The aim of this study is to investigate the assessment practices of civics teachers in upper secondary school. The main purpose is to analyze, using Bloom’s revised taxonomy, which kind of knowledge civics teachers test in their written test examinations. The analyses show that they mainly test factual and conceptual knowledge. Procedural knowledge is tested in other ways, mostly by means of essays. Metacognitive knowledge is not found in this study. In contrast to earlier findings the teachers in this study test a variation of cognitive processes. Between 50 and 90 percent of test questions relate to the category remember, but there are also questions testing the categories to understand, analyze and evaluate, only a few test apply and create. There is a good alignment in teachers’ knowledge of the grading criterions and the curriculum. There are however discrepancies between this knowledge and their testing practices, which causes some problems concerning the validity of their tests. As the tests mainly are used for summative purposes, teachers varying practices lead to problems with grade equality. Frame factors may explain differences in practices. Mainly administrative factors such as working hours and schedule are significant, since teachers need time to prepare and to mark the tests and pupils need time to write them. Pupils also wish to have written tests and teachers adapt to this. Still, the significance of these factors is decided by teachers’ freedom of action. Most teachers know how to and want to make valid tests, but they need the time, both to prepare and to mark them, and the possibilities to extend lessons when more writing time is needed.

Young male vocational students are in academia described as being less interested by politics and social issues and having less knowledge regarding democracy than other students. A culture of resistance is the appellation of the specific culture that emphasise the relations between young male vocational students. Deliberately arranged teaching with deliberate qualities has shown a positive impact on students’ learning as well as being a way of working with moral issues in school. The purpose of this study is to make researches into whether deliberately arranged teaching has an impact on  the political and social interest amongst young male vocational students. A questionnaire was conducted before and after the Civics A (social studies) course. Individual interviews, where the students’ ways of expressing themselves in regards to politics and social issues were in focus, were carried out. The deliberately arranged teaching was conducted once a week during one academic year. The students were then responsible for the content as well as ensuring that they abided by the set rules for the conversation. Limited alterations regarding the students’ interest for politics and social issues were identified in the questionnaire. However, the interviews revealed that some of the students have changed their way of looking at politics and their interest has increased. The culture of resistance that usually distinguishes the behaviour of vocational students in regards to core subjects was not found as a dominating factor. The students taking part in focus groups expressed a positive response to the deliberately arranged teaching stating it was the part of the course they enjoyed the most. To be able to express their views and listen to others was highly appreciated by the students who described themselves as serious and ambitious during classes. The teachers felt that this teaching style meant that there was a focus on relations and that the didactic question about content in the course were more complicated to execute.

Problematik: Precis som många andra turismföretag så präglas dykföretag av säsongsarbete. Under lågsäsongen arbetar året runt personalen med få turister och kollegor och under högsäsongen arbetar de intensivt tillsammans med säsongsarbetare i ett halvårs tid i en destination full av turister. När lågsäsongen närmar sig minskar turistmängden och säsongsarbetarna. Det är en livsstil för båda grupperna, men också en tillfällig period för säsongsarbetarna och en vardag för året runt personalen. Personalen har således olika förutsättningar, intressen och behov och deras arbetsmotivation skiljer sig beroende på om de är åretruntarbetare eller säsongarbetare. Som arbetsgivare är det viktigt att ha förståelse för dessa skillnader för att kunna motivera personalen på bästa möjliga sätt, både under de stillsamma och de hektiska perioderna. Syfte: Syftet är att klargöra vilka motivations- och välmåendefaktorer som driver de åretruntanställda och säsongsanställda på Kon-Tiki att arbeta i en verksamhet med sådana speciella arbetsförhållanden, vad som motiverar dem att prestera sitt yttersta både för sin egen och företagets skull. Detta bidrar till en ökad förståelse för hur man som chef ska kunna leda och arbeta