Sperm-­-egg membrane interaction and fusion is mediated by various molecules of the different protein network that are located on both egg and sperm membrane. So far, many proteins have been selected to be fusion candidates, some of them (Izumo1, CD9, Juno) were proven to be essential, whereas others were discovered to play an unsuspected new active role (CD46, tetraspanins). After the adhesion of sperm to an egg, Juno located on the oolema associates with monomeric Izumo1 on sperm membrane, which is results in Izumo1 dimerization following quick removal of Juno from the egg surface as described in mouse. It implies that additional receptor on the egg membrane is required to play a role in sperm-­-egg fusion. To find a human fusogenic receptor for IZUMO1 protein we used one-­-bead-­-one-­-compound (OBOC) assay, a random screening approach. A bead, fulfilling all the requirements when interacting with the human sperm, carried a peptide sequence showing homology with the conserved Ig domain of the human specific Fc receptor-­-like protein 3 (FcRL3). In general, the ...

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Ce travail de recherche propose une première approche pour penser la paternité d’hommes transgenres ayant eu recours à un don de spermatozoïdes par l’aide médicale à la procréation (AMP). Vingt années après l’engagement du premier Centre de conservation des œufs et du sperme (CECOS) d’accompagner ces demandes de couples, et la publication de la seule étude sur la qualité du développement de ces enfants, une réflexion sur la paternité de ces hommes nés femmes et aujourd’hui pères se révèle nécessaire. Pour cheminer autour de ces réflexions, une revisite des considérations psychanalytiques freudiennes et lacaniennes de l’identité, mais également du genre grâce aux apports des Gender Studies et de la paternité articulée aux structures anthropologiques de la parenté, nous a permis de discuter des possibles reconsidérations théoriques actuelles. La pratique du don de gamètes est aussi abordée en lien avec les questionnements cliniques autour de la transmission, et des réflexions bioéthiques qui émergent. Depuis un paradigme analytique, admettant une alliance avec les méthodes phénoménologiques, un outil initialement quantitatif, le Five Minute Speach Sample (FMSS) fut adapté dans sa méthode d’analyse pour répondre à la question : Comment un sujet homme né femme, définit-il sa paternité à la suite d’un contexte d’accès à la parentalité par le recours à une insémination artificielle avec tiers donneur anonyme de spermatozoïdes (IAD) ? Le recueil des discours en libre association de seize pères transgenres et son analyse de contenu thématique ont permis de constituer une représentation de l’expérience de paternité de ces hommes transgenres.L’émergence de points de tension au sein de ses discours nous a amenés à repérer trois ensembles de signes d’intranquilité qui peuvent, pour certains être rencontrés spécifiquement sur ce cheminement de la paternité. Le repérage de ces points d’intranquilité est discuté dans l’intérêt de l’accueil des demandes et de l’accompagnement de la transidentité. / This study allows a first reflection on the fatherhood of transgender men who have used sperm donation with medically assisted procreation. Twenty years ago, the first French sperm bank offered to accompany the request of heterosexual couples which transgender men. To this day only one study about these couples has been published but focused on the development of their children. A reflection on the fatherhood of these men born as women and who are now fathers appears to be necessary. To study this new situation, we have reviewed the psychoanalytic concepts of identity brought to us by Freud and Lacan, and the concept of gender brought to us by the Gender Studies. Also, fatherhood is discussed with the anthropological approach on structure of kinship. The gamete’s donation is addressed in relation to the clinical concept of transmission and the bioethical questioning that it rises. From a psychoanalytical paradigm, we admit a relationship with the phenomenological approach. A quantitative tool (the Five Minute Speech Sample) was adapted in its analysis method to answer: how does a person born as a women and now living as a man will define his fatherhood when benefitting of anonymous sperm insemination in medically assisted procreation? We analyzed the free speech of sixteen transgender men to build a representation of fatherhood in these specific experiences. Points of tension have allowed to identify three sets of disquiets’ signs. Some of them can be encountered in the process toward this specific kind of fatherhood. Being aware of these disquiets’ signs could help us accompany more appropriately people in the quest of their transgender lives.