Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:06:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2203.pdf: 1300161 bytes, checksum: 2c1f11d939eab9ab849bb04bf2363a53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-10 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This study considers two discrete distributions based on Bernoulli trials: the Binomial and the Negative Binomial. We explore credibility and confidence intervals to estimate the probability of success of each distribution. The main goal is to analyze their performance coverage probability and average range across the parametric space. We also consider point analysis of bayesian estimators and maximum likelihood estimators, whose interest is to confirm through simulation their consistency, bias and mean square error. In this paper the Objective Bayesian Inference is applied through the noninformative Bayes-Laplace prior, Haldane prior, reference prior and least favorable prior. By analyzing the prior distributions in the minimax decision theory context we verified that the least favorable prior distribution has every other considered prior distributions as particular cases when a quadratic loss function is applied, and matches the Bayes-Laplace prior in considering the quadratic weighed loss function for the Binomial model (which was never found in literature). We used the noninformative Bayes-Laplace prior and Jeffreys prior for the Negative Binomial model. Our findings show through coverage probability, average range of bayesian intervals and point estimation that the Objective Bayesian Inference has good frequentist properties for the probability of success of Binomial and Negative Binomial models. The last stage of this study discusses the presence of correlated proportions in matched-pairs (2 × 2 table) of Bernoulli with the goal of obtaining more information in relation of the considered measures for testing the occurrence of correlated proportions. In this sense the Trinomial model and the partial likelihood function were used from the frequentist and bayesian point of view. The Full Bayesian Significance Test (FBST) was used for real data sets and was shown sensitive to parameterization, however, this study was not possible for the frequentist method since distinct methods are needed to be applied to Trinomial model and the partial likelihood function. / Neste estudo são abordadas duas distribuições discretas baseadas em ensaios de Bernoulli, a Binomial e a Binomial Negativa. São explorados intervalos de credibilidade e confiança para estimação da probabilidade de sucesso de ambas as distribuições. A principal finalidade é analisar nos contextos clássico e bayesiano o desempenho da probabilidade de cobertura e amplitude média gerada pelos intervalos de confiança e intervalos de credibilidade ao longo do espaço paramétrico. Considerou-se também a análise dos estimadores pontuais bayesianos e o estimador de máxima verossimilhança, cujo interesse é confirmar por meio de simulação a consistência e calcular o viés e o erro quadrático médio dos mesmos. A Inferência Bayesiana Objetiva é empregada neste estudo por meio das distribuições a priori não-informativas de Bayes-Laplace, de Haldane, de Jeffreys e menos favorável. Ao analisar as distribuições a priori no contexto de teoria de decisões minimax, a distribuição a priori menos favorável resgata as demais citadas ao empregar a função de perda quadrática e coincide com a distribuição a priori de Bayes-Laplace ao considerar a função de perda quadrática ponderada para o modelo Binomial, o que não foi encontrado até o momento na literatura. Para o modelo Binomial Negativa são consideradas as distribuições a priori não-informativas de Bayes-Laplace e de Jeffreys. Com os estudos desenvolvidos pôde-se observar que a Inferência Bayesiana Objetiva para a probabilidade de sucesso dos modelos Binomial e Binomial Negativa apresentou boas propriedades freqüentistas, analisadas a partir da probabilidade de cobertura e amplitude média dos intervalos bayesianos e por meio das propriedades dos estimadores pontuais. A última etapa do trabalho consiste na análise da ocorrência de proporções correlacionadas em pares de eventos de Bernoulli (tabela 2×2) com a finalidade de determinar um possível ganho de informação em relação as medidas consideradas para testar a ocorrência de proporções correlacionadas. Para tanto fez-se uso do modelo Trinomial e da função de verossimilhança parcial tanto numa abordagem clássica quanto bayesiana. Nos conjuntos de dados analisados observou-se a medida de evidência bayesiana (FBST) como sensível à parametrização, já para os métodos clássicos essa comparação não foi possível, pois métodos distintos precisam ser aplicados para o modelo Trinomial e para a função de verossimilhança parcial.