med motivation och välmående av anställda inom ett dykföretag i turismbranschen. Syftet är även att se på om det finns skillnader och likheter mellan grupperna angående deras syn på motivations- och välmåendefaktorer. Metod: Vi valde att göra en kvalitativ undersökning för att få en djupare förståelse för vår problematik och vårt syfte. Arbetet innehåller litteratur om psykosocial arbetsmiljö, motivation, välmående och tourism employee management. Teorierna baseras främst på Herzbergs två-faktor teori, Hackman och Oldhams arbetskaraktäristiska modell för arbetsmotivation samt Karasek och Theorells krav-kontroll modell. Det empiriska materialet är insamlat via intervjuer med anställda på Kon-Tiki. Intervjufrågorna är baserade på 25 faktorer vilka har betydelse för den psykosociala arbetsmiljön. Resultat: Tillsammans skapar faktorerna en helhetsbild av upplevelsen av att vara arbetstagare på Kon-Tiki och de är därför lika viktiga för personalens motivation och välmående. Åretruntarna är generellt mer nöjda på Kon-Tiki än vad säsongarna är. Detta kan bero på att åretruntarna har varit anställda länge, arbetar året runt och därmed har god insikt om verksamheten samt bättre kontakt med ledningen, vilket gör att de har ett större inflytande och ansvar. Säsongarna arbetar endast för en tillfällig period och har kanske inte samma företagstänk som de tillsvidareanställda har, vilket gör att de ser olika på saker. Trots detta, och att man mest umgås med personer inom sin egen grupp, upplevs gemenskapen vara bra. Resultatet visade att anställningsformen har stor betydelse för den anställdes upplevelser av att vara arbetstagare på Kon-Tiki. Deras förutsättningar och behov skiljer sig, vilket måste beaktas av ledningen i dennes arbete mot en mer nöjd och motiverad personal. / Problem: Diving companies are distinguished by seasonal work just as many other tourism companies. The all year around staff work with few tourists and colleagues during the low season and during the high season they work intense for six months together with seasonal workers in a destination full of tourists. When the low season approaches, both the tourists and seasonal workers decrease. It is a lifestyle for both groups, but a temporary period for the seasonal workers and an everyday life for the all year around workers. So the staff have different conditions, interests and needs and their work motivation differ depending on if they work all year around or seasonal. It is significant to have understanding for these differences as an employer to be able to motivate the employees in the best way possible, both during the tranquil and hectic work periods. Purpose: The purpose is to clarify which motivation and well-being factors that strive the all year around workers and seasonal workers at Kon-Tiki to work in a business with such special work conditions, what motivates them to perform to their fullest both for their own and the companies sake. This contributes to a greater understanding for how managers can lead and work with motivation and the well-being of employees in a diving company and in the tourism business. The purpose is also to see if there are differences or similarities between the groups. Methodology: We chose to do a qualitative study to be able to get a deeper understanding of our problem and purpose. It includes literature about psychosocial work environment, motivation, well-being and tourism employee management. The theories are mainly based on Herzbergs two-factor theory, Hackman and Oldham's Job Characteristics Model and Job Design as well as Karasek and Theorell's demand-control model. The empirical material was collected through interviews with employees at Kon-Tiki. The interview questions are based on 25 factors that have significance for the psychosocial work environment. Results: Together the factors create a comprehensive view of the experience of being an employee at Kon-Tiki, why they are equally important for the employees' motivation and well-being. The all year around staff are generally more pleased at Kon-Tiki than the seasonal workers. Reasons might be the fact that the all year around staff have been employed for a long time, work all year around and therefore have a greater knowledge of the company and a better contact with the leadership, which gives them more influence and responsibility. The seasonal staff only work for shorter periods and might not have the same business think as the others, which might cause their different opinions. In spite of this, and the fact that the personnel mostly associate with people within their own groups, they believe they have a good fellowship at work. The results show that the type of employment has a big significance for the employee's experience of being an employee at Kon-Tiki. Their conditions and needs differ, which must be considered by the management in their work towards a happier and motivated personnel.

