Racional: A desnutrição calórico-protêica é um problema de saúde pública mundial e atinge cerca de 40% da população com doenças gastrointestinais candidata a cirurgias abdominais altas eletivas. Objetivos: Avaliar os efeitos do treinamento da musculatura respiratória na função respiratória e na incidência de complicações pulmonares em indivíduos desnutridos submetidos a cirurgias abdominais altas (desfecho primário), após caracterizar a função respiratória em portadores de desnutrição calórico-protéica (desfecho secundário). Métodos: Foram avaliados 122 indivíduos em 2 fases. A etapa inicial foi um estudo longitudinal que avaliou 75 candidatos à cirurgia abdominal alta eletiva que foram divididos em 2 grupos, de acordo com seu estado nutricional: controle (GC, n=36) e desnutridos (GD, n=39). Todos os indivíduos tiveram seus dados clínicos (nutricional e laboratorial), antropométricos e a função respiratória (espirometria, força muscular respiratória e cirtometria) avaliados. A incidência de complicações pulmonares pós-operatórias (CPP) foi contabilizada de maneira cega por avaliadores independentes após o procedimento cirúrgico. Todos os indivíduos receberam sessões diárias de fisioterapia convencional e padronizada após a cirurgia. Na etapa seguinte, foram avaliados 47 desnutridos divididos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos de treinamento: Sham (GSH, n=20), inspiratório (GTI, n=15) e expiratório (GTE, n=12). Os treinamentos inspiratórios e expiratórios foram realizados durante 7 dias com carga linear de 30% da pressão respiratória máxima. As avaliações pré-operatórias e o seguimento pós-operatório foram realizados de maneira similar a etapa inicial do estudo. Resultados: Nossos resultados mostram que os desnutridos apresentam fraqueza dos músculos expiratórios (p<0,001), redução da expansibilidade torácica (p<0,001) e maior incidência de CPP (p=0,05). Além disso, observou-se que quando a desnutrição esta associada à fraqueza da musculatura expiratória há uma maior incidência de CPP (p=0,02). Na etapa do treinamento muscular respiratório, não foi observado ganho de força muscular respiratória ou de expansibilidade torácica em nenhum dos grupos treinados (p>0,05) e não houve diferença na incidência CPP após cirurgias abdominais altas eletivas entre os grupos (p>0,05). Conclusões: Nossos resultados mostram que a desnutrição está associada à fraqueza da musculatura expiratória e à diminuição da expansibilidade torácica e que esses déficits aumentam a incidência de complicações pulmonares após cirurgias abdominais altas eletivas. Porém, não observamos modificação na incidência dessas complicações decorrentes dos treinamentos musculares respiratórios realizados. É possível que isto esteja relacionado ao número amostral e sugerimos futuros estudos para confirmar estes resultados / Background: The protein-energy malnutrition is a very common health problem and around 40% of patients with gastrointestinal disorders candidate for elective upper abdominal surgery present weight loss and malnutrition. Objectives: This is a two phases study and the first phase aimed to compare the incidence of pulmonary complications in controls and malnourished individuals undergoing to upper abdominal surgeries. The second phase aimed to assess the effect of two types of respiratory muscles training in the incidence of pulmonary complications in malnourished individuals. Methods: One-hundred and twenty-two individuals were evaluated in two phases. In the first phase, 75 candidates for elective upper abdominal surgery were divided, based on their nutritional status, into 2 groups: control (CG, n=36) and malnutrition (MG, n=39). Clinical (nutritional and hemogram) and anthropometric data as well as respiratory function (spirometry, respiratory muscles strength and cirtometry) were collected from all patients. The incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC) was collected after surgery by a blinded independent evaluator. All subjects received daily sessions of conventional physiotherapy standardized. On the second phase, 47 malnourished individuals were randomly divided into 3 groups: Sham (SHG, n=20) and either inspiratory (ITG, n=15) or expiratory training groups (ETG, n=12). Inspiratory and expiratory training were performed with linear load of 30% of maximum respiratory pressure. The preoperative assessments and the postoperative follow up were made on the similar way at the beginning of the study. Results: Our results showed that malnourished individuals present expiratory muscle weakness (p<0.001), reduced chest wall expansion (p<0.001) and higher incidence of PPC (p=0.05). In addition, it was observed that the malnutrition associated with expiratory muscle weakness causes a higher incidence of PPC (p=0.02). During the respiratory muscle training, it was not observed either increase in the respiratory muscle strength or chest wall expansibility in all training groups (p>0.05) and there was no difference in the incidence of PPC after elective upper abdominal surgery among the groups (p>0.05). Conclusions: Our results show that malnutrition is associated with expiratory muscle weakness and decreased chest wall expansion and these deficits increase postoperative pulmonary complications in individuals undergoing to upper abdominal surgeries. The impairment on malnourished subjects respiratory function causes increase in the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications after elective upper abdominal surgery. However, we did not observe changes in the incidence of complications after respiratory muscle training. It is possible that this fact is related with the sample size and we suggest future studies to confirm these results