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-05-23T16:31:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Agostini_.pdf: 1034713 bytes, checksum: 17d486b0a13c571c764066c4c881ef7f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-23T16:31:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Agostini_.pdf: 1034713 bytes, checksum: 17d486b0a13c571c764066c4c881ef7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Nenhuma / Considerando os impactos das novas tecnologias de reprodução humana assistida (RHA) no campo do Direito das Famílias Contemporâneo, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral analisar em que medida o acesso a elas pode consistir em um fator de valorização dos vínculos familiares biológicos em detrimento dos vínculos socioafetivos, analisando as práticas discursivas e os argumentos presentes no debate em torno do anonimato ou conhecimento do doador de gametas. O tema despertou especial atenção por, à primeira vista, verificar-se uma biologização na substituição do paradigma do anonimato para o paradigma do conhecimento do doador, ao passo que se percebe no Direito uma prevalência para as relações afetivas. Foram analisadas as normativas ético-médicas do Conselho Federal de Medicina, representadas especialmente pela Resolução nº 2013, que prevê o anonimato, e projetos de lei do Congresso Nacional do Brasil, Projeto de Lei do Senado nº 1.184, de 2003, e seus apensos, tendo como pano de fundo discutir as transformações e diversas concepções de família e parentesco, que passa de um modelo patriarcal fechado e de prole consanguínea, para modelos plurais fundados em laços afetivos. Empregou-se como referencial teórico de base a análise de discurso, abordagem qualitativa e dialética, sobre documentação direta e indireta, analisando-se o texto legal, debates, votos e pareceres existentes, com sistematização das conclusões. Conclui-se que o debate político brasileiro, embora esteja inserido nas formações discursivas correlatas da questão (ciência, religião, filosofia e juridicidade), possui fragilidade argumentativa-epistemológica e é permeado por subjetivismos, interesses pessoais e político-partidários, além de sofrer forte influência midiática, não adentrando de forma mais objetiva e fundamentada nas diversas implicações de um ou outro paradigma. A opção pelo conhecimento do doador parece possuir caráter biologizante do indivíduo, mas não da relação entre os indivíduos. Se é verdade que, na contemporaneidade, como afirma Marilyn Strathern, o corpo mantém a pessoa enquanto partícula tão indivisa que torna os relacionamentos algo abstratos e fora dela, isso se coaduna com disposições internacionais de que o gene constitui o homem biologicamente, mas não é tudo o que ele é. Dito de outra maneira, o moderno conhecimento do corpo humano e a evolução da ciência vista na exacerbação das técnicas de RHA, aprofundaram uma noção de desvinculação do corpo do espírito e, com isso, da autonomia das relações entre as pessoas, levando-se à percepção de que o doador de gametas representa nada mais que um doador de material biológico e ‘ascendente estritamente biológico’ porque a noção de parentesco é relacional, feita com conexões cultural e individualmente significadas, de forma que o desvelamento genético do homem oferece uma escolha: as pessoas podem estabelecer conexões ativas por conta da genética ou podem, justamente, se desconectar, apesar dela. No Brasil, embora não se aprofundem essas discussões de forma mais sofisticada, percebe-se essa separação, aliada ao caráter biologizante do indivíduo, com desvinculação das relações formadas entre estes. / Considering the impact of new assisted human reproductive technologies (RHA) in the field of Law of Contemporary Families, this work has as main objective to analyze to what extent access to them may consist of a factor of appreciation of biological family ties to the detriment of social-affective ties, analyzing the discursive practices and the arguments present in the debate on anonymity or knowledge of the gamete donor. The issue aroused special attention at first glance, check it a biologization the replacement of anonymity paradigm for the giver of knowledge paradigm, while