I uppsatsen görs en läroboksanalys av samhällskunskapsläroböcker från 1970-tal och 2000-tal. Samtliga läroböcker som ingår i analysen vänder sig till elever i gymnasieskolan. Fokus för analysen är hur arbetsmarknadens parter framställs under 1970-talet, respektive under 2000-talet. Framställningen av dessa aktörer kopplas bl.a. till samhällsutvecklingen och till för tiden gällande styrdokument.

Denna uppsats ska på ett vetenskapligt sätt försöka beskriva vad dokumentärserien ”I en annan del av Köping” framställer. Vilka diskurser synliggörs i programmet och står programmet eventuellt för en förändring i svenskt medieutbud vad det gäller skildring av funktionshindrade personer? Genom en koncentrerad studie av samtal som handlar om anhörigas tal om sitt funktionshindrade barn, kärlek samt sex påvisas diskurser i förhållande till begreppen normalitet och avvikelse. Denna uppsats försöker besvara vilka relationer som finns mellan huvudkaraktärerna och vad de medverkande representerar i serien. Hur pratar man som anhörig till en funktionshindrad person om sin släkting och vad beror detta på? Det andra ämnet som behandlas är kärlek och sex som varit huvudområden i serien och dessa områden förhandlas i förhållande till normalitet och avvikelse och vad de betyder i relation till medial representation.

The question of whether or not school makes a difference in preparing students for democratic citizenship has been debated for a long time in political science and curriculum studies. These discussions are mostly based on the results of international surveys measuring students’ political attitudes, values and participation. However, we first need to define what kind of prepared citizens are needed. This article takes on the definition issue and presents new perspectives by exploring how teachers in Social Science (Samhällskunskap) and their students in Sweden reason about engagement when they address complex societal issues such as globalisation. Based on interviews with a number of teachers and students I will argue that in order to understand what is going on in school we need to interpret Social Science teaching in terms of first- and second-order concepts, where the second-order concepts could be seen as "how to think like a social scientist". I will make a case that there is a didactic dilemma for teachers trying to educate students who are both trained in disciplinary thinking and leave school as politically engaged. However, this dilemma is not unsolvable and I will hold a position that it might contain answers to some of the questions that political scientists deal with in terms of engagement.

La tesis doctoral tiene como finalidad la validación del programa "Del Centro Educativo a la Comunidad" para el desarrollo de participación ciudadana en el alumnado de 3º de la ESO a través de la metodología de aprendizaje-servicio. En el primer capítulo, realizamos una aproximación teórica y conceptual del término de participación ciudadana, que incluye una exhaustiva profundización tanto en la conceptualización, así como las propuestas concretas. Este análisis se centra en los aspectos claves que configuran la participación ciudadana entendida como derecho, como deber, como instrumento de mejora y como necesidad; convirtiéndose en un aprendizaje y una herramienta clave para la transformación social y educativa en sus distintos niveles. Situadas en el constructo de participación ciudadana y analizados los diferentes elementos que intervienen, en el segundo capítulo, presentamos y describimos el aprendizaje-servicio como una propuesta pedagógica que fomenta la participación ciudadana. Esta profundización nos permite, a la luz de las diferentes experiencias analizadas, proponer las fases claves para el desarrollo de un proyecto de aprendizaje-servicio. Expuestas las bases teóricas que sustentan la investigación, nos situamos en el capítulo tres, donde se presenta el programa de formación para la participación ciudadana en el 2º ciclo de la ESO "Del Centro Educativo a la Comunidad". En el capítulo cuarto, exponemos el proceso de investigación evaluativo que seguimos para la validación empírica del programa, que incluye los objetivos y el diseño de la investigación, con su correspondiente plan de evaluación y de recogida de información, donde se detallan los criterios e indicadores de evaluación que guían la recogida de información. Definido el proceso de investigación evaluativo, nos situamos en el capítulo quinto, presentando las diferentes estrategias de recogida y análisis de información que utilizamos, así como los elementos básicos que aseguran el rigor científico de una investigación de carácter evaluativa. Con el capítulo seis, iniciamos el proceso de evaluación, en concreto, la evaluación inicial que comprende el proceso de negociación y la entrada al escenario. En el capítulo siete continuamos con la evaluación inicial. Sin embargo, en esta ocasión, nos detenemos en los resultados obtenidos en la primera fase de la investigación para la validación del programa. Por un lado, la adecuación entre la conceptualización y el diseño del programa y las necesidades e intereses que presenta el centro educativo. Y, por otro lado, la viabilidad inicial del programa con el fin de conocer las posibilidades de realizarlo en la práctica y asegurar los requerimientos básicos que exige su implementación y desarrollo. La evaluación inicial concluye con el capítulo ocho, donde se presenta el estado inicial del alumnado participante sobre sus conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes a nivel individual y grupal respecto a la ciudadanía. Terminada la evaluación inicial de la investigación, procedemos a presentar la evaluación de proceso seguida durante la aplicación del programa, constituyendo el noveno capítulo de la investigación. Este análisis se inicia con un recorrido vivencial del proceso seguido durante sus meses de aplicación (febrero-junio 2006), describiendo el desarrollo, la temporalización, la metodología de trabajo y los espacios destinados para su ejecución. A continuación, se presenta la factibilidad del programa en relación a la viabilidad analizada en la evaluación inicial. Y, seguidamente, se exponen los logros que se han ido consiguiendo en relación a los objetivos del programa, analizando las reacciones y los cambios del alumnado durante la aplicación. En el capítulo diez se presenta la tercera y última fase de la investigación evaluativa: la evaluación de resultados. Este capítulo comprende los cambios y efectos que la aplicación del programa ha producido tanto en el alumnado, como en el centro educativo y en la comunidad; así como la identificación de las "buenas prácticas" con el objetivo de facilitar sus posteriores aplicaciones; los efectos que el programa ha tenido en el alumnado, y la utilización posterior que el centro educativo ha hecho del programa. Por último, en el capítulo once, se presentan las conclusiones finales de la investigación, los límites que presenta y la prospectiva de futuro. Este capítulo también está en inglés con la finalidad de cumplir uno de los requisitos exigidos para obtener la mención de Doctora Europea de la Universidad de Barcelona. / This doctoral thesis is aimed at validation of the program "From the School to the Community" for the development of citizen participation in the students of 3º ESO through service-learning methodology. In the first chapter, we conduct a theoretical and conceptual terms of participation, which includes a comprehensive deepening both the conceptualization and concrete proposals. This analysis focuses on the key issues that shape public participation understood as a right, as a duty, as a tool for improvement and as a necessity; becoming in a learning and in a key tool for social and educational transformation at various levels. Situated in the citizen participation construct and analyzed the different elements involved in the second chapter, we present and describe the service-learning as a pedagogical proposal that encourages citizen participation. This depth allows us, in the light of the different experiences analyzed, proposing key phases to the development of a service-learning project. The third chapter exposes the training program for citizen participation in the 2nd cycle of ESO "From the School to the Community." In chapter four, we present the evaluative research process we follow to the empirical validation of the program, including the objectives and research design, with its corresponding evaluation plan and collection of information, detailing the criteria and indicators assessment to guide the collection of information. Defined the evaluative research process, we place ourselves in the fifth chapter, presenting the different strategies for collecting and analyzing information that we use, as well as the basic elements that ensure the scientific rigor of an investigation of evaluative character. In chapter six, we start the evaluation process, in particular, the initial assessment to understand the process of negotiation and entry into the stage. The chapter seven follows with the initial assessment. But this time, we stop at the results of the first phase of research to validate the program. On the one hand, the fit between the conceptualization and design of the program and the needs and interests presented by the school. And on the other hand, the initial viability of the program in order to know the possibilities of doing in practice and ensure the basic requirements needed for their implementation and development. The initial assessment concludes with chapter eight, which shows the initial state of the participating students about their knowledge, skills and attitudes to individual and group level regarding citizenship. After the initial assessment of the research, we proceed to present the evaluation process followed in the implementation of the program, being the ninth chapter of the investigation. This analysis begins with an experiential tour of the proceedings during his months of application (February-June 2006), describing the development, timing, methodology and work spaces for execution. We present the feasibility of the program in relation to the viability analyzed at baseline. And, then, sets out the achievements that have been achieved regarding the program's objectives, the analysis of the responses and the changes during the application of pupils. The tenth chapter presents the third and final phase of evaluation research: evaluation of results. This chapter is about the changes and effects that implementation of the program has produced both the students, as in the school and community as well as the identification of "best practices" in order to facilitate subsequent applications, the effects that the program has had on the students and use that the school has made of the program. Finally, in chapter eleven, we present the final conclusions of the investigation, their limitations and their future prospects. This chapter is also in English in order to fulfil one of the requirements for the mention of European Doctor of the University of Barcelona.