Introdução: Os pacientes oncológicos, frequentemente, apresentam complicações graves após cirurgia abdominal. No entanto, existem poucos dados sobre fatores preditores de morbimortalidade neste grupo. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar fatores preditores de complicações graves e óbitos após cirurgia abdominal em pacientes oncológicos. Métodos: Após aprovação pela comissão de ética institucional, 308 pacientes com câncer submetidos a cirurgias abdominais foram avaliados durante 30 dias de pós-operatório quanto à mortalidade ou a complicações infecciosas, cardiovasculares, respiratórias, neurológicas, renais e cirúrgicas. Também foram avaliados o tempo de internação hospitalar e em unidade de terapia intensiva. Foi realizada análise univariada e multivariada com bootstrap para identificação dos fatores independentes preditores de risco. Resultados: De 308 pacientes operados, 106 pacientes (34,4%) desenvolveram complicações graves durante o período de acompanhamento, sendo que 7 (2,27%) evoluíram para óbito. Em um modelo de regressão logística, os fatores idade (odds ratio [OR] 1.03 IC 95% 1.01-1.06], p = 0.012), estado físico da Sociedade Americana de Anestesiologistas >= 3 (OR 2.61 [IC 95% 1.33-5.17], p = 0.003), hemoglobina pré-operatória inferior a 12 g/dL (OR 2.13 [IC 95% 1.21-4.07], p = 0.014), uso de coloides intra-operatórios (OR 1.89, [IC 95% 1.03-4.07], p = 0.047), volume total de fluidos intra-operatórios (OR 1.22 [IC 95% 0.98-1.59], p = 0.106 por litro), sangramento cirúrgico superior a 500 mL (2.07 [IC 95% 1.00-4.31], p = 0.043) e o uso de vasopressores contínuos no intra-operatório (OR 4.68 [IC 95% 1.55-27.72], p = 0.004) foram identificados como fatores de risco independentes. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que estratégia perioperatória baseada no tratamento da anemia pré-operatória, técnica cirúrgica hemostática, uso conservador de hemoderivados, reposição cautelosa de fluidos e prevenção do uso de coloides podem reduzir as complicações pós-operatórias em pacientes com câncer submetidos a cirurgia abdominal. Estes fatores de risco apontados podem ser úteis para futuros estudos com a aplicação de estratégias préoperatórias para otimização dos desfechos / Background: Patients undergoing abdominal surgery for solid tumours frequently develop severe postoperative complications, with impact on quality of life, costs and survival. There are only few studies describing predictive factors for complications in this group. The aim of this study was to identify factors predictive of severe complications, including mortality, in cancer patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Methods: After Institutional Review Board approval, we prospectively evaluated 308 cancer patients following abdominal surgery for 30 days in regard to major complications, including all-cause mortality and infectious, cardiovascular, respiratory, neurologic, renal and surgical complications. The need for treatment in the intensive care unit (ICU), length of the hospital and ICU stay were also evaluated. Univariate and multivariate analyses with bootstrap were performed to determine risk factors for major complications including 30-day mortality. Results: One hundred and six patients (34.4%) developed a severe complication and 7 (2,27%) died during the 30-day follow-up period. Logistic regression identified age (odds ratio [OR] 1.03 [95% CI 1.01-1.06], p=0.012), ASA physical status greater than or equal to 3 (OR 2.61 [95% CI 1.33-5.17], p=0.003), a preoperative hemoglobin level lower than 12 g/dL (OR 2.13 [95% CI 1.21-4.07], p=0.014), intraoperative use of colloids (OR 1.89, [95% CI 1.03-4.07], p=0.047), increased amounts of intravenous fluids (OR 1.22 [95% CI 0.98-1.59], p=0.106 per litre), intraoperative blood losses greater than 500 mL (2.07 [95% CI 1.00-4.31], p=0.043), and the use of continuous vasopressors (OR 4.68 [95% CI 1.55-27.72], p=0.004) as independent risk predictors. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that a perioperative strategy based on the treatment of preoperative anemia, implementation of haemostatic surgical techniques, conservative blood management, inflammation control and the avoidance of colloids may reduce postoperative complications in cancer patients after abdominal surgery. These markers may be useful for further studies to develop perioperative optimization strategies for this population

A avaliação perioperatória é uma etapa importante antes de encaminhar o paciente para a realização de uma operação. Algoritmos e escores podem ajudar durante este processo de estratificação de risco e na tomada de decisões. Entretanto, a maior parte deles foram descritos e desenvolvidos em um contexto diferente que pode não representar a realidade médico atual. O índice tornozelo-braquial (ITB) é capaz de quantificar o risco cardiovascular na população em geral. É um método barato e passível de ser realizado ambulatorialmente e poderia ser útil antes da realização de procedimentos cirúrgicos. O trabalho atual é um estudo observacional e prospectivo que avaliou pacientes de risco cardiovascular perioperatório intermediário a alto antes de serem submetidos a cirurgias não cardíacas. O ITB foi aferido em todos os pacientes. Um valor <=0,9 foi considerado alterado, definindo o grupo portador de doença arterial periférica. Os demais pacientes constituíram o grupo controle. Traçados eletrocardiográficos e dosagem sérica de troponina foram obtidos em todos os pacientes nas primeiras 72 horas após o procedimento. Todos os pacientes foram seguidos por um período de 30 dias, sendo