Submitted by ANA KARLA PEREIRA RODRIGUES (anakarla_@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-29T16:10:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1122632 bytes, checksum: c09cad1d7d1c0fab88b117bcd2ea8ab6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-29T16:10:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1122632 bytes, checksum: c09cad1d7d1c0fab88b117bcd2ea8ab6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-27 / In Raposa Serra do Sol Case, the STF has established the thesis that the indigenous communities only have the rights of the lands they traditionally occupy, if such occupation could be verified on the date of the promulgation of the Constitution of 1988. This work aims to verify whether this unique time frame for the identification and demarcation of indigenous lands resists to a test of application of the principle of primacy of the most favorable norm. This principle is provided for in various human rights treaties, can be drawn from the constitutional principle of the prevalence of human rights and is applied in international and domestic jurisprudence. It establishes that law interpreters must, among plurality of normative documents and interpretations on them, seek the solution that guarantees the highest degree of protection of the human being in the concrete case, thus prohibiting the decrease of a standard of protection already achieved in the international or domestic plan. The analysis of the problem starts from the premise that the identification of the most favorable norm is a process of normative concretion that, in general, has to consider the principle of proportionality as well as other guidelines such as the international interpreters understanding, the countermajoritarian function of human rights and the principles of maximum effectiveness and prohibition of retrocession. In this sense, we will examine the issue considering each of these approaches, exploring the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, based on the precedents in which it applied the pro persona principle and in which it dealt with indigenous land issues. Finally, we will assess the implications of applying the principle of primacy of the most favorable norm in the interaction between domestic law and the IHRL, in order to demonstrate that, if the establishment of a specific time frame for the characterization of indigenous lands does not resist to a test of application of such principle, it becomes possible and necessary a constitutional mutation on the subject. / No Caso Raposa Serra do Sol, o STF fixou a tese de que somente são reconhecidos aos índios os direitos sobre as terras que tradicionalmente ocupam, se tal ocupação pudesse ser constatada na data da promulgação da Constituição de 1988. Nesta dissertação, objetivamos verificar se a fixação desse marco temporal único para a identificação e demarcação de terras indígenas resiste a um teste de aplicação do princípio da primazia da norma mais favorável. Tal princípio é previsto em diversos tratados de direitos humanos, pode ser extraído do princípio constitucional da prevalência dos direitos humanos e é aplicado na jurisprudência internacional e na interna, estabelecendo que o aplicador do direito deve, diante da pluralidade de diplomas normativos e interpretações sobre os mesmos, buscar a solução que estabeleça o maior grau de proteção do ser humano no caso concreto, proibindo, consequentemente, que um standard de proteção já alcançado no plano interno ou internacional diminua. A análise do problema parte da premissa de que a identificação da norma mais favorável é um processo de concretização normativa que, em regra, deve se valer do princípio da proporcionalidade e ter como vetores o entendimento dos intérpretes internacionais, a função contramajoritária dos direitos humanos e os princípios da máxima efetividade e da proibição do retrocesso. Nesse sentido, examinaremos a questão em tela sob cada um desses enfoques, explorando, principalmente, a jurisprudência da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, a partir dos precedentes em que aplicou o princípio pro persona e em que enfrentou a temática das terras indígenas. Finalmente, avaliaremos quais as implicações que a aplicação do princípio da primazia da norma mais favorável tem na interação entre o Direito interno e o DIDH, a fim de demonstrar que, se a fixação de um marco temporal específico para a caracterização das terras indígenas não resiste a um teste de aplicação do referido princípio, torna-se possível e necessária uma mutação constitucional quanto ao tema.