Esta es una Tesis de Compendio que trata de ofrecer una unidad temática a diez artículos publicados en libros y en revistadas indexadas, además de dos libros resultantes de investigación. Estos textos, publicados, en cinco países diferentes (España, Brasil, México, Argentina y Guatemala), son evidencias del esfuerzo investigador de una trayectoria que empezó en los años 80. La problematización que provocó la línea de investigación fue el interrogante sobre la capacidad creativa y sus posibilidades éticas, sociales y ciudadanas, aplicadas a la educación en su sentido más amplio. Alrededor de las relaciones posibles entre estos campos temáticos, se ha ido construyendo, a lo largo de los años, una praxis que ha planteado prácticas y reflexiones diversas. Los textos de este compendio representan pausas reflexivas acerca de esta praxis y se publicaron entre 2002 y 2012. Lo que unifica temáticamente los artículos y libros en esta tesis es el planteamiento teórico que entiende la educación como un proceso creativo sistémico. La tesis propone una pedagogía para el desarrollo de la ciudadanía creativa. No se enseña a nadie a ser un ciudadano inventivo, pero se pueden generar las condiciones para que sí pueda aprender a serlo. La cuestión principal es aprender cómo ser este tipo de ciudadano. Para ello hace falta plantear el tema de la persona, del proceso, del ambiente y del producto creativo. Es el ámbito educativo el que tiene en sus manos la posibilidad de favorecer la emergencia de la ciudadanía creativa. Es decir, son los espacios educativos los que favorecen que personas y colectivos se tornen capaces de aportar evolución social frente a los retos actuales. Este proceso puede darse a medida que se favorecen acciones e interacciones coherentes con un modo de ser y de pensar el ejercicio de la ciudadanía (ethos creativo). El objetivo de esta tesis es sistematizar la amplitud y diversidad praxiológica en un compendio con sentido más profundo. Para ello, se ha organizado como anexo el compendio de los diez artículos y los dos libros seleccionados, que son representativos de esta diversidad. Esto va precedido de una justificación de 211 páginas, dividida en introducción, desarrollo, discusión general, conclusiones y bibliografía. La introducción explicita la relación conceptual básica. En el desarrollo, son ampliados los ámbitos temáticos que dan unidad al compendio. A continuación, se hace una discusión general sobre los objetivos y los resultados provisionales de esta línea de investigación. Las conclusiones, igualmente provisionales, cierran las reflexiones. Se utiliza la palabra “provisionales” en función del carácter investigativo del tema, que seguramente seguirá en proceso. Antes de la bibliografía, se habla de la proyección de la tesis. Se utilizan mapas mentales para resumir y mostrar el carácter sistémico de las principales ideas y sus conexiones. Estos mapas aparecen en distintas partes del texto, además pueden encontrarse por separado en la web Ciudadanía Creativa que acompaña esta tesis: www.crearmundos.net/tesis/ciudadaniacreativa / This is a Thesis by Publication which seeks to provide a themed unit of ten articles published in referred books and journals as well as two books which result from investigation. These texts which have been published in five countries (Spain, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina and Guatemala) are evidence of a trajectory of research effort that commenced in the 1980’s. The issue which provoked this investigation was the question of creative capacity and its ethical, social and civic potential, applied to education in its broadest sense. Over the years a praxis, which has proposed various practices and ideas, has been created around the possible relationships between these thematic areas. The texts of this compendium represent thoughtful opinions about this praxis and were published between 2002 and 2012. This Thesis proposes pedagogy for the development of creative citizens. It seeks to develop resourceful individuals and groups, capable of creating original "products" through imaginative process in order to create societies which are prepared to face the challenges of the XXI century. It is based on the principle that nobody is taught to be a creative citizen, rather the conditions can be provided to allow them to learn to become one. For this the issue of systemic interaction between the following four basic elements is raised: the person, the process, the environment and the creative product. From this perspective is it the educational field that has the opportunity to favour the emergence of creative citizens. That is, it is the educational environment that encourages individuals and collectives to become enabled to use social evolution against current challenges. This process can become evident as actions and interactions that are coherent with a way of being and thinking on citizenship are favoured (creative ethos). So, the thematically unifying element of this compendium is an understanding of education as a systemic creative process. This Thesis is accompanied by the Ciudadanía Creativa website (www.crearmundos.net/tesis) where the elements of the compendium are expanded with quantitative and qualitative evidence of the projects quoted in the articles.