o desfecho primário um combinado de eventos cardiovasculares (mortalidade cardiovascular, síndrome coronariana aguda, elevação isolada de troponina, insuficiência cardíaca descompensada, choque cardiogênico, arritmias instáveis, parada cardíaca não fatal, edema agudo de pulmão, acidente vascular cerebral e doença arterial periférica descompensada). Foram avaliados 132 pacientes (61,3% do sexo masculino; idade média 65,4 anos). Durante o período de acompanhamento especificado 57,9% dos pacientes com ITB <= 0,9 apresentaram o desfecho primário vs 25,7% no grupo controle (p=0,011). Após análise multivariada por regressão logística, o odds ratio (OR) para a ocorrência desta complicação foi de 7,4 (IC 95% 2,2-25,0, p=0,001) e o valor de P para o teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow foi de 0,626. A elevação isolada de troponina foi o principal evento encontrado (78,9%). Análise de desfecho secundário mostrou um OR de 13,4 para a ocorrência de elevação isolada de troponina após regressão logística (IC 95% 3,0-59,9, p=0,001) com o valor de P do teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow de 0,922. Concluímos então que, no período perioperatório, a presença de ITB anormal está associado a pior prognóstico cardiovascular, principalmente devido à elevação isolada de troponina / Perioperative evaluation is an important step before referring a patient to surgery. Scores and algorithms can help during this process. However, most of them were developed in different context that may not represent the actual medical scenario. The ankle-brachial index (ABI) can quantify cardiovascular risk in general population. It is inexpensive and easy to perform in office care and could be useful before surgery. This is a prospective and observational study that evaluated intermediate to high cardiovascular risk patients referred for general surgery. ABI were performed in all patients before surgery. A value <= 0.9 was considered abnormal and defined the peripheral artery disease group, and the remaining patients constituted the control group. Troponin-I and electrocardiogram were provided in the first 72 hours. All patients were followed for 30 days and primary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular events (cardiovascular mortality, acute coronary syndrome, isolated troponin elevation, decompensated heart failure, cardiogenic shock, unstable arrhythmias, non fatal cardiac arrest, pulmonary edema, stroke and peripheral artery disease decompensation). We evaluated 132 patients (61.3% male; mean age 65.4 years). During the specified period 57.9% of patients with ABI <= 0.9 had a cardiovascular event vs 25.7% in the control group (p=0.011). After logistic regression, the odds ratio (OR) was 7.4 (CI 95% 2.2-25.0, p=0.001) and Hosmer-Lemeshow P=0.626. Isolated troponin elevation was the main event (78.9%). Secondary analysis revealed an OR of 13.4 for the occurrence of secondary endpoint after logistic regression (CI 95% 3.0-59.9, p=0.001) and Hosmer-Lemeshow P = 0.922. In conclusion, in the perioperative setting, an abnormal ankle-brachial index is associated with a worse cardiovascular prognosis, especially due to isolated troponin elevation

Qualitative case study research on Physician Assistants / Background: The Ministry of Health and Long Term Care (MOHLTC) introduced Physician Assistants (PAs) into the Ontario health care system in 2006 to help increase patient access to care, decrease wait times, and improve continuity of care. As a new addition to Ontario, little research exists to describe the roles and contributions of PAs. The aim of this dissertation is to explore PA role integration through an in-depth analysis of setting and role descriptions, barriers and facilitators of role integration, and healthcare provider perceptions. Methods: An exploratory, multiple-case study was used to examine PA role integration in four clinical settings: family medicine, emergency medicine, general surgery, and inpatient medicine. Inductive thematic analysis was used within each of the four cases and for the cross-case thematic analysis. Results: Forty-six health care providers and administrators were interviewed across 19 different healthcare sites. Support for PA contributions across various health care settings, the importance of role awareness, supervisory relationship attributes, and role vulnerability (in relation to sustainability and funding) are interconnected and dynamic in general surgery, inpatient medicine, emergency department and family medicine settings. These findings demonstrate how the flexible and adaptable nature of the PA role and the PAs ability to build relationships allows for the establishment of interprofessional, collaborative, and person-centered care. Conclusions: This dissertation provides a rich understanding of the role of PAs in the Ontario healthcare system through an exploration of role definition, impact on patient care, and professional perceptions. The findings from this dissertation are important from a broad systems perspective as the results help fill existing knowledge and practice gaps regarding the role of PAs, and will help inform the design of human health resource research in order to optimize health care system efficiencies. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Physician Assistants (PAs) are a new health care profession in Ontario, and were introduced by the Ministry of Health and Long Term Care (MOHLTC) in 2006 to help increase access to care and decrease wait times for patients. PAs are trained to work with physicians to extend healthcare services. This research study was undertaken to explore how the PA role has been integrated into number of health care settings, including family practices, emergency departments, general surgery and inpatient medicine settings. The research design is a qualitative case study, which allows for an in-depth exploration of the PA role. Findings revealed that PAs are flexible, collaborative, and adaptable members of healthcare teams in Ontario, who have an interest in enhancing patient care. Despite these benefits, role optimization is often limited by factors such as lack of funding and resistance from other healthcare providers. The findings from this study help fill research gaps around the PA profession in Ontario, and will help inform stakeholders interested in optimizing the impact of PAs in the Ontario healthcare system.

