Empati är en särskilt viktig förmåga hos kriminalvårdaren och i interaktionen med kollegor samt med intagna på anstalt och häkte. Studien ämnade att undersöka kriminalvårdarnas empati i relation till arbetsrelaterad stress, samt olika demografiska variabler. I undersök- ningen deltog 76 kriminalvårdare som rekryterades via sociala medier, utspridda över Sve- rige. Resultaten visar att det inte fanns några könsskillnader gällande empati. Den arbetsre- laterade stressen är större hos kvinnor än hos män enligt studiens resultat, något som be- kräftar tidigare studier. Vidare visar studiens resultat att fantasi och personlig oro minskade med åldern. För anställningstid visar studiens resultat att empatin minskar med antal anställ- ningsår. Resultaten för utbildningsnivå visar att empatin minskade med högre utbildning, vil- ket motsäger tidigare forskning. Vidare forskning kan fokusera på att inkludera större urval och att undersöka personspecifika faktorer i studiet av relationen mellan empati, stress och demografisk information som ålder, kön och utbildningsnivå. / Empathy is a particularly important ability of the correctional officer and in the interaction with their colleagues, also with those in prison and detention centers. The study aimed to investi- gate empathy in prison correctional officers in relation to work-related stress and demo- graphic variables. In the study,76 participants were recruited through social media, with a spread across Sweden. The results showed that there were no difference in empathy re- garding gender. The work-related stress is greater in women than in men according to the study's results, which confirms previous studies. Furthermore, the results of the study show that imagination and personal distress decline with age. For years of employment the results showed a decline in empathy. The results for educational level shows that empathy declined with higher education, which contradicts previous research. Further research can focus on including larger samples and examining person-specific factors along with the variables and demographic information such as age, gender and educational level.

I samband med covid-19 pandemin har Folkhälsomyndigheten infört allmänna råd och rekommendationer om social distansering och distansarbete. Revisionsbranschen har därmed ställt om till en mer varierad arbetsplats där arbetstagarna har utfört sitt arbete helt eller delvis hemifrån och mycket tyder på att denna typ av hybrida arbetsmiljö kommer att fortsätta även efter covid-19 pandemin. Det är vanligt förekommande att revisorsassistenterna till stor del arbetar ute hos sina kunder och tidigare forskning har påvisat att en hög grad av arbetsrelaterad stress är vanligt förekommande inom revisionsbranschen. Med tanke på social distansering och distansarbete har revisionsbranschen därmed behövt hitta andra vägar för att utföra sina arbetsuppgifter, vilket i sin tur kan ha påverkat revisorsassistenternas upplevda arbetsrelaterade stress.  Syftet med studien är att beskriva hur revisorsassistenternas arbetssätt har förändrats till följd av en ökad grad av distansarbete samt hur detta har påverkat den upplevda arbetsrelaterade stressen. Studien ämnar dessutom till att skapa förståelse för varför revisorsassistenter upplever arbetsrelaterad stress till följd av ett förändrat arbetssätt. För att uppfylla studiens syfte har en kvalitativ metod använts där tio semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts. Respondenterna bestod av revisorsassistenter som är verksamma i Norrbotten och som jobbar på någon de fem största revisionsbyråerna i Sverige. Materialet som inhämtades vid intervjuerna har sedan analyserats med hjälp av krav-kontroll-stödmodellen för att undersöka stresspåverkan närmare. För att skapa ytterligare förståelse kring vilka stressfaktorer som är framträdande har respondenterna valts ut utifrån två olika grupper för att se om det finns några eventuella skillnader. Den ena gruppen består av revisorsassistenter som har varit verksamma både innan och under covid-19 pandemin medan den andra gruppen består av revisorsassistenter som har blivit anställda under covid-19 pandemin.  Studiens slutsats är att arbetssättet har förändrats till följd av covid-19 pandemin och att stresspåverkan av denna förändring är högst individuell, där hälften av respondenterna upplever att den arbetsrelaterade stressen har ökat och den andra hälften upplever att den arbetsrelaterade stressen har minskat. Den främsta anledningen, enligt revisorsassistenterna, var att de upplever ökade eller minskade krav. Det visade sig däremot att även kontrollen och stödet hade inverkan på den upplevda arbetsrelaterade stressen. Någon tydlig skillnad i arbetsrelaterad stress mellan de två olika respondentgrupperna framkom inte, vad som däremot framkom var skillnader i upplevd effektivitet. / Due to the covid-19 pandemic the Swedish public health agency has introduced general advice and recommendations regarding social distancing and teleworking. The auditing industry has thus switched to a more varied workplace where the employees have performed their work wholly or partly from home and there