l’Empire ottoman sur les femmes turques défavorisées et la réaction quotidienne de ces femmes aux conditions négatives de la guerre et aux mesures de l’État concernant les femmes. Elle utilise l’approche de l’histoire populaire et des nouvelles sources des archives ottomanes pour démontrer les voix et les expériences des femmes ordinaires, surtout leur lutte contre l’appauvrissement à cause de la guerre et les politiques sociales insuffisantes. Par conséquent, elle contribue à combler une grande lacune dans l’historiographie sur l’Empire ottomane et les études sur les femmes qui examinent rarement les femmes turques ordinaires. Elle renforce l’idée que les femmes ottomanes ont eu des grandes difficultés à cause de la guerre contrairement aux comptes de modernisation soulignant seulement les développements positifs concernant les libertés et les droits des femmes après la guerre. Elle réfute les comptes acceptant la guerre comme une période pendant laquelle toutes les femmes turques ont vécu une « émancipation. » D’ailleurs, elle met en lumière les formes et les aspects des points de vue critiques des femmes et de la politique quotidienne des femmes pour survivre les conditions négatives de la guerre, pour faire entendre leurs voix, pour protéger leurs droits et pour recevoir des aides sociales. / This dissertation examines the social impact of World War I in the Ottoman Empire on ordinary poor Turkish women and their everyday response to the adverse wartime conditions and the state policies concerning them. Based on new archival sources giving detailed information about the voice, experience and agency of these women and based on the history from below approach, this study focuses on poor, underprivileged and working Turkish women’s everyday experiences, especially their struggle against and perception of wartime conditions, mobilization and state policies about them. By doing so, it contributes to filling the great gap in late Ottoman historiography and women’s studies, which rarely examine ordinary women and their everyday problems and struggles for survival and rights. First, it scrutinizes how ordinary women experienced the war and argues that, in contrast to the modernization accounts that overlook women’s sufferings at the cost of post-war developments in women’s rights and liberties, ordinary Turkish women had great difficulties during the war years. It presents a major caveat to the accounts accepting the war years as a period during which Turkish women monolithically experienced a gradual liberty and « emancipation. » Second, it brings the unexamined forms and aspects of women’s critical and subjective views, their everyday politics to circumvent the adverse conditions and state policies, to make their voices heard, to pursue their rights, and to receive government support into the light. / Bu doktora tezi Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nın sıradan yoksul Türk kadınları üzerindeki sosyal etkilerini ve kadınların olumsuz savaş koşullarına ve kendileriyle ilgili devlet politikalarına yönelik tavırlarını incelemektedir. Kadınların sesleri, deneyimleri ve tarihsel rolleri hakkında detaylı bilgiler veren yeni arşiv kaynaklarına ve aşağıdan tarih yaklaşımına dayanan bu tez yoksul, temel sosyal haklardan yoksun ve çalışan Türk kadınlarının gündelik deneyimlerine, özellikle de savaş koşulları, seferberlik ve devlet politikalarını algılayış ve bunlarla mücadele biçimlerine odaklanmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, bu tez, sıradan kadınları ve onların gündelik problemleriyle hayatta kalma ve hak mücadelelerini çok az inceleyen Osmanlı tarihçiliği ve kadın araştırmalarındaki büyük bir boşluğu doldurmaya katkıda bulunmaktadır. Bu tez, bu anlamda, iki temel temaya odaklanmaktadır. Öncelikle, sıradan kadınların savaşı nasıl deneyimlediklerini mercek altına almakta ve onların çektikleri acıları savaş sonrası kadın hak ve özgürlüklerindeki ve üst ve orta sınıf eğitimli kadınların etkinlik ve deneyimlerindeki gelişmelerin bir bedeli olarak algılayıp gözden kaçıran modernleşmeanlatılarının tersine sıradan kadınların savaş yıllarında büyük güçlükler çektiğini savunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma, Türk kadınlarının savaş yıllarında bütün olarak görece bir “özgürleşme” yaşadıklarını kabul eden anlatılara önemli bir uyarıdır. İkincil olarak, bu tez, kadınların zorluklarla gündelik mücadelelerine odaklanarak kadınların eleştirel ve öznel tutumlarının ve olumsuz koşullar ve devlet politikalarından kaçmak, seslerini duyurmak, haklarının peşine düşmek ve destek görebilmek amaçlı gündelik politikalarının keşfedilmemiş biçim ve yönlerini gün ışığına çıkarmaktadır.

