méno a příjmení autora: Alena Příhodová Název diplomové práce: Kariérní poradenství Název práce v angličtině: Career counselling Katedra: Andragogiky a personálního řízení Vedoucí diplomové práce: PhDr. Michaela Tureckiová, Csc. Rok obhajoby: 2012 Anotace: V diplomové práci se autorka shrnuje dostupné poznatky o moderním kariérním poradenství, na nějž autorka nahlíží jako na dynamicky se vyvíjející poradenskou disciplínu. Kariérní poradenství hledá nejen optimální spojení jedinec-práce, ale také pomáhá jedinci prozkoumat a sledovat jeho profesní a osobní zájmy, stejně jako ho učí být manažerem vlastní profesní kariéry. Praxe kariérního poradenství nabízí pomocnou ruku jedinci v jeho potřebě hledání optimálního pracovního uplatnění v průběhu celého jeho života. Neméně významná je funkce kariérního poradenství v rukou státu, jakožto nástroje snižování dopadů nejistot trhu práce na nejohroženější skupiny jedinců. Dalšího významu kariérní poradenství nabývá v práci personalistů, pracovníků outplacementu a poradců pracujících se specifickými skupinami. Práce nastínila problematiku žen, jakožto specifické skupiny klientů kariérního poradenství. Klíčová slova: práce, poradenství, kariérní poradenství, kariérové poradenství, občanské poradenství, poradenství pro volbu povolání, kariéra, trh práce, ženská kariéra...

Cette thèse a pour but d‟analyser la relation entre la proactivité au travail, la qualité de vie au travail (QVT), le comportement innovant et la performance au travail des cadres hospitaliers. En premier lieu, nous proposons une synthèse de la revue de la littérature sur le concept de la proactivité au travail. Par la suite, nous présentons les trois études empiriques réalisées. Dans l‟étude 1, nous analysons la relation entre les caractéristiques du travail et les processus cognitifs motivationnels dans l‟activation du comportement proactif au travail. Puis, nous examinons la relation entre le comportement proactif et la performance au travail ainsi que le comportement d‟innovation au travail. Les résultats de cette étude soulignent l‟existence d‟une double médiation entre les caractéristiques du travail et le comportement d‟innovation au travail ainsi que la performance au travail via l‟habilitation psychologique et la proactivité au travail. Dans l‟étude 2, nous étudions le rôle des processus cognitifs motivationnels dans l‟activation du comportement proactif au travail. Puis nous analysons les effets du comportement proactif sur des indicateurs de QVT et d‟efficacité au travail après une période de six mois. Les résultats de cette étude indiquent qu‟il n‟y a pas de relation entre le comportement proactif au travail et la QVT ainsi que la performance au travail après six mois, mais les résultats mettent en évidence la présence d‟une relation positive entre le comportement proactif au travail et le comportement d‟innovation au travail après une période de six mois. Par ailleurs, les résultats montrent que le comportement proactif au travail joue un rôle médiateur dans la relation entre les processus cognitifs motivationnels (sentiment de capabilité, émotions positives) et le comportement d‟innovation. Dans l‟étude 3, nous analysons la relation entre le comportement proactif au travail et la QVT. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le sentiment de capabilité contribue à activer le comportement proactif au travail et que la proactivité à son tour a des effets positifs sur les indicateurs de QVT. Les résultats soulignent la médiation totale du comportement proactif dans la relation entre le sentiment de capabilité et l‟engagement affectif organisationnel. Dans une étude complémentaire, nous étudions les effets de la qualité des échanges avec le supérieur (leader-member exchange) en tant que modérateur dans la relation entre le comportement proactif au travail et l‟engagement affectif à l‟égard de l‟organisation. Les résultats indiquent que l‟interaction entre la proactivité au travail et la qualité des échanges avec le supérieur contribue à renforcer l‟engagement affectif à l‟égard de l‟organisation. Les résultats de ces études contribuent à clarifier le rôle des processus cognitifs motivationnels dans l‟activation du comportement proactif au travail et permettent d‟alimenter la réflexion sur la relation entre le comportement proactif au travail, la QVT, le comportement d‟innovation et la performance au travail des cadres hospitaliers. / This thesis aims to analyse the relationship between hospital middle managers‟ proactivity at work, quality of work life, innovative behaviour, and job performance. First, literature on the concept of proactivity is reviewed. Next, three empirical studies are conducted. Study 1 analyses the role of job characteristics and the role of cognitive motivational states in the activation of proactive work behaviour. Then, the effects of proactive work behaviour on job performance and on innovative work behaviour