are a lot that indicates that this type of hybrid work environment will continue even after the covid-19 pandemic. It is common for auditor assistants to perform their work at their clients and previous research has shown that a high degree of work-related stress is common in the auditing industry. With regards to social distancing and teleworking, the auditing industry has thus had to find other ways to perform their tasks, which in turn may have affected the auditors’ perceived work-related stress. The purpose of the study is to describe how the auditing assistants' working methods have changed as a result of an increased degree of telework and how this has affected the perceived work-related stress. The study also aims to create an understanding of why auditing assistants experience work-related stress as a result of a changed way of working. To fulfill the purpose of the study a qualitative method has been used where ten semi-structured interviews have been conducted. The respondents consisted of auditing assistants who are active in Norrbotten and work at one of the five largest auditing firms in Sweden. The material obtained during the interviews was then analyzed using the demand-control-support model to examine the stress impact in more detail. To create a further understanding of which stress factors are prominent, the respondents have been selected based on two different groups to see if there are any differences. One group consists of auditor assistants who have been employed both before and during the covid-19 pandemic whilst the other group consists of auditor assistans who were employed during the covid-19 pandemic. The conclusion of the study is that the work method has changed as a result of the covid-19 pandemic and that the stress impact of this change is highly individual, where half of the respondents feel that the work-related stress has increased and the other half feel that the work-related stress has decreased. The main reason was, according to the auditor assistants, due to the fact that they experienced an increase or a decrease in demands. However, it also turned out that the control and support had an impact on the perceived work-related stress. There was no clear difference in work-related stress between the two different respondent groups, but what emerged were differences in perceived efficiency.

Background: In 2019, a new coronavirus broke out worldwide and caused a pandemic. It has been shown that this patient group requires more time for supervision and nursing than other patient groups who are cared for in intensive care units. Nurses who have cared for patients with coronavirus have shown psychological and physical strain.Purpose: to shed light on nurses' experiences of caring for patients with Covid-19 in intensive care unitsMethod: Qualitative inductive approach based on unprocessed material in the form of descriptive blogs from the internet. Data were analyzed according to a manifest content analysis.Results: The results revealed an overall theme: "Being nurses in the front line". Furthermore, three categories and seven subcategories emerged. The categories that emerged were: "The virus causes changes in work and private life", " To care for seriously ill patients where many die " and " To experience an unreasonable workload ".Conclusion: The degree project can be seen as a contribution to creating an understanding of the complex work environment that prevailed during today's first pandemic outbreak in the world and nurses' experiences of caring in this situation. Through its foundation in analysis of qualitative research, this can be made possible and contribute to creating tools for nurses in the future to handle similar situations and reduce the risk of ill health. / Bakgrund: År 2019 bröt ett nytt coronavirus ut världen över och orsakade en pandemi. Det har påvisats att denna patientgrupp kräver mer tid till övervakning och omvårdnad än andra patientgrupper som vårdas på intensivvårdsavdelningar. Sjuksköterskor som vårdat patienter med coronavirus har påvisat psykologiska- och fysiska påfrestningar. Syfte: att belysa sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda patienter med Covid-19 på intensivvårdsavdelningar Metod: Kvalitativ induktiv ansats utifrån obearbetat material i form av beskrivande bloggar ifrån internet. Data analyserades utefter en manifest innehållsanalys. Resultat: I resultatet framkom ett övergripande tema: ”Att vara sjuksköterskor i frontlinjen”. Vidare framkom tre kategorier och sju subkategorier. Kategorierna som framkom var: ”Viruset orsakar förändringar i arbete och privatliv”, ”Att vårda svårt sjuka patienter där många dör” samt ”Att uppleva orimlig arbetsbelastning”.Slutsats: Examensarbetet kan ses som ett bidrag till att skapa en förståelse för den komplexa arbetsmiljö som var rådande under nutidens första pandemiutbrott i världen och sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda i denna situation. Genom sin grund i analys av kvalitativ forskning kan detta möjliggöras och bidra till att i framtiden skapa verktyg för sjuksköterskor att hantera liknade situationer och reducera risken för ohälsa.