Abstrakt I min c-uppsats vill jag ta reda påhur individen och de sociala relationerna påverkas av att unga vuxna bor hemmalängre. Med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod och den hermeneutiska cirkeln har jagundersökt olika socialpsykologiska aspekter såsom familjen som organisation,parantestillvaron och frigörelseprocessen. Genom teorierna om frihet till ochfrån, parantestillvaron och familjen som organisation har jag försökt belysa olikaaspekter som kan påverka unga vuxnas boendesituation, men också hur individernaoch de sociala relationerna påverkas av att de unga vuxna bor kvar hemma.Slutsatsen blir att unga vuxnas boendesituation påverkar många olika aspekter ibåde den unga vuxnas liv och dennes föräldrar. Arbetsmarknadens brist på jobb bidrar till att unga vuxna hamnar i enparantestillvaro där de utesluts från vissa arenor som tillhör vuxenlivet,vilket bidrar till att ungdomstiden förlängs och att man inte blir vuxen förränvid 25 års ålder. Genom att tillhöra en organisation skapas rutiner som germänniskan trygghet i en osäker värld. Trygghet skapas även i nära relationermellan till exempel ett barn och dennes förälder. Intervjupersonerna var tiostycken, varav fem unga vuxna och fem föräldrar, där fyra par har släktband. / Abstract In my C-essay,I would like to find out how individual and socialrelations are affected by young adults livingat home longer. Usinga qualitative approachand the hermeneuticcircle, I have looked at various social-psychological aspects such as family organization,parentheses life andliberation. By thetheories of freedom to and from, parentheseslife and familyorganization, I have tried to highlight various aspectsthat can affectyoung adults' livingarrangements, but also how individuals andsocial relations areaffected by the young adults stillliving at home. The conclusion isthat young adultsliving situation affectsmany aspects ofboth the youngadults' lives andhis parents. Sociallack of jobs contributesto young adultsend up in a parenthesislife where theyare excluded from certain venues belonging to adulthood,which contributes to youth is extended and that itdoes not become anadult until age 25. By belonging to an organizationcreated procedures by which the human security inan uncertain world.Security is also created in a close relationship between such a child and his parent. The interviewees were ten,five young adultsand five parents,where four coupleshave family connections.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera kommunsammanläggningen i Sverige under åren 1963 – 1974 utifrån ett Hästvedaperspektiv. Hästveda kommun tillsammans med flertalet andra småkommuner blev en del av det som kom att kallas Hässleholms kommun 1974. Uppsatsen utreder vilka reaktioner och diskussioner som fanns hos såväl kommunalfullmäktige och anställda i kommunhuset, men också hos invånarna i kommunen. Uppsatsen undersöker också om Hästveda kommun vid sammanläggningen hade några finansiella tillgångar kvar.Syftet är också att undersöka varför Hästveda gick med i just i det som skulle bli Hässleholms kommun och inte i någon annan närliggande kommun.Undersökningen är gjort utifrån protokoll, tidningsartiklar, insändare, intervjuer och krönikor.