are analysed. Results from this study highlight the existence of a double mediation between job characteristics and innovative behaviour as well as job performance through psychological empowerment and proactive work behaviour. Study 2 examines the role of cognitive motivational states in the activation of proactive work behaviour. Then, the effects of proactive work behaviour on indicators of quality of work life (QWL) and indicators of job effectiveness after a period of six months are analysed. The results of this study show no relationship between proactive work behaviour and QWL indicators and job performance after six months, but the findings reveal the existence of a positive relationship between proactive behaviour at work and innovative behaviour after a period of six months. Furthermore, the results also indicate the existence of an indirect effect between cognitive motivational states (i.e., feeling capable, positive emotions) and innovative work behaviour through proactive work behaviour. Study 3 investigates the relationship between proactive work behaviour and QWL. Results suggest that feeling capable contributes to activate proactive work behaviour, which in turn has positive effects on QWL indicators. The mediating role of proactive work behaviour in the relationship between feeling capable and affective organizational commitment is also highlighted. A final complementary study proposes and shows that high-quality leader–member exchange as moderator strengthens the relationship between proactive work behaviour and affective organizational commitment. Results from these studies help to clarify the role of cognitive motivational processes in the activation of proactive work behaviour and contribute to reflection on the relationship between proactive work behaviour, QWL, innovative work behaviour, and job performance of hospital middle managers.

Det finns olika beskrivningar av hur generation Y beter sig på arbetsmarknaden varav en återkommande är att de ofta byter jobb. Det finns även tidigare forskning kring hur arbetstrivsel kan motverka personalomsättning och här nämns bland annat den inverkan som belöning kan ha. Syftet med detta arbete är att uppnå en hermeneutisk förståelsetillväxt för generation Y:s syn på framtida arbetsliv och deras resonemang kring inre och yttre belöning. Lawler och Porters (1967) motivationsteori behandlar belöning och arbetstrivsel och kopplar detta till fenomen som personalomsättning. Likt mycket annan organisationsforskning som berör företagsekonomiska problem utgår de från en mer funktionalistisk, kvantitativ ansats. I denna studie har semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts som sedan tolkats genom tillämpningen av en hermeneutiskt spiral. Utifrån detta tolkningsarbete kunde slutsatsen dras att relationer och utvecklingsmöjligheter kan kopplas, både direkt och indirekt, till arbetstrivsel och spelar en central roll i generation Y:s framtida arbetsliv och deras intentioner att stanna eller lämna ett arbete. Vidare visar studien att det även finns normer kring jobbyte som företeelse vilket generation Y har att förhålla sig till. Studien bidrar till en mer holistisk förståelse kring generation Y och kan ge organisationer en ökad medvetenhet kring normer om jobbyte samt förhoppningsvis leda till en utökad förståelse för dagens och morgondagens arbetskraft. / The behaviour of Generation Y in the labor market has been described in several different ways, one of the recurrent descriptions is that they often change jobs. There are also previous research about how job satisfaction can counteract turnover and amongst other things the impact of rewards are mentioned within this research context. The purpose of our study is to attain a growth of hermeneutic understanding about the future work life of Generation Y and their reasoning about intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. Lawler and Porters (1967) theory of motivation deals with topics like rewards and job satisfaction and links these to phenomenon such as turnover. They, as well as much other organizational research, have a functionalist, quantitative point of view while dealing with problems related to business economics. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted and later interpreted through the application of a hermeneutic spiral. Based on this interpretation process we have reached the conclusion that relations and development possibilities can be linked, bothdirect and indirect, to job satisfaction and that they play a central role in Generation Y’sfuture work life and that these elements also influence intentions to stay at or leave a job. Furthermore our study shows that job change is a phenomenon surrounded by norms that Generation Y has to relate to. Our study contributes to a more holistic understanding of Generation Y and can give organizations a raised awareness about norms related to job change and hopefully lead to an extended understanding about the work force of today and tomorrow.