Metod Vi ämnar undersöka om samband finns mellan informellt lärande och arbetsrelaterad stress samt om sambandet skiljer sig åt mellan att vara sjukskriven och icke sjukskriven.Teoretisk referensram utifrån krav-kontroll-stödmodellen (Karasek & Theorell, 1990).Studien utgår från en kvantitativ metod där korrelationsanalyser samt regressionsanalyser genomfördes av variabler som sammanställts från LPW (α = .82) samt PSS-14 (α = .89). All data sammanställdes i IBM SPSS.27. Urvalsgrupp var personal inom särskilda boende för äldre. Resultat En multipel regressionsanalys visar att ett negativt medelstarkt samband(Beta = -.48, p < .01) fanns mellan informellt lärande och arbetsrelaterad stress. Ingen modererande effekt förelåg i förhållandet mellan informellt lärande och arbetsrelaterad stress kopplat till sjukfrånvaro. Av de 131 medarbetarna som erbjöds delta svarade 52 personer på enkäten (N=52).  Slutsats Det informella lärandet och stress har utifrån tidigare forskning visat ha en inverkanpå medarbetarnas arbetsprestation och arbetstillfredsställelse. Informellt lärande skapar konkurrenskraftiga verksamheter där ett gott arbetsresultat uppnås samt stimulerar till engagemang och positivitet för både verksamhet och medarbetare. En hög grad av stress uppvisar motsatt effekt på arbetsprestation och arbetstillfredsställelse.Vår slutsats är att både samhälle och organisationen kan vinna ekonomiska fördelar genom att minska stress och öka det informella lärandet då detta kan generera en ökad kvalitet i offentlig sektor. Detta då vårt funna resultat visat på ett signifikant medelstarkt negativt samband mellan informellt lärande och arbetsrelaterad stress, men som varken förstärks eller försvagas bland sjukskrivna respektive icke-sjukskrivna respondenter inom studerad verksamhet i offentlig sektor. / Method We intend to investigate whether there is a connection between informal learning and work-related stress and whether the connection differs between being on sick leave and not on sick leave. Theoretical frame of reference based on the requirements-control-supportmodel (Karasek & Theorell, 1990). The study is based on a quantitative method where correlation analyzes and regression analyzes were performed on variables compiled fromLPW (α = .82) and PSS-14 (α = .89). All data was compiled in IBM SPSS.27. The selection group was staff in special housing for the elderly. Results A multiple regression analysis shows a negative medium-strong relationship (Beta = -.48, p <.01) was found between informal learning and work-related stress. There was no moderating effect in the relationship between informal learning and work-related stress linked to sick leave. Of the 131 employees who were offered to participate, 52 people responded to the survey (N = 52). Conclusion Based on previous research, informal learning and stress have been shown to have an impact on employees' work performance and job satisfaction. Informal learning creates competitive operations where a good work result is achieved and stimulates commitment and positivity for both operations and employees. A high degree of stress has the opposite effect on job performance and job satisfaction.Our conclusion is that both society and the organization can gain economic benefits by reducing stress and increasing informal learning as this can generate increased quality in the public sector. This is because our found results showed a significant moderate negative relationship between informal learning and work-related stress, but which is neither strengthened or weakened among sick-listed and non-sick-respondents in studied activities inthe public sector.

Information technology (IT) outsourcing poses a potential job loss threat to IT professionals, which can decrease job security, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. The problem that this study addressed was the perceived role of IT outsourcing in the job stress, job dissatisfaction, and turnover intention of IT professionals. The purpose of this study was to explore how job-related stress, job dissatisfaction, and turnover intention within the IT profession are influenced by outsourcing as perceived by IT workers themselves. Phenomenology was the methodology used, and the person-environment fit theory formed the theoretical framework for this study. The research questions addressed outsourcing and its impact on IT employees, based on the perceptions of the participants. Data were collected from 20 IT professionals at 4 medium-sized firms within Central Florida using open-ended interview questions. Significant themes emerged as the interview data were analyzed and coded using words that best described the data. Synthesis of the data collected indicated that job stress and job dissatisfaction were continuing concerns among the participants, as indicated in current general literature. However, turnover intention had a less consequential impact on the IT workers' reactions to the effects of outsourcing. Contrary to the expectation that IT outsourcing plays a negative role in the job satisfaction of the participants, the study results indicated that the majority of the participants were still satisfied in their positions following IT outsourcing activities. Managers could impact social change by understanding the levels of stress and job satisfaction IT professionals experience during outsourcing. Insights from this study may help improve employees' productivity, commitment, and contributions to their local economies.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur HR-anställda inom privat sektor upplevde den psykosociala arbetsmiljön och arbetsrelaterad stress. Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Totalt intervjuades åtta HRanställda. Den insamlade datan transkriberades och analyserades med hjälp av Braun och Clarkes (2013) sexstegsmodell för tematisk analys. Sedan bildades teman till resultatet samt underteman. De huvudteman som framkom var psykosocialt arbetsklimat, upplevd psykosocial arbetsmiljö, gränsdragning mellan privat- och arbetsliv samt upplevd arbetsrelaterad stress. Resultatet visade att respondenterna generellt upplevde en låg arbetsrelaterad stress, dock var stressen mer kopplat till privatlivet och livspusslet. Merparten av respondenterna upplevde överlag en god psykosocial arbetsmiljö med en familjär och värnande kultur. Respondenterna upplevde även att de hade rimliga krav och kontroll över sina arbetsuppgifter, och samtidigt upplevde socialt stöd från både chef, kollegor samt familj. / The aim of this qualitative study was to examine how Human resources employees in the private sector perceived their psychosocial work environment and work-related stress. The method used was based on qualitative semistructured interviews, with a total of eight Human resources employees. The gathered data was analyzed through Braun and Clarke’s (2013) model for thematic analysis. The data from the interviews was transcribed and themes were created as a result. Four main categories were found; psycosocial work climate, perceived psychosocial work environment, blurred work-life boundaries and perceived work-related stress. The results from the study showed that the respondents experienced overall low work-related stress but the stress was more connected to their private-life. The majority of the respondents experienced a good psychosocial work environment. The result also showed that the respondents experienced reasonable demands and a high control over their work-tasks, and at the same time experienced social support from both manager, colleges and family.