Background: In addition to patient-related systemic factors directing the immune response, the pathomechanisms of appendicitis (AP) might also include insufficient drainage leading to inflammation caused by decreased peristalsis. Genetic predisposition accounts for 30%–50% of AP. M. Hirschsprung (HSCR), also characterized by disturbed peristalsis, is associated with variants in the RET proto-oncogene. We thus hypothesized that RET variants contribute to the etiology of AP. Methods: DNA from paraffin-embedded appendices and clinical data of 264 children were analyzed for the RET c.135A>G variant (rs1800858, NC_000010.11:g.43100520A>G). In 46 patients with gangrenous or perforated AP (GAP), peripheral blood DNA was used for RET sequencing. Results: Germline mutations were found in 13% of GAP, whereas no RET mutations were found in controls besides the benign variant p.Tyr791Phe (NC_000010.11:g.43118460A>T). In GAP, the polymorphic G-allele in rs2435352 (NC_000010.11:g.43105241A>G) in intron 4 was underrepresented (p = 0.0317). Conclusion: Our results suggest an impact of the RET proto-oncogene in the etiology of AP. Mutations were similar to patients with HSCR but no clinical features of HSCR were observed. The pathological phenotypes in both populations might thus represent a multigenic etiology including RET germline mutations with phenotypic heterogeneity and incomplete penetrance.

Introduction : The acute care surgery (ACS) units are dedicated to the prompt management of surgical emergencies. It is a systemic way of organizing on-call services to diminish conflict between urgent care and elective obligations. The aim of this study was to define the characteristics of an ACS unit and to find common criteria in units with reported good functioning. Methods : As of July 1st 2014, 22 Canadian hospitals reported having an ACS unit. A survey with questions about the organization of the ACS units, the population it serves, the number of emergencies and trauma cases treated per year, and the satisfaction about the implementation of this ACS unit was sent to those hospitals. Results : The survey’s response rate was 73%. The majority of hospitals were tertiary or quaternary centers, served a population of more than 200 000 and had their ACS unit for more than three years. The median number of surgeons participating in an ACS unit was 8.5 and the majority were doing seven day rotations. The median number of operating room days was 2.5 per week. Most ACS units (85%) had an estimated annual volume of more than 2500 emergency consultations (including both trauma and non-trauma) and 80% operated over 1000 cases per year. Nearly all the respondents (94%) were satisfied with the implementation of the ACS unit in their hospital. Conclusion : Most surgeons felt that the implementation of an ACS unit resulted in positive outcomes. However, there should be a sizeable catchment population and number of surgical emergencies to justify the resulting financial and human resources. / Introduction : Les unités de soins aigus chirurgicaux (USAC) sont des unités dédiées à la prise en charge rapide des patients se présentant avec des urgences chirurgicales. Elles ont pour rôle de diviser le service de chirurgie générale afin d’organiser le système de garde en diminuant le conflit entre la prise en charge des urgences chirurgicales et les obligations électives. Nous avions pour objectif de définir les caractéristiques des USAC et de trouver des critères communs aux unités ayant rapporté un fonctionnement efficace et une bonne organisation. Méthodes : En date du 1er juillet 2014, vingt-deux hôpitaux canadiens rapportaient posséder une USAC. Un questionnaire comportant des questions sur l’organisation de leur USAC, la population desservie, le nombre d’urgences chirurgicales annuelles et la satisfaction en lien avec l’implantation de leur USAC leur a été envoyé. Résultats : Nous avons obtenu un taux de réponse de 73%. La majorité des hôpitaux étaient des centres tertiaires ou quaternaires, servaient une population de plus de 200 000 personnes et possédaient une USAC depuis plus de trois ans. Un nombre médian de 8,5 chirurgiens participaient à l’USAC et travaillaient en alternance sur une période de 7 jours. Le nombre médian de priorités opératoires était de 2,5 jours par semaine. La plupart des unités (85%) avait un nombre annuel estimé de plus de 2 500 consultations urgentes et 80% des unités opéraient plus de 1 000 cas par année. La grande majorité des répondants (94%) se disait satisfaite de la création d’une USAC dans leur hôpital. Conclusion : La majorité des chirurgiens affirme avoir vu un impact positif depuis la mise en place de l’USAC. Par contre, pour justifier la création d’une USAC, il semble nécessaire que soient présents un certain bassin de population, un nombre minimal annuel d’urgences chirurgicales ainsi qu’un certain nombre de chirurgiens y participant.