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:39:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Torres Mendes.pdf: 1866302 bytes, checksum: 66ef3b587c80c4d4910d7c02e440e786 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-12 / This work aims to generate knowledge directed to the accounting classification of the quality of work-life program (QWL) of interest to the entities that have chosen the programs. Original from Wellness (Miller-2005) in the aspects of physical, psychological health, relations and personal beliefs, extended to the relation between employees and employers Limongi-France (2010). Qualitative approach with interpretation based on QWL indicators and quantitative by the analysis of the financial statements of the companies that have won the National Quality Award and are registered in BMF&BOVESPA. Regarding the goals, exploratory work to provide larger familiarity with the accounting theory with aims to turn it, more explicit for future researches. The QWL administration, usually concentrated on multi-functional teams, Lombardi (2007) with aggregated functions of informing and explaining, and in this context, the programs are presented as Investment; How about to the financial report readers, how is it presented? The accounting systemic approach and the flexibility to supply differentiated information Iudícibus (2006) will assist us to fulfill this gap and to understand the theme QWL. Investment or expense? Work developed by the construction of framework models for accounting classification by the classifications Chapman (2006). In the searched companies QWL Indicators in the compulsory financial statements were not observed, probable absence and an informational asymmetry and other indicators are in the Social Balance. Observing budgetary factors, income return expectation and QWL evaluation proven in the proposed model, these programs didn t present characteristics of investment, possibly being classified as expense or intangible assets / Esta dissertação objetiva gerar conhecimento dirigido à classificação contábil dos Programas de Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho (PQVT) de interesse das entidades optantes pelos programas. Originária do Wellness (Miller, 2005) no conjunto dos aspectos de saúde física, psicológica, relações e crenças pessoais, extensivos à relação de empregados e empregadores (Limongi-França, 2010). Abordagem qualitativa com interpretação a partir de indicadores dos PQVT e quantitativo pela análise das demonstrações financeiras (DF) das empresas ganhadoras do Prêmio Nacional da Qualidade e registradas na BMF&BOVESPA. Quanto aos objetivos, trabalho exploratório para proporcionar maior familiaridade com a teoria contábil com vistas a torná-la mais explícita para futuras pesquisas. A administração dos PQVT, geralmente concentrada em equipes multifuncionais (Lombardi. 2007), com funções agregadas de informar e explicar e, neste contexto, os programas são apresentados como Investimento; e para os leitores dos balanços financeiros, como são apresentados? A abordagem sistêmica da contabilidade e a flexibilidade para fornecer informações diferenciadas (Iudícibus,2006) nos auxiliarão a preencher esta lacuna e entender o tema PQVT. Investimento ou Despesa?. Trabalho desenvolvido pela construção de quadros modelos para classificação contábil a partir das classificações Chapman (2006). Nas empresas pesquisadas não se observaram indicadores dos PQVT nas demonstrações financeiras obrigatórias, por ausência provável de assimetria informacional e outros indicadores constam do Balanço Social. Considerando-se fatores orçamentários, expectativa de retorno e avaliação dos PQVT demonstrados no modelo proposto, estes programas não apresentaram características de investimento, podendo ser classificados como despesa ou ativo intangível

Syftet med föreliggande studie är att beskriva och analysera betydelsen av det arbetsplatsförlagda lärandet för elever på gymnasiesärskolan, och nyttan den har för övergången mellan skola och arbetsliv. Syftet leder fram till följande frågeställningar: Hurpåverkar det arbetsplatsförlagda lärandet elevernas framtida yrkesbana? Hur samordnas och utvärderas elevernas arbetsplatsförlagda lärande? Vilken vägledning och vilket stöd erbjuds eleverna för att gagna det framtida yrkesverksamma livet? För att besvara syftet och frågeställningarna har en kvalitativ metod används. Den består av tretton semistrukturerade intervjuer med lärare, studie- och yrkesvägledare samt före detta elever vid gymnasiesärskolor i två kommuner. Intervjuer har också genomförts med handläggare vid Försäkringskassan och Arbetsförmedlingen, men dessa har endast använts som personlig kontakt. Resultatet analyseras med hjälp av tidigare forskning samt de teoretiska utgångspunkterna normaliseringsprincipen och