it is perceived in the law a prevalence for affective relationships. We analyzed the ethical-medical regulations of the Brazil Federal Council of Medicine, especially represented by Resolution No. 2013, which provides anonymity, and the National Congress bills in Brazil, Senate Bill No. 1184, 2003, and its accompanying, having as a backdrop to discuss the changes and different conceptions of family and kinship, passing a patriarchal model closed and inbred offspring to plural models based on emotional ties. He was employed as the basis of theoretical discourse analysis, qualitative and dialectical approach on direct and indirect documentation, analyzing the legal text, debates, existing votes and opinions, with systematization of the findings. We conclude that the Brazilian political debate, even though it is inserted in the related discursive formations of the issue (science, religion, philosophy and legality), has argumentative and epistemological fragility and is permeated by subjectivism, personal interests and political partisanship, in addition to suffering strong influence media, not entering in a more objective and reasoned manner in the various implications of a paradigm or the other. The choice of the donor's knowledge seems to have biologizing character of the individual, but not the relationship between individuals. If it is true that, in contemporary times, as stated by Marilyn Strathern, the body keeps a person as particle so indivisible that makes relationships something abstract and beyond, it is consistent with international provisions that the gene is the man biologically, but not all he is. In other words, the modern knowledge of the human body and the evolution of view science in exacerbation of AHR techniques, deepened a sense of disconnection from the spirit body, and with it, the autonomy of relations between people, leading to the perception that the gamete donor is nothing more than a biological material donor and 'up strictly biological' because kinship notion is relational, made with cultural connections and individually meant, so that the genetic man unveiling offers a choice: people can establish active connections due to genetic or can precisely disconnect despite it. In Brazil, although it does not deepen these discussions in a more sophisticated way, we perceive this separation, coupled with biologizing character of the individual, with untying the relationships formed between them.

Este trabajo se ha centrado en el estudio de diferentes factores que afectan a la capacidad fecundante del semen congelado, como la velocidad de descongelación y el sistema antioxidante del semen porcino. También se ha estudiado la capacidad predictiva de la fertilidad in vivo que tienen las diferentes técnicas de análisis seminal tanto para el semen congelado como en condiciones de campo para el semen refrigerado. Se pudo determinar que la velocidad de descongelación más rápida tiene un efecto positivo sobre la funcionalidad espermática de las muestras evaluada mediante un sistema de FIV. Igualmente se concluyó también que el sistema de FIV parece ser la mejor herramienta disponible para evaluar la calidad del semen congelado-descongelado. Se evidenció que el proceso de crioconservación del semen supuso una pérdida siginificativa en el contenido de GSH intracelular. Finalmente, se demostró que el análisis seminal sólo puede identificar eyaculados con bajo potencial fértil. / Boar frozen-thawed semen is still a valuable tool as a complement to artificial insemination with fresh semen in some conditions. The objectives were firstly, the design of better freezing methods in order to obtain acceptable semen quality (freezing-thawing procedures) and secondly, to address the question of whether differences in farrowing rate and litter size after the use of different ejaculates could be predicted using the standard semen parameters under commercial conditions.We can determine that the IVF fertilization system seems to be a good tool to evaluate the quality of frozen-thawed boar semen previous to its commercial way. In other way, we found that there was a loss in GSH content after cryopreservation of boar semen and the addition of GSH to the thawing extender resulted in a significant increase in sperm fertilizing ability. Finally, semen analysis, under commercial conditions, allows to identify ejaculates with very low fertility potential. Therefore, it is unlikely to detect fertility differences associated with seminal parameters.