Au XIXe siècle, les sœurs hospitalières sont au cœur du système de soin parisien. L’identité et les activités sociales de ces femmes qui partagent un engagement religieux et un apostolat soignant auprès des pauvres de la capitale sont analysées dans cette thèse. La vocation, fruit d’un choix entre les jeunes femmes et l’institution, est une voie d’émancipation dans l’espace public et le monde du travail, mais qui leur permet aussi de s’affirmer comme individu en sapant l’autorité paternelle et en légitimant l’expression d’un désir. Chevilles ouvrières du système de santé publique et figures de la charité privée, les sœurs en accompagnent la croissance. Le soin aux pauvres et leur dévouement justifient la reconnaissance de leur utilité sociale devant l’urgence d’une société confrontée à une pauvreté massive et aux effets contrastés du processus de déchristianisation. Paradoxalement, la laïcisation conforterait leur présence dans le dispositif charitable et soignant de la capitale. Les sœurs se forment à certaines exigences médicales et cherchent à maintenir un « écart chrétien » dans le monde. Le soin des sœurs participe ainsi à la médicalisation de la société mais reste une stratégie de reconquête religieuse. Leur apostolat révèlerait que la demande sociale de santé et de religion reposerait sur un souci de soi et un besoin plus vaste d’attention. Mais ce « souci de soi » est aussi, pour les sœurs, une voie fonctionnelle et harmonieuse de réconcilier les volets religieux et profane de leur mission. Dès lors, les sœurs peuvent s’adapter à la modernité en articulant les préoccupations du siècle avec une exigence spirituelle. / In the nineteenth century, sisters of charity were at the core of the Parisian health system. This thesis analyses the identity and the social activities of these women who shared a religious commitment and a caring apostolate towards the poor of Paris. Vocation, which resulted from a choice by young women and the religious institution, was a way for these women to find a place in public space and in the workplace. It enabled them to assert themselves as individuals, undermining paternal authority and legitimating the expression of a desire. Cornerstones of the public health system and figures of charity, the nuns accompanied the growth of both. Their care of the poor and their devotion justified their claim to be recognised as socially useful in a context where French society was confronted by the new problem of widespread poverty and by the countervailing effects of dechristianization. Paradoxically, republican secularization would confirm their presence in the capital’s caring and charitable system. The sisters undertook training to new medical standards at the same times as they tried to maintain a ‘Christian singularity’ in the world. The care that the sisters provided played a role in the medicalization of society but nonetheless remained part of a strategy of religious reconquest. Their apostolate would reveal that society’s health and religious needs rested on a ‘care of the self’ and a need for attention. This ’care of the self’ was also a way for the nuns to reconcile the lay and religious aspects of their mission. Thus, sisters of charity could adapt themselves to modernity by articulating worldly preoccupations with a spiritual imperative.

Au VIe siècle, dans le royaume des Burgondes, Avit de Vienne compose une lettre pour sa sœur, la moniale Fuscine. Cette œuvre consolatoire et élogieuse se nomme De consolatoria castitatis laude. Ce texte permet de comprendre la situation particulière dont bénéficie la virgo dans la société chrétienne tardo-antique. Au niveau de son contenu, l’objectif de ce livre sert à montrer à la monacha que le choix virginal représente une forme d’échappatoire et de liberté. Il s’agit d’une réalité que ne connaît pas l’épouse. Les devoirs du mariage, les dangers de la maternité, les tracas du siècle, le veuvage, le deuil, tout cela est inconnu à la vierge parce qu’elle s’écarte des obligations terrestres. L’utilisation de la Bible et de plusieurs références patristiques constituent l’héritage des mentalités religieuses dont s’inspire Avit dans la construction d’un discours orienté sur la distinction socioreligieuse de la virgo. / In the 6th century, in the kingdom of the Burgundians, Avitus of Vienne composes a letter for his sister, the nun Fuscina. This consoling and eulogistic artwork is called De consolatoria castitatis laude. This text generates in us an understanding of the particular context of the virgo in the Christian society of Late Antiquity. Regarding the text, the purpose of the book is to show to the monacha that the virginal choice represents a way of escape and freedom, a reality that the spouse is unaware of. The duties of marriage, the dangers of motherhood, the troubles of the century, the widowhood and the mourning are all unknown to the virgin because she excludes herself to worldly obligations. The use of the Bible and several patristic references shape the legacy of religious mentalities which inspires Avitus in making an oriented speech on the virgo’s socio-religious distinctness.