In today's job market, but also in society in general, there is a discussion about the importance of having a good balance between work and private life, to minimize negative stress and sick leave. Middle managers are often highlighted as being exposed to these issues. The purpose of this study was to explore how middle managers' work-life balance and informal learning have an impact on each other. The aspiration was to get a better understanding of what contributes to work-related stress in relation to workplace learning in employees with both staff responsibilities and managers above them. The model of demand-control-support and informal learning have been used as a theoretical framework to analyze the empirical material collected. Through five semi-structured interviews the study has established that a healthy balance between working life and private life contributes to increasing commitment and learning in the workplace amongst middle managers. Furthermore, the study has concluded that non-formal learning in the workplace can contribute to a healthier balance between working life and private life, but also that learning in the workplace can contribute to negative stress outside of working hours. The key factors for this are opportunities to influence one's own work, have social support from managers, employees, family and friends, as well as clear demands from management. These have proven to be important in relieving stress and increasing workplace learning where there is a lack of work-life balance in middle managers. Keywords: Work-life balance, informal learning, demand-control-support, work-related stress

Tidigare forskning tyder på att digitala samtal och fysiska samtal inte har samma effekt. Under Covid-19 var socialrådgivare på en behandlingsenhet i södra Sverige tvungna att ändra sina fysiska samtal till digitala på grund av restriktioner och nya riktlinjer. Övergången till digitala samtal förde med sig konsekvenser enligt socialrådgivare som även uttryckte att de upplevde stress på ett annorlunda sätt under pandemin. Konsekvenserna av övergången till digitala samtal och den arbetsrelaterade stressen kommer vi att presentera i studien. Syftet med studien är att framföra hur socialrådgivare upplever att digitalisering på arbetsplatsen i samband med Covid-19 har påverkat samtalsbehandling med klienterna samt hur socialrådgivare på behandlingsenheten upplevde stress under pandemin. I arbetet används kvalitativ forskningsmetod och urvalet i studien har varit målinriktat. Datan som insamlats består av semi-strukturerade intervjuer som spelats in, transkriberats och därefter analyserats. I uppsatsen appliceras teorierna symbolisk interaktionism samt krav- och kontrollmodellen i syfte att ge en djupare förståelse för vad som ligger bakom skillnaden mellan digitala samtal och fysiska samtal och faktorer bakom stress. Resultatet av studien har påvisat att samtliga socialrådgivare som deltog upplevde att övergången till digital samtalsbehandling ledde till ett sämre behandlingsresultat för klienterna. Några faktorer som benämns är svårigheter i att bilda en allians med klienten, sämre möjligheter att upptäcka om klienter är drog- eller alkoholpåverkade och sämre förutsättningar för att läsa av kroppsspråk. Enligt socialrådgivare upplevdes en aning högre stressnivå i jämförelse med innan pandemin samt att ständiga förändringar i riktlinjer bidrog till en ny form av stress som de inte upplevt tidigare. / Previous research suggests that digital conversations and physical conversations do not have the same effect. During the covid-19 pandemic, socialworkers at a treatment unit in southern Sweden had to change their physical calls to digital ones due to restrictions and new guidelines. The transition to digital conversations brought with it consequences according to social workers who also expressed that they experienced stress in a different way during the covid-19 pandemic. We will present the consequences of the transition to digital conversations and the work-related stress in this study. The purpose of the study is to present how social counselors feel that digitization in the workplace in connection with the covid-19 pandemic has affected conversation therapy with clients and how social counselors at the treatment unit experienced stress during the pandemic. In our work, we have used a qualitative research method and the selection in our study has been targeted. The data collected consists of semi-structured interviews that were recorded, transcribed and then analyzed by us students. In the essay, we have applied the theories of symbolic interactionism and demand and control model in order to provide a deeper understanding of what lies behind the difference between digital conversations and physical conversations and factors behind stress. The results of the study have shown that all the social counselors who participated felt that the transition to digital conversation treatment led to a worse treatment result for the clients. Some factors mentioned are difficulties in forming an alliance with the client, pooreropportunities to discover if clients are under the influence of drugs or alcohol and poorer conditions for reading body language. According to social advisors, a slightly higher level of stress was experienced compared to before the pandemic and that constant changes in guidelines contributed to a new form of stress that they had not experienced before.