careerchipteori. Resultatet visar att arbetsplatsförlagt lärande har stor betydelse för att göra övergången mellan gymnasiessärskolan och arbetslivet så smidig som möjligt. Studien visar dock på svårigheter att hitta lämpliga platser som både möter elevens önskemål och arbetsmarknades efterfrågan. Den arbetsplatsförlagda utbildningen förbereder både elever och arbetsmarknaden och möjliggör i större grad att eleverna förvärvar ett arbete efter avslutade studier. Samverkan mellan skola, arbetsmarknad och övriga externa aktörer har förbättras under de senaste decenniet, vilket också gynnat eleverna. Genom stöd och handledning till både elever och handledare på arbetsmarknaden kan hinder röjas och framgång nås. / The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the importance of workplace-basedlearning for students in upper secondary school, and the benefits it has for the transition between school and work life. The purpose leads to the following questions: How does workplace-based learning affect the students' future career path? How are the students' workplace-based learning coordinated and evaluated? What guidance and support is offered to students to benefit their future professional life? To answer the purpose and the questions, a qualitative method has been implemented. It consists of ten semi-structured interviews with teachers, study and career counselors and former students at upper secondary schools in two municipalities. Interviews have also beenconducted with officials at the Social Insurance Agency and the Employment Service, but these have only been used as personal contact. The result is analyzed using previous research as well as the theoretical starting points of the normalization principle and career-chip theory. The results show that workplace-based learning is of great importance in making the transition between upper secondary school and working life as smooth as possible. However, the study shows difficulties in finding suitable places that meet the student's wishes and the demand of the labor market. Workplace-based education prepares both students and the labor market, and enables more students to acquire a job after completed studies. Collaboration between schools, the labor market and other external actors has improved over the past decade, which also benefits the students. Through support and supervision for both students and supervisors in the labor market, barriers can be cleared and success achieved.

Drawing upon case studies of three organisations operating six call centres in Australia, this thesis explores the manifestations and interplay of employee resistance and accommodation in response to five facets of employer control: electronic monitoring; repetitious work; emotional control; the built environment; and workplace flexibility. Accommodation refers to the ways workers protect themselves from and adapt to the pressures that make up their day-to-day experiences of work. Accommodation, unlike resistance, which implies opposition to control, may superficially resemble consent to control. I argue that resistance and accommodation are not polar opposites; rather they are both reflections of the conflict and tensions that lie at the heart of the employment relationship. At the study sites, employees utilised resistance and accommodation both separately and concurrently. An explanation of these seemingly contradictory responses and of the links among accommodation individual resistance and collective resistance lies in the concept of ???self???. In this thesis, ???self??? refers to workers??? perceptions of fairness, dignity and autonomy. I examine how these notions frame worker discontent and promote employee solidarity. ???Everyday resistance???, a concept first developed by Scott (1985) in relation to peasant struggles, is employed to highlight the existence of subterranean struggles in workplaces that otherwise appear to be harmonious. At the study sites, everyday resistance was a multi-faceted, widely employed strategy whose strength lay primarily in its immediate impact. There was, however, no necessary sequential development from accommodation, through everyday resistance to overt, formal forms of conflict. What was evident was that multiple responses to employer control could co-exist and inhibit or promote one another. But it was through organised collective resistance that more formalised gains were made and widely held grievances addressed. I suggest that, although everyday resistance may lay the groundwork for more formal struggles, one should not conclude that traditional collective resistance is ???genuine??? resistance and everyday resistance is simply a second-best prelude to it. Although conflict is always present, its intensity differs. If we are to understand the complexity of worker responses to managerial control, we need to expand the theoretical frameworks within which we analyse and interpret conflict.