INTRODUÇÃO: Emulsão lipídica parenteral composta por óleo de peixe, rica em ácidos graxos ômega-3, é infundida associada a emulsões lipídicas convencionais, como parte da terapia nutricional parenteral. Em pacientes cirúrgicos, a infusão perioperatória de emulsão lipídica de óleo de peixe se associa à preservação de funções imunológicas e modulação favorável de mediadores inflamatórios pós-operatórios, com redução na frequência de complicações infecciosas e no tempo de internação em unidade de terapia intensiva e hospitalar. Os benefícios descritos encorajam a infusão parenteral isolada de emulsão lipídica de óleo de peixe, como fármaconutriente adjuvante no tratamento de pacientes cirúrgicos, independente da indicação de terapia nutricional parenteral. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo avaliou o efeito da infusão parenteral pré-operatória, por curto prazo, de emulsão lipídica de óleo de peixe isolada sobre a resposta imunológica pósoperatória e a evolução clínica imediata de pacientes com câncer gastrintestinal. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, aleatório, duplo-cego e controlado em 63 pacientes cirúrgicos eletivos com câncer gastrintestinal. Os doentes receberam infusão por veia periférica (0,2g gordura/kg de peso corpóreo/dia) de emulsão lipídica parenteral de óleo de peixe (Omegaven® 10% - Fresenius-Kabi) ou emulsão lipídica parenteral controle (Lipovenos MCT® 10% - Fresenius-Kabi) durante os 3 últimos dias pré-operatórios. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes e após a infusão parenteral das emulsões lipídicas e nos 3º e 6º (apenas para citocinas) dias pósoperatórios. Analisou-se a concentração plasmática de IL-6 e IL-10 e a migração, fagocitose, explosão oxidativa e expressão de moléculas HLA-DR e CD32 leucocitárias. A frequência de complicações infecciosas e tempo de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva e hospitalar também foram avaliados no período pós-operatório imediato. RESULTADOS: No período pós-operatório, pacientes tratados com emulsão de óleo de peixe tiveram aumento de IL-10 (dia 3, p < 0,0001), diminuição de IL-6 (dia 3, p = 0,029) e IL-10 (dia 6 p < 0,0001), menor diminuição da explosão oxidativa leucocitária (p = 0,028), manutenção da porcentagem de monócitos exprimindo HLA-DR (p = 0,046) e CD32 (p = 0,025) e aumento da intensidade da expressão de CD32 por neutrófilos (p=0,010), em comparação a pacientes tratados com emulsão lipídica controle. A migração leucocitária não foi influenciada. Não foram encontradas diferenças na frequência de infecções e no tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva e hospitalar. CONCLUSÕES: A infusão pré-operatória, por curto prazo, de emulsão lipídica parenteral de óleo de peixe isolada, como fármaco-nutriente, melhora a resposta imunológica pós-operatória de pacientes com câncer gastrintestinal sem estar associada à melhora significativa na frequência de infecções e tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva e hospitalar. / BACKGROUND: Parenteral lipid emulsion composed by fish oil, rich in omega-3 fatty acids, is infused in addition to other standard lipid emulsions, as part of parenteral nutrition therapy. In surgical patients, the perioperative infusion of fish oil lipid emulsion is associated with immune functions preservation and favorably modulation of postoperative inflammatory mediators, with decreased infectious complications and length of intensive care unit and hospital stay. These reported benefits encourage the use of fish oil lipid emulsion alone, as a pharmacological adjuvant agent for the treatment of surgical patients, independent of parenteral nutritional therapy indication. AIM: This clinical trial assessed the effect of short-term preoperative infusion of fish oil lipid emulsion alone on postoperative immune response and immediate clinical outcomes of patients with gastroenterological cancer. METHOD: In a prospective, randomized, controlled and double-blind design, elective surgical patients with gastrointestinal cancer (n= 63) received, for the last 3 pre-operative days, peripheral infusion (0.2g fat/kg of body weight./d) of fish oil lipid emulsion (Omegaven® 10% - Fresenius-Kabi) or control lipid emulsion (Lipovenos MCT® 10% - Fresenius-Kabi). Peripheral blood samples were collected before and after lipid emulsion infusion at the 3rd and 6th (only for cytokines) postoperative days to analyze plasma concentration of IL-6 and IL-10, as well as leukocyte migration, phagocytosis, oxidative burst and expression of HLADR and CD32 molecules. Postoperative infections, length of intensive care unit and hospital stay were also measured. RESULTS: At postoperative period, patients treated with fish oil lipid