Introduktion: Arbetsrelaterad stress är ett ökande folkhälsoproblem i Sverige och kan leda till allvarliga sjukdomar som hjärtinfarkt och depression. Detaljhandeln är särskilt utsatt på grund av förändringar i butiksmarkanden, vilket bland annat leder till ökat ensamarbete. Skratt kan vara en kostnadseffektiv hälsopromotion som minskar stressnivåerna i kroppen. Syfte: Studien syftar till att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan att skratta och minskad arbetsrelaterad stress bland anställda inom detaljhandeln. Samt att undersöka skillnaden mellan benägenhet att skratta i förhållande till upplevd arbetsrelaterad stress utifrån kön, befattningsgrad, ålder och anställningstid. Metod: En tvärsnittsstudie genomfördes på anställda inom detaljhandeln (n =76). Enkätundersökningen utformades för att mäta självrapporterat skattad nivå av arbetsrelaterad stress och benägenheten att skratta på jobbet. Data analyserades i SPSS med hjälp av Chi-två-test för att undersöka sambandet mellan skattad stress och skrattbenägenhet. Samt T-test och ANOVA-test för att undersöka skillnaden mellan grupper. Resultat: Resultatet av Chi-två-testet visade att det finns ett signifikant samband mellan hur ofta individer skrattar på jobbet och upplevd arbetsrelaterad stress hos anställda inom detaljhandeln. Vidare analyserades skillnader i benägenhet att skratta baserat på kön, befattning och ålder, varav inga signifikanta skillnader observerades. Slutsats: Slutsatsen av undersökningen är att skratt på arbetsplatsen kan ha positiv inverkan på upplevdarbetsrelaterad stress hos anställda inom detaljhandeln. Implementering av skrattyoga som hälsofrämjande promotion kan minska långtidssjukskrivningar som beror på stressrelaterade sjukdomar och därmed förbättra folkhälsan i Sverige. / Introduction: Work-related stress is an increasing public health problem in Sweden that can lead to stress-related diseases such as heart attack and depression. The retail sector is particularly vulnerable due to changes in the retail market, which includes increased solitary work. It appears that laughter can be a cost-effective health promotion strategy that reduces stress levels in the body. Aim: The study aims to investigate whether there is a correlation between laughter and decreased work-related stress among retail employees. The study also aims to examine the difference between the propensity to laugh in relation to perceived work-related stress based on gender, position level, age and length of employment. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on retail employees (n=76). The survey was designed to measure self-reported levels of work-related stress and propensity to laughing at work. Data was analyzed in SPSS by using a Chi-square test to examine the correlation between perceived stress and laughter propensity, as well as a T-test and a ANOVA- test to examine the differences between groups. Results: The result of the Chi-square test showed that there is a significant correlation between how often individuals laugh at work and perceived work-related stress among retail employees. Furthermore, difference in laughter propensity based on gender, position and age were analyzed, of which no significant difference was observed. Conclusion: The conclusion of the study is that laughter in the workplace can have a positive impact on perceived work-related stress among retail employees. Implementing laughter yoga as a health-promoting intervention can reduce long-term sick leave due to stress-related diseases and thus improve public health in Sweden.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate what type of work-related stress that social workersexperience in working with abused children and how they handle this stress. The study uses the qualitative method approach, which has conducted interviews with six social workers who are professionals in three different municipalities in Stockholm. The results of the interviews were further analyzed using coping theory, which is the theoretical methodology of the study. It was clear from the results that all interviewees experienced feelings of, for instance, grief and anger while working with abused children. They also stated that the interaction with this group of children; and the organization's workload; added different types of work-related stress. Despite the help of long work experience, the majority of the interviewees have managed to acquire different strategies for coping with the work with these children. Strategies such as support from colleagues, managers, self-care, and relaxing from work were consistent aspects; in the results for dealing with work-related stress.