Infertility politics implies a role for the state in regulating the relationships between different parties involved in the medicalized process of reproduction, namely would-be-parents (infertile couples or individuals), gamete donors, surrogate mothers, fertility specialists, etc. Policies adopted by the Canadian federal government in 2004 as regards assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) were largely inspired by British regulations. Despite this similar start, Canadian policies never lead to implementation; the province of Quebec rapidly contested the federal Assisted Human Reproduction Act before the courts; and many issues of assisted conception were regulated in a heterogeneous manner by the provinces. Meanwhile in Britain, the implementation of the policies created many disparities among the regions of the country; the principle of the law was thoroughly contested and scrutinized; and the sites of deliberation were multiple in spite of the existence of a national regulatory agency. First, the author argues that assisted reproduction technologies cannot be taken as one policy domain, but is an umbrella label for a variety of policy issues. In that context, ARTs are unpacked in order to study, at the system level, the practices related to the overcoming of infertility. I focus on three sub-issues: access to fertility treatments, including the question of public funding and access criteria; gamete and embryo donation, including the question of filiation and donor conceived children’s right to know their biological origins; and surrogacy or the enforcement of pre-natal gestational surrogacy arrangements. Second, by mapping the variety of discourses and arenas mobilized by a range of actors, this study shows how framing and reframing dynamics influence public policies and their implementation. Third, by comparing frame mobilization and discursive dynamics between Quebec, Ontario and England this analysis demonstrates how frame alignment can be a necessary condition for a frame to be performative and influence policy outcomes. Depending on the context in which it occurs, frame transformation, amplification, extension or bridging can induce stability or trigger a cascade of events that will lead to policy change or to a change in the implementation of a policy.

Submitted by CHERLYNN DANIELA DA SILVA ARCE null (cdprado@outlook.com) on 2018-04-03T20:24:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Cherlynn_Daniela_da_Silva_Arce.pdf: 1179630 bytes, checksum: c8a13228e501d97cb1dd118aca364265 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-04-04T13:21:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arce_cds_me_jabo.pdf: 1179630 bytes, checksum: c8a13228e501d97cb1dd118aca364265 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-04T13:21:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arce_cds_me_jabo.pdf: 1179630 bytes, checksum: c8a13228e501d97cb1dd118aca364265 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Com o avanço dos estudos em genética e da tecnologia aplicada à genotipagem de marcadores moleculares, a identificação de polimorfismos associados às características de interesse econômico se tornou mais acessível, possibilitando a sua utilização aumentar a acurácia de modelos de predição do mérito genético dos animais. Esse avanço também possibilitou aumentar a acurácia dos estudos para identificação de QTLs para características de interesse econômico. Entretanto, os marcadores comumente utilizados para tal fim são os SNPs, que por serem bi-alélicos podem não ser muito eficientes na identificação dos QTLs. Os haplótipos, multi-alélicos, apresentam maior possibilidade de estarem em desequilíbrios de ligação (DL) com os QTLs. Dessa forma, objetivou-se no presente trabalho identificar o melhor método de construção de haplótipos para utilização em estudos de detecção de QTLs, a partir da comparação dos três métodos mais comumente utilizados para este fim. Foram utilizadas três populações simuladas representando características com três diferentes valores de herdabilidade, para as quais foram armazenados os dados fenotípicos, genotípicos e de pedigree dos 6.000 animais da população mais recente: Pop1 com herdabilidade baixa (0,10); Pop2 com herdabilidade moderada (0,25); e, Pop3 com herdabilidade alta (0,35). Os genomas simulados consistiram de 750.000 marcadores do tipo SNP, e 750 QTLs, com dois a quatro alelos, dispostos aleatoriamente em 29 cromossomos com tamanho total de 2.333 centimorgans (cM). A partir da simulação foram eliminados os SNPs cuja frequência do menor alelo foi menor que 0,1, restando 576.027, 577.189 e 576.675 marcadores para as populações Pop1, Pop2 e Pop3, respectivamente. A variação fenotípica foi de 1,0 e a variação dos QTLs foi de 50% das herdabilidades, para cada população. As médias dos DL para cada cromossomo, medidas pela estatística D', variaram de 0,20 até 0,30 para todas as populações, na última geração. Foram construídos haplótipos utilizando três métodos: Intervalo de Confiança (IC), Regra de Quatro Gametas (RQG) e Janelas Sobrepostas (JS). Para Pop1, no cromossomo 15, os métodos IC, RQG e JS identificaram cinco, oito e sete QTLs, respectivamente. Somente um QTL foi identificado nos cromossomos 19 e 29. Para a característica de herdabilidade alta, foi identificado um