emulsion had increase of IL-10 (day 3, p < 0.0001), decrease of IL-6 (day 3, p = 0.029) and IL-10 (day 6, p<0.0001), lower decrease of leukocyte oxidative burst (p=0.023), maintenance of the percentage of monocytes expressing HLA-DR (p=0.046) and CD32 (p=0,025) and increase of the intensity of CD32 expression on neutrophil surface (p=0,010), when compared to patients treated to control lipid emulsion. The leukocyte chemotaxis was not affected. No changes were observed on postoperative infections and length of intensive care unit and hospital stay. CONCLUSION: Short-term preoperative infusion of fish oil lipid parenteral emulsion alone improves postoperative immune response of patients with gastrointestinal cancer without benefit on infections frequency and length of intensive care unit and hospital stays.

Estudo retrospectivo, descritivo e longitudinal realizado na Seção de Implante Coclear, Centro de Pesquisas Audiológicas do Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais da Universidade de São Paulo (IC-CPA/HRAC/USP). O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o desempenho da percepção auditiva da fala de indivíduos submetidos à cirurgia de reimplante coclear. No total de 1.323 indivíduos submetidos à cirurgia de implante coclear no período de 1990 a janeiro de 2016, consta o registro de 84 indivíduos submetidos à cirurgia de reimplante coclear, correspondendo a 6,3% do total. Deste total de 84, 68 indivíduos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão/exclusão da pesquisa e foram avaliados utilizando-se testes de percepção auditiva da fala, em três momentos: antes da segunda intervenção cirúrgica, após o reimplante e última avaliação de acompanhamento. As variáveis estudadas foram: a) motivo do reimplante coclear; b) etiologia da perda auditiva; c) idade na primeira cirurgia; d) tempo de uso do implante coclear antes do reimplante; e) tempo de recuperação do escore anterior à intervenção; f) tempo de uso atual; g) escore nos procedimentos de avaliação da percepção auditiva da fala, pré e pós-reimplante coclear. Na análise dos dados foi possível observar que a causa mais comum do reimplante foi a falha do dispositivo interno, seguido de razões médicas. Na avaliação auditiva da fala, um total de 61 (89,7%) recuperaram o desempenho observado antes do reimplante coclear e sete (10,3%), não alcançaram o mesmo desempenho. Constatou-se que as variáveis idade do primeiro Implante e tempo de uso do primeiro Implante Coclear, assim como tempo de reimplante, influenciaram nos resultados encontrados. A cirurgia de reimplante coclear é um procedimento viável, contudo a família e o paciente devem ser orientados quanto aos possíveis comprometimentos na percepção auditiva da fala / A retrospective, descriptive and longitudinal study performed in the Cochlear Implant Section, Audiological Research Center of the Hospital of Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies of the University of São Paulo (IC-CPA / HRAC / USP). This study aimed at characterizing the auditory speech perception of individuals undergoing cochlear reimplantation surgery. Out of 1,323 individuals undergoing cochlear implant surgery from 1990 to January 2016, 84 (6.3%) subjects underwent cochlear reimplantation surgery. From this total of 84, 68 individuals met the inclusion / exclusion criteria of the study and were evaluated using auditory speech perception tests in three moments: before the second surgical intervention, after reimplantation and the last follow-up evaluation. The variables studied were: a) reason for cochlear reimplantation; b) etiology of hearing loss; c) age at first surgery; d) time cochlear implant use before reimplantation; e) recovery time from the previous intervention score; f) time of current use; g) score in the procedures of assessment of auditory speech perception before and after cochlear reimplantation. The data analysis showed that the most common cause of reimplantation was the failure of the internal device, followed by medical reasons. In the auditory speech evaluation, a total of 61 (89.7%) recovered performance before cochlear reimplantation, and seven (10.3%), did not reach the same performance. It was verified that the variables age at the first Implant and time using the first Cochlear Implant, as well as time of reimplantation, influenced the results. Cochlear replantation surgery is a viable procedure, however, the family and the patient should be advised on the possible compromising risks to the auditory speech perception