Der ischämische Schlaganfall ist ein ernstzunehmendes Ereignis, welches rascher Rekanalisationstherapie bedarf. Hierfür stehen mehrere Therapieansätze zur Verfügung. Bildgebungsgestützte Patientenselektion zur individuell geeigneten Therapie kann das abschließende klinische Behandlungsergebnis des einzelnen Patienten maßgeblich verbessern. Der Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS), eine einfach und schnell anwendbare 10-Punkte-Skala zur Auswertung von Schädel-CT-Untersuchungen, wurde bereits als hilfreicher Prädiktor für das klinische Behandlungsergebnis nach erfolgreicher thrombolytischer Therapie identifiziert. Ein Nachteil der nativen Schädel-CT ist, dass der Infarktkern erst mit mehreren Stunden Verzögerung erkennbar wird. Das aktuelle Ausmaß des Infarktkerns kann durch Bestimmung des zerebralen Blutvolumens (CBV) anhand von Perfusions-CT-Untersuchungen schneller ermittelt werden.  Diese Studie analysiert retrospektiv multimodale CT-Bildgebung einer Patientenkohorte von 51 Patienten mit akutem ischämischen Schlaganfall aufgrund eines Verschlusses im M1-Segment der Arteria cerebri media bezüglich des Behandlungsergebnisses nach endovaskulärer Therapie. Die CT-Daten wurden mit kommerzieller Computersoftware nachverarbeitet. Zwei erfahrene Neuroradiologen werteten getrennt voneinander Nativ- und Perfusions-CT-Daten mithilfe des ASPECTS aus. Die Befunde der Patientengruppe mit schlechtem klinischen Behandlungsergebnis wurden mit denen der Gruppe mit gutem Ergebnis verglichen. Variablen, welche statistisch signifikante Unterschiede aufwiesen, wurden daraufhin untersucht. Zwischen den Ergebnissen der Rekanalisationstherapie, den Zeitintervallen oder den nativen CT-ASPECTS-Ergebnissen beider Gruppen bestand kein signifikanter Unterschied. Signifikant unterschieden sich die Gruppen im Hinblick auf das Patientenalter. Die übrigen Basischarakteristika der beiden Patientengruppen unterschieden sich nicht signifikant. Es ergaben sich weiterhin signifikante Unterschiede im Bezug auf den ASPECTS für zerebralen Blutfluss (CBF-ASPECTS) und die Differenz zwischen ASPECTS für zerebrales Blutvolumen (CBV-ASPECTS) und CBF-ASPECTS [Δ(CBV - CBF)-ASPECTS]. Für CBV-ASPECTS > 7 konnte die höchste Sensitivität (84 %) und Spezifität (79 %) zur Voraussage eines guten klinischen Behandlungsergebnisses ermittelt werden.  Diese Studie zeigt, dass durch ASPECTS ausgewertete CT-Perfusionsparameter eine optimale Voraussagekraft für das klinische Behandlungsergebnis nach erfolgreicher Rekanalisationstherapie besitzen und diese sensitiver und spezifischer als der native CT-ASPECTS sind. Der ASPECTS erlaubt einen einfachen und schnellen quantitativen Überblick über die tatsächliche aktuelle Situation des einzelnen Patienten. Die Berücksichtigung dieser Parameter bei Therapieentscheidungen könnte helfen, Patienten der geeigneten Therapie zuzuführen und die Anzahl vergeblicher Rekanalisationsbehandlungen zu reduzieren.

Dans cette thèse de doctorat, nous présentons les travaux que nous avons effectués dans trois directions reliées : la compression de données en alphabet infini, les statistiques bayésiennes en dimension infinie, et les mélanges de distributions discrètes multivariées. Dans le cadre de la compression de données sans perte, nous nous sommes intéressé à des classes de sources stationnaires sans mémoire sur un alphabet infini, définies par une condition d'enveloppe à décroissance exponentielle sur les distributions marginales. Un équivalent de la redondance minimax de ces classes a été obtenue. Un algorithme approximativement minimax ainsi que des a-priori approximativement les moins favorables, basés sur l'a-priori de Jeffreys en alphabet fini, ont en outre été proposés. Le deuxième type de travaux porte sur la normalité asymptotique des distributions a-posteriori (théorèmes de Bernstein-von Mises) dans différents cadres non-paramétriques et semi-paramétriques. Tout d'abord, dans un cadre de régression gaussienne lorsque le nombre de régresseurs augmente avec la taille de l'échantillon. Les théorèmes non-paramétriques portent sur les coefficients de régression, tandis que les théorèmes semi-paramétriques portent sur des fonctionnelles de la fonction de régression. Dans nos applications au modèle de suites gaussiennes et à la régression de fonctions appartenant à des classe de Sobolev ou de régularité hölderiennes, nous obtenons simultanément le théorème de Bernstein-von Mises et la vitesse d'estimation fréquentiste minimax. L'adaptativité est atteinte pour l'estimation de fonctionnelles dans ces applications. Par ailleurs nous présentons également un théorème de Bernstein-von Mises non-paramétrique pour des modèles exponentiels de dimension croissante. Enfin, le dernier volet de ce travail porte sur l'estimation du nombre de composantes et des variables pertinentes dans des modèles de mélange de lois multinomiales multivariées, dans une optique de classification non supervisée. Ce type de modèles est utilisé par exemple pour traiter des données génotypiques. Un critère du maximum de vraisemblance pénalisé est proposé, et une inégalité oracle non-asymptotique est obtenue. Le critère retenu en pratique comporte une calibration grâce à l'heuristique de pente. Ses performances sont meilleurs que celles des critères classiques BIC et AIC sur des données simulées. L'ensemble des procédures est implémenté dans un logiciel librement accessible.