QTL no cromossomo 11. Em relação às análises de associação utilizando SNPs individuais, foram identificados quatro QTLs no cromossomo 15. Para a característica de herdabilidade moderada, não foram encontrados haplótipos ou SNPs isolados significativos. A metodologia de formação de haplótipos baseado na RQG foi considerada a mais eficiente para detecção de QTLs em relação aos métodos IC e JS, bem como ao uso dos SNPs isolados. / With the advancement of genetic studies and the technology applied to the genotyping of molecular markers, the identification of polymorphisms associated with the characteristics of economic interest became more accessible, allowing its use to increase the accuracy of prediction models of the genetic merit of the animals. This advance also made it possible to increase the accuracy of studies to identify QTLs for characteristics of economic interest. However, the commonly used markers for this purpose are SNPs, which because they are bi-allelic may not be very efficient in identifying QTLs. The haplotypes, multi-allelic, are more likely to be in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with QTLs. Thus, the objective of this work was to identify the best haplotype construction method for use in QTLs detection studies, by comparing the three methods most commonly used for this purpose. Three simulated populations representing characteristics with three different heritability values were used for which the phenotypic, genotypic and pedigree data of the 6,000 animals were stored: Pop1 with low heritability (0.10); Pop2 with moderate heritability (0.25); and, Pop3 with high heritability (0.35). The simulated genomes consisted of 750,000 SNP-type markers, and 750 QTLs, with two to four alleles, arranged randomly on 29 chromosomes with a total size of 2,333 centimorgans (cM). From the simulation the SNPs whose frequency of the lowest allele was less than 0.1 were eliminated, leaving 576,027, 577,189 and 576,675 markers for Pop1, Pop2 and Pop3 populations, respectively. The phenotypic variation was 1.0 and the variation of QTLs was 50% of the heritabilities, for each population. The mean LD for each chromosome, measured by the D' statistic, ranged from 0.20 to 0.30 for all populations in the last generation. Haplotypes were constructed using three methods: Confidence Interval (CI), Four Gametes Rule (FGR) and Sliding-Window (SW). For Pop1, on chromosome 15, CI, FGR and SW methods identified five, eight and seven QTLs, respectively. Only one QTL was identified on chromosomes 19 and 29. For the high heritability characteristic, a QTL was identified on chromosome 11. Regarding the association analyzes using individual SNPs, four QTLs were identified on chromosome 15. For the moderate heritability characteristic, no significant isolated haplotypes or SNPs were found. The methodology of haplotype formation based on the FGR was considered the most efficient for the detection of QTLs in relation to CI and SW methods, as well as to the use of isolated SNPs.

Infertility politics implies a role for the state in regulating the relationships between different parties involved in the medicalized process of reproduction, namely would-be-parents (infertile couples or individuals), gamete donors, surrogate mothers, fertility specialists, etc. Policies adopted by the Canadian federal government in 2004 as regards assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) were largely inspired by British regulations. Despite this similar start, Canadian policies never lead to implementation; the province of Quebec rapidly contested the federal Assisted Human Reproduction Act before the courts; and many issues of assisted conception were regulated in a heterogeneous manner by the provinces. Meanwhile in Britain, the implementation of the policies created many disparities among the regions of the country; the principle of the law was thoroughly contested and scrutinized; and the sites of deliberation were multiple in spite of the existence of a national regulatory agency. First, the author argues that assisted reproduction technologies cannot be taken as one policy domain, but is an umbrella label for a variety of policy issues. In that context, ARTs are unpacked in order to study, at the system level, the practices related to the overcoming of infertility. I focus on three sub-issues: access to fertility treatments, including the question of public funding and access criteria; gamete and embryo donation, including the question of filiation and donor conceived children’s right to know their biological origins; and surrogacy or the enforcement of pre-natal gestational surrogacy arrangements. Second, by mapping the variety of discourses and arenas mobilized by a range of actors, this study shows how framing and reframing dynamics influence public policies and their implementation. Third, by comparing frame mobilization and discursive dynamics between Quebec, Ontario and England this analysis demonstrates how frame alignment can be a necessary condition for a frame to be performative and influence policy outcomes. Depending on the context in which it occurs, frame transformation, amplification, extension or bridging can induce stability or trigger a cascade of events that will lead to policy change or to a change in the implementation of a policy.