Un salarié ne se défait pas, au travail, de ce qu'il vit en dehors du travail. C'est pourquoi les employeurs américains et britanniques mettent en œuvre des pratiques d'harmonisation travail – hors-travail, telles que la flexibilité du travail (télétravail, partages de poste, etc.) et le soutien à la vie hors-travail (santé, petite enfance, vie quotidienne, projets personnels). Ces pratiques sont-elles pertinentes, sont-elles efficaces ?<br />Les employeurs français adoptent peu de pratiques d'harmonisation, comparés à leurs homologues américains et britanniques : sur la base d'entretiens approfondis avec 44 DRH, représentants des salariés et prestataires de service en France, je mets en lumière les effets sociétaux qui aboutissent à la moindre demande des salariés et à la moindre appétence des employeurs français pour ces pratiques.<br />Aux Etats-Unis et au Royaume-Uni, j'étudie les effets des pratiques d'harmonisation sur la relation Individu/Organisation (RIO), par une étude de cas chez GlaxoSmithKline (enquête sur 5160 salariés, 73 entretiens approfondis, observation participante). Il en ressort que l'équilibre travail - hors-travail n'est ni un pré-requis universel, ni une garantie de l'implication. Les pratiques d'harmonisation ont des effets majoritairement bénéfiques sur la RIO, au-delà de leurs seuls utilisateurs : elles créent de la loyauté, de la fierté, sont perçues comme un avantage, ou utilisées comme outil de management. Mais elles peuvent être délétères, créant de la déception ou une obligation de rester. Certains salariés y sont indifférents. Un modèle, ainsi qu'un arbre de décision, détaillent les facteurs importants pour recueillir les bénéfices de ces pratiques et en éviter les effets pervers.

The Labour Supply of Unpaid Caregivers in Canada, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Meredith Lenore Lilly, Department of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, 2008. As medical care increasingly shifts from the hospital to the home, responsibility for care has also shifted from the state and paid care, to the family and unpaid care. Unpaid caregivers are family members and friends who provide homecare services to recipients in their place of residence without financial compensation, as a result of their close personal relationships. This research tests the multiple hypotheses that unpaid caregiving has an impact on (1) the probability of labour force participation (LFP); (2) hours of labour force work; and (3) earnings by caregivers in Canada. We analyzed the 1996 and 2002 General Social Surveys, applying multivariate probit, logistic, and OLS regression analyses to four equations: 1) the probability of labour force participation; 2) the hourly wage; 3) weekly hours of labour market work; and 4) the probability of being an unpaid caregiver. Results indicate that unpaid caregiving was negatively associated with labour force participation; however, the impact on hours of labour market work and wages was uncertain. Women and men caregivers were impacted differently: only caregiving men in 1996 had significantly lower wages than non-caregivers, and only women in 1996 worked significantly fewer hours in the labour market. When caregiving was defined broadly, only men in 1996 were significantly less likely to be employed than non-caregivers. Yet when we controlled for caregiving intensity in 2002, both male and female primary caregivers were much less likely to be in the labour force than non-caregivers, while secondary caregivers were no less likely to be employed than non-caregivers. We conclude that when caregiving responsibilities are relatively small, individuals seem able to balance both caregiving with employment. Yet when caregiving commitments become heavy, it becomes increasingly difficult to balance employment with caregiving. We make a number of policy recommendations ranging from improving caregiver access to financial supports, formal care and respite services, particularly for primary caregivers. We also encourage the development of workplace legislation and caregiver friendly workplaces for the majority of caregivers who remain in the labour market.