Turbulent boundary layers approximating those found on the NASA Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) thermal protection system during atmospheric reentry from the International Space Station have been studied by direct numerical simulation, with the ultimate goal of reducing aerothermodynamic heating prediction uncertainty. Simulations were performed using a new, well-verified, openly available Fourier/B-spline pseudospectral code called Suzerain equipped with a ``slow growth'' spatiotemporal homogenization approximation recently developed by Topalian et al. A first study aimed to reduce turbulence-driven heating prediction uncertainty by providing high-quality data suitable for calibrating Reynolds-averaged Navier--Stokes turbulence models to address the atypical boundary layer characteristics found in such reentry problems. The two data sets generated were Ma[approximate symbol] 0.9 and 1.15 homogenized boundary layers possessing Re[subscript theta, approximate symbol] 382 and 531, respectively. Edge-to-wall temperature ratios, T[subscript e]/T[subscript w], were close to 4.15 and wall blowing velocities, v[subscript w, superscript plus symbol]= v[subscript w]/u[subscript tau], were about 8 x 10-3 . The favorable pressure gradients had Pohlhausen parameters between 25 and 42. Skin frictions coefficients around 6 x10-3 and Nusselt numbers under 22 were observed. Near-wall vorticity fluctuations show qualitatively different profiles than observed by Spalart (J. Fluid Mech. 187 (1988)) or Guarini et al. (J. Fluid Mech. 414 (2000)). Small or negative displacement effects are evident. Uncertainty estimates and Favre-averaged equation budgets are provided. A second study aimed to reduce transition-driven uncertainty by determining where on the thermal protection system surface the boundary layer could sustain turbulence. Local boundary layer conditions were extracted from a laminar flow solution over the MPCV which included the bow shock, aerothermochemistry, heat shield surface curvature, and ablation. That information, as a function of leeward distance from the stagnation point, was approximated by Re[subscript theta], Ma[subscript e], [mathematical equation], v[subscript w, superscript plus sign], and T[subscript e]/T[subscript w] along with perfect gas assumptions. Homogenized turbulent boundary layers were initialized at those local conditions and evolved until either stationarity, implying the conditions could sustain turbulence, or relaminarization, implying the conditions could not. Fully turbulent fields relaminarized subject to conditions 4.134 m and 3.199 m leeward of the stagnation point. However, different initial conditions produced long-lived fluctuations at leeward position 2.299 m. Locations more than 1.389 m leeward of the stagnation point are predicted to sustain turbulence in this scenario. / text

Le professionnel que l'on croyait capable de défendre ses intérêts, par opposition au salarié ou au consommateur, s'est révélé tout autant victime de contrats déséquilibrés depuis quelques décennies. L'apparition de puissantes entreprises privées dans différents secteurs entraîne, de toute évidence, une inégalité entre les professionnels. Notre étude souligne la complexité de trouver un juste critère pour identifier de manière juste ce qu'est un professionnel partie faible. Il n'est pas possible de dire si, de manière générale, telle entreprise est plus puissante qu'une autre, car la personne morale partie au contrat peut cacher des intérêts difficiles à cerner au premier abord. Le juge ne peut pas non plus être l'arbitre autoritaire des prix sans risquer un détournement de sa fonction. Nous développerons le parti suivant : un contrat entre professionnels est dit d'adhésion lorsque celui-ci n'a pas donné lieu à une négociation idoine ; le juge doit alors s'efforcer de regarder le processus de pourparlers ainsi que les circonstances qui ont précédé la convention. De multiples critères peuvent aider le juge, tels que la taille de chaque entreprise, les parts de marché, les propos échangés par les parties, leur bonne ou mauvaise foi ou encore les efforts engagés par elles. Si le choix de l'analyse des négociations nous apparaît ultimement le plus juste, nous tiendrons cependant compte de ses limites. Il serait illusoire de penser que le juge peut toujours parvenir de manière certaine à connaître l'intégralité des circonstances antérieures au contrat. C'est pourquoi nous ajouterons à l'analyse des négociations un système de présomptions - quoique réfragables - lorsque la disproportion des prestations ou la différence de taille des entreprises ne laisse pas de place au doute. Nous mettrons enfin en lumière les stratégies employées par les parties fortes pour contourner cette analyse des négociations, comme des stipulations néfastes ou une tactique d'internationalisation. Il sera donc préféré une impérativité renforcée en droit national ainsi qu'en droit international. Une fois l'analyse des négociations effectuée, nous essayerons de proposer des sanctions à la hauteur du phénomène. Le juge, selon nous, doit être en mesure de modifier le contrat de façon souple, aussi bien de manière rétroactive que par un changement en cours d'exécution du contrat. Le caractère extrême de certains comportements contractuels nous incite à réfléchir à la possibilité d'un droit pénal plus dissuasif ou bien un droit « quasi pénal » sanctionnant ces comportements de manière plus appropriée. Néanmoins, c'est