Au moment où le législateur s’apprête à ouvrir l’assistance médicale à la procréation aux couples de femmes, cette étude a pour objet de porter un regard critique sur l’analyse doctrinale du Titre VII du Livre premier du Code civil. Alors que la plupart des auteurs considèrent que le droit français est incohérent en ce qu’il recourt aux mêmes modes d’établissement de la filiation que l’enfant soit ou non lié biologiquement à ceux qui sont juridiquement reconnus comme ses parents, cette thèse propose de réenvisager le fondement de la filiation à partir d’une analyse causale de la parenté. Ce changement de perspective permet d’éclairer sous un jour nouveau les conditions d’accès à l’assistance médicale à la procréation ainsi que les enjeux tenant à leur éventuelle modification. Il permet aussi et surtout de réévaluer la cohérence du droit de la filiation et sa capacité à appréhender ces nouvelles figures de la parenté. / As the legislator gets ready to open medically assisted procreation to women couples, the purpose of this study is to take a critical look at the doctrinal analysis of the Title VII of the First Book of the French Civil Code. Most of the authors consider that French law is incoherent as it uses the same modes of establishment of filiation whether a child is biologically related to those who are recognized as his parents or not. This thesis proposes to reconsider the basis of filiation, using a causal analysis of parenthood. This change of perspective allows to cast a new light on the eligibility criteria to medically assisted procreation as well as on the stakes of their potential modification. It also leads to reevaluate the coherence of the law of filiation and its capacity to comprehend the new figures of parenthood.

Denna examensuppsats har ämnat undersöka ungdomars och unga vuxnas perspektiv på och upplevelser av föräldraskap och genetiskt ursprung samt aktuell föräldralagstiftning. Examensuppsatsen ämnar vidare utgöra underlag för en rapport som beaktas i en statlig utredning som handlar om att se över aktuella regler kring fastställande av rättsligt föräldraskap. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio unga vuxna i åldern 17 till 32 år har data samlats in och analyserats med tematisk analys. I resultaten fann vi att deltagarnas sätt definiera och tala om föräldraskap är i linje med tidigare forskning. Även internationell forskning kring synen på könscellsdonatorer och deras roll som föräldrar eller icke-föräldrar har kunnat appliceras på vårt intervjumaterial för att förstå donatorsrollen som infallande på ett kontinuum. Nya fynd som framkommit är att avsaknad av rättsliga band ej utgör ett oöverkomligt hinder för utövandet av socialt föräldraskap, både i avseende på att skaffa barn och sedermera uppfostra det. Deltagarna berättar dock att avsaknad av rättsligt föräldraskap har varit problematiskt vid dödsfall och separationer. Funderingar kring genetiskt ursprung och tillkomst beskrivs påbörjas i tidig ålder hos deltagarna och vara avslutat i tidig vuxen ålder, vilket är ett nytt fynd och går emot lagstiftad ålder för kännedom om donator och genetiskt ursprung. Möjlighet till kännedomen om genetiskt ursprung lyfts som barnets okränkbara rättighet. Utifrån dessa fynd drar vi slutsatsen att trots lagmässiga hinder kan ett fullständigt föräldraskap i många fall utövas av icke-juridiska föräldrar samt att avsaknad av genetiska band ej utgör en barriär för relationsskapande eller identitetsutveckling. Däremot anses lagstiftning och samhällsattityder fortfarande vara exkluderande och osynliggörande gentemot regnbågsfamiljer och könscellsdonation. / Statlig offentlig utredning (Kommittédirektiv 2017:28)