The Labour Supply of Unpaid Caregivers in Canada, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Meredith Lenore Lilly, Department of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, 2008. As medical care increasingly shifts from the hospital to the home, responsibility for care has also shifted from the state and paid care, to the family and unpaid care. Unpaid caregivers are family members and friends who provide homecare services to recipients in their place of residence without financial compensation, as a result of their close personal relationships. This research tests the multiple hypotheses that unpaid caregiving has an impact on (1) the probability of labour force participation (LFP); (2) hours of labour force work; and (3) earnings by caregivers in Canada. We analyzed the 1996 and 2002 General Social Surveys, applying multivariate probit, logistic, and OLS regression analyses to four equations: 1) the probability of labour force participation; 2) the hourly wage; 3) weekly hours of labour market work; and 4) the probability of being an unpaid caregiver. Results indicate that unpaid caregiving was negatively associated with labour force participation; however, the impact on hours of labour market work and wages was uncertain. Women and men caregivers were impacted differently: only caregiving men in 1996 had significantly lower wages than non-caregivers, and only women in 1996 worked significantly fewer hours in the labour market. When caregiving was defined broadly, only men in 1996 were significantly less likely to be employed than non-caregivers. Yet when we controlled for caregiving intensity in 2002, both male and female primary caregivers were much less likely to be in the labour force than non-caregivers, while secondary caregivers were no less likely to be employed than non-caregivers. We conclude that when caregiving responsibilities are relatively small, individuals seem able to balance both caregiving with employment. Yet when caregiving commitments become heavy, it becomes increasingly difficult to balance employment with caregiving. We make a number of policy recommendations ranging from improving caregiver access to financial supports, formal care and respite services, particularly for primary caregivers. We also encourage the development of workplace legislation and caregiver friendly workplaces for the majority of caregivers who remain in the labour market.

The work environment in financial institutions where deadlines, budgets, routine work and performance issues are common can compromise most people’s sense of happiness. Therefore happiness in the workplace rarely manifests without significant effort from employees. Successful organisations need employees that will do more than their job requirements and go beyond expectations i.e. perform organisational citizenship behaviours (OCB). In light of the increasing interest in positive psychology the study aimed to focus on happiness and psychological capital (PsyCap) to find ways to enhance employees’ positive psychological states to achieve positive organisational outcomes such as OCB. The study therefore aimed to determine whether a relationship exists between happiness, PsyCap and OCB amongst employees in financial institutions. The study also sought to determine the predictive value of happiness and PsyCap in predicting OCB. Furthermore the moderating effect of PsyCap was assessed to determine the extent to which PsyCap moderated the relationship between happiness and OCB. A cross-sectional research design was used in the study. The researcher used a sample of 185 (N = 185) employees from a financial institution in Durban, South Africa. The researcher used five questionnaires in the study. A biographical questionnaire created by the researcher, the Orientations to Happiness Scale (OHS) used as the first measure of happiness, the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) used as the second measure of happiness, the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ), and the Organisational Citizenship Behaviour Questionnaire (OCBQ). The main findings of the study indicated that there were practically and statistically significant relationships between happiness (measured by the OHS), PsyCap and OCB. More specifically relationships were found to exist between happiness, the two PsyCap factors (hopeful-confidence and positive outlook) and the OCB factors (altruism, courtesy, sportsmanship and civic virtue). A significant finding was that happiness measured by SWL showed no significant relationships with OCB or the OCB factors thus indicating that happiness measured by orientations to happiness was a better measure of happiness for the employees in the financial institution. Happiness and the PsyCap factors were found to hold predictive value for some of the OCB factors. In determining the moderating effect of PsyCap it was found that only positive outlook significantly moderated the relationship between happiness and one of the OCB factors, civic virtue. The study has focused on happiness in the workplace and its relationship to organisational constructs such as PsyCap and OCB. The results of the study can therefore be deemed to be beneficial to managers in financial institutions and employees themselves. The study has made a significant contribution by highlighting that employees in a financial institution consider orientations to happiness (pleasure, meaning, and engagement) to be a more compelling measure of happiness in determining the likelihood to performing OCBs at work as opposed to satisfaction with life as a measure of happiness. Thus the orientations to happiness were concluded as being a more appropriate measure of happiness for employees in a financial institution in relation to OCBs. By focussing on employee’s level of happiness, how employees conceptualise happiness and the benefits of happy employees to the organisation, this information can provide organisations with a better understanding of employees and suggest to organisations to consider finding means to enhance happiness in the workplace. Happiness and PsyCap have shown to be related to positive organisational outcomes such as OCB which lead to organisational effectiveness and success. Therefore of specific relevance is enhancing the PsyCap of employees to achieve desired outcomes such as OCB. The findings can be used to prompt and encourage organisations to develop interventions that increase employee’s PsyCap and to focus on employee well-being and happiness. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.