surtout au niveau de la procédure que se joue la protection contractuelle des professionnels. Un référé ajusté à cet objectif a tout lieu de répondre aux exigences de célérité qui gênent les parties faibles dans leurs démarches. Nous soulignerons aussi l'importance d'un système d'actions collectives qui surmontent efficacement l'écueil du coût du procès. À l'inverse, la sécurité juridique des entreprises nous conduira à proposer une procédure de protection par un système de droit doux. Première partie : L'identification du contrat d'adhésion entre professionnels. Deuxième partie : Le traitement judiciaire des contrats d'adhésion entre professionnels. / The professional, supposed to be able to defend his interests, by opposition to the employee or the consumer, has proven to also be victim of imbalanced contracts for a few decades. The emergence of powerful private companies in various sectors clearly leads to inequalities between professionals. Our study underlines the difficulty to find the best criterion to identify what a professional weaker party is. It is impossible to say that globally such company is stronger than another because the legal person party to the agreement can hide many interests, which are hard to seize at first sight. Nor can the judge arbitrate prices in an authoritarian way without risking a misappropriation of his part. We shall side for this idea: a business-to-business agreement is to be qualified of adhesion contract as long as it does not give place to adequate bargaining; so the judge has to look the bargaining process and the circumstances preceding the contract. Many criteria can help the judge such as the size of the company, market parts, exchanged words, the good or bad faith of the parties or the efforts they have made. If we consider the bargain analysis as the ultimately rightest choice, we have to contemplate its limitations. It would not be realistic to consider that the judge could always discover every circumstance prior to the agreement. This is why we shall join a system of presumptions - albeit rebuttable - to the bargain analysis, when the difference of size of companies or the disproportion of provisions is obvious. We shall put into light the strategies used by strongest parts to bypass the bargain analysis, such as harmful clauses or internationalization tactics. Thus, we shall opt for high obligatory standards, as well as in national law than in international law. Once the bargain analysis is done, we shall try to suggest sanctions adapted to the concern. The judge, in our opinion, must be able to modify the agreement in a very flexible way, either retroactively or during the implementation of the said agreement. The gravity of various contractual behaviors must lead us to think about a form of criminal law or a "quasi criminal" law in order to combat those behaviors in a more suitable mean. Nevertheless, the protection of the professional weaker part is also to be dealt on a procedural ground. A proceeding for interim measures is likely to face the needs for celerity, which bother the weakest parts for their action. We shall also underline the advantages of a class action, which could overcome the financial issue of the lawsuit. Conversely, the legal security of business will bring us to foster a protection by a soft law system. First Part: The identification of the business-to-business adhesion contract. Second Part: The judicial treatment of business-to-business adhesion contracts.

For many years, community colleges that chose to offer community college baccalaureate (CCB) programs were looked upon in a negative light (Rice, 2015). However, as the need for specialized baccalaureates within specific fields and job markets have continued to grow (McKee, 2005), CCB programs are becoming more widely accepted throughout the United States. In spite of this paradigm shift, Mississippi is one of the remaining states that have not embraced the idea of CCB programs, in spite of its statistical deficiency in regards to baccalaureate degree holding citizens (Williams, 2010). The focus of this study was to explore the perceptions of community college administrators in Mississippi with regards to the influence of CCB programs to the community college mission of institutions in their state. This study indicates that administrators in Mississippi recognize the benefits of offering CCB programs, but do not want CCB programs to take away from the well-established statewide higher education system through mission creep. Many of the strong position statements received overwhelmingly neutral responses. In contrast, Administrators who chose to give their opinion indicated that they are not familiar with how CCB programs are implemented, and do not believe that Mississippi is ready for CCB programs across the state. However, respondents felt that the community college mission is always evolving, should meet students’ needs, and varies from location to location. The findings also show that administrators are favorable to the piloting of CCB programs at a few (1-2) institutions, even though they believe the programs will take funding away from current programs and do not want community colleges evolving into 4-year institutions. The study also concludes that there is a significant difference between institution size and survey questions #18 and #20. There is also a significant difference between length of time in the community college sector and survey questions #15, #17, and #18.