近年来，血管类疾病已经成为人类健康的第一杀手。每年有成百上千万人死于血管疾病。血管介入术是一种非常有前景的血管类疾病的治疗手段。血管介入术是一种微创手术，它已经被广泛的用于治疗中风，血管狭窄，血管瘤等疾病。相对于传统的开放式手术，它具有风险低，恢复快，住院时间短等优点。该疗法通常在透视影像的引导下由导管和导线在血管内协同完成手术过程。因为介入术的复杂性和特殊性，作为介入手术医生的必要技能，掌握手术中手眼协同，各种手术器具的使用和复杂细致的手术流程无疑是一个巨大的挑战。因此，迫切地需要一种高效、安全的训练系统。相对于传统的训练方法，基于虚拟现实技术的训练系统是一种非常好的训练手段。 / 为了建立一套高仿真的介入手术训练模拟器，首先，我们要为病人的血管网重建三维模型。我们提出了一种自动的提取中心线的方法，用来从分割好的CTA/MRA体数据中获取病人血管网的中心线。基于改进的平行传递算法，沿着这些中心线，生成了一系列连续的标架。根据这些标架，我们构造了血管的横截面，并在此基础上生成了光滑连续的三维血管模型。 / 其次，作为血管介入术中最基础和最重要的手术器械，我们为导管和导线建立了物理模型。我们提出了一种基于最小势能原理的可变形的模型用于模拟导管和导线对于受力的反应。我们还提出了一个快速并且稳定的多网格算法来保证模拟的真实性和严格的实时交互要求。另外，我们做了几组实验。通过这些实验，验证了多网格算法在稳定性、实时性、模拟的真实性等方面满足了我们对于训练用模拟系统的要求。 / 再次，为了模拟血管栓塞术的手术过程，我们提出了一种模拟线圈填充血管瘤的过程的新方法。通过加总线圈弯曲变形的弹性势能、血管瘤变形的弹性势能以及外力做的功，我们建立了在血管栓塞术的环境下的总势能模型。为了求解这个模型，我们提出了一个基于有限元方法的求解器。从而模拟了线圈在介入医生的操作下慢慢的进入血管瘤，并缠绕起来的过程。 / 另外，我们提出了一个分层圆柱网格模型（LCGM）用于模拟在血管网中血流的运动。这一模型在几何上和拓扑结构上都非常适合我们的应用。我们将血液在血管中的流动近似为一维的层流，并用一组线性等式描述了血管网中流速与血压的关系。通过求解这一线性系统，得到了在分层圆柱网格模型下血流的速度场。依据这个血流的速度场，我们采用平流-扩散模型来模拟造影剂在血管中的传播的过程。 / Vascular diseases have been becoming the number one cause of death worldwide in recent years. Millions of people were killed by vascular diseases each year. An increasingly promising therapy for treating vascular diseases is Vascular Interventional Radiology (VIR). VIR is a minimally invasive surgery (MIS) procedure, which has been widely used to cure stroke, angiostenosis, aneurysm and etc. A low risk, an accelerated recovery and a shorter stay in hospital are important advantages over the traditional vascular surgery. This therapy is performed by a guidewire-catheter combination inside the blood vessels under the guidance of the fluoroscopic imaging. Because of the complexity and particularity of these procedures, it is a great challenge to master hand-eye coordination, instrument manipulation and procedure protocols for each radiologist mandatory. An efficient and safe training system is needed urgently. In contrast to these traditional training methods, virtual reality (VR) based simulation systems is a pretty good surrogate. / In order to build a high fidelity interventional simulator for physician training, firstly, we reconstructed the three dimensional (3D) model for the vascular network of the patients. An method of automatic skeleton extraction was proposed to acquire the centerline of the vascular network from the segmented volume data from CTA/MRA. A series of continuing frames were generated along with the centerline based on improved parallel transporting method. According to these frames we built the crossections of the vessels and further the 3D vascular model with the smooth meshes. / Secondly, as the most basic and important instruments in the VIR procedure, the catheter and guidewire were modeled and simulated physically. We developed a deformable model to simulate complicated behaviors of guidewires and catheters based on the principle of minimum total potential energy. A fast and stable multigrid solver was proposed to ensure both realistic simulation and real time interaction. A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate our multigrid solver in terms of stability, time performance, the capability of simulating catheter behaviors and the realism of catheter deformation. / Thirdly, to simulate the procedure of embolization, we proposed a novel method to simulate the motion of coil and their interactions with the aneurysm. We formulated the total potential energy in the embolization circumstance by summing up the elastic energy deriving from the bending of coils, the potential energy due to the deformation of the aneurysm and the work by the external forces. A novel FEM-based approach was proposed to simulate the deformation of coils. And the motion of coils and their responses to every input from the interventional radiologist can be calculated globally. / Fourthly, we proposed our Layered Cylindrical Gird Model (LCGM) for simulating blood flow in vascular network, which is pretty suitable for sampling the vascular network geometrically and topologically. The blood flow in vessels was regarded as 1D laminar flow and formulated into a set of linear equations based on the Poiseuille law to describe the relationship between the speed of flow and the pressure. Solving those equations, we got the velocity fields in the blood flow. In terms of the velocity fields, an advection-diffusion model was adopted to simulate the propagation of contrast agent with the blood flow. / Finally, all above techniques and procedures were implemented and integrated into a simulation system for training the medical students to acquire the endovascular skill, and an empirical study was also designed based on a typical selective catheteriza- tion procedure to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed system. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 最后，我们将所有以上提到的技术和方法集成到模拟系统中用于训练医学院的学生，并使他们获得血管介入术的技能。并且，我们基于一个典型的导管插入术过程，使用经验分析的方法对模拟系统的可用性和效率进行了评估。 / Li, Shun. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-116). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in also Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.vi / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Vascular Modeling --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction and Related Work --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2 --- Vascular Skeleton Graph Construction --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Chamfer distance transform and Dijkstra's shortest-path algorithm --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- End vertices retrieval --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- The algorithm of vascular skeleton extraction --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3 --- Vascular Modeling --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Tubular Model --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Bifurcation Model --- p.23 / Chapter 3 --- Catheter Simulation --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction and Related Works --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2 --- Catheter Simulation --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Kirchhoff Theory of Elastic Rod --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Problem Formulation --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- The Multigrid Iterative Solver --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3 --- Collision detection --- p.45 / Chapter 3.4 --- Validation of the Catheter Simulation Method --- p.47 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Stability --- p.49 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Time Performance --- p.50 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Preservation of Curved Tip --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- The realism of catheter deformation --- p.53 / Chapter 4 --- Coil Embolization Simulation --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction and Related Work --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2 --- Methodology --- p.61 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Total potential energy of a coil --- p.61 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- The FEM-based numeric solver for interactive coil simulation --- p.61 / Chapter 5 --- Angiography Simulation --- p.70 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction and related works --- p.70 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Equations of Fluid --- p.72 / Chapter 5.3 --- Layered Cylindrical Gird Model --- p.73 / Chapter 5.4 --- Numerical Method --- p.76 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Evaluation of the velocity field of blood flow --- p.76 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Evaluation of the density field --- p.78 / Chapter 5.5 --- Results --- p.81 / Chapter 6 --- System Implementation and Evaluation --- p.84 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction and Related Work --- p.84 / Chapter 6.2 --- System Construction --- p.85 / Chapter 6.3 --- Empirical Study of the Training System --- p.89 / Chapter 7 --- Conclusion and Discussion --- p.98 / Chapter 7.1 --- Geometric Modeling of Vasculature --- p.99 / Chapter 7.2 --- Catheterization Simulation --- p.99 / Chapter 7.3 --- Embolization Simulation --- p.100 / Chapter 7.4 --- Angiography Simulation --- p.101 / Chapter 7.5 --- System and Evaluation --- p.102 / Publication List --- p.103 / Bibliography --- p.105

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mariangelatorreglosaruiz_tese.pdf: 5118416 bytes, checksum: 568e4181937cd4c3e46fab3bfad62076 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-08 / Head and neck cancer is responsible for a high death rate. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common variation of human genome and can be associated to the molecular basis of cancer. Objectives: To establish the incidence of this disease in the Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Service of Hospital de Base in São José do Rio Preto; to investigate the frequency of SNPs in the MTR, VEGF, KiSS-1, NINJ1, TAX1BP1 and LAD1 genes in head and neck cancer patients and a control population; to evaluate the association of these polymorphisms with smoking, alcoholism, gender and age and to verify the association between polymorphisms and clinicopathological features of the disease. Subjects and Methods: The epidemiological data of head and neck cancer patients consulted in the Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Service in the period from 2000 to 2005 were analyzed. Eight hundred and five individuals (254 head and neck cancer patients and 551 controls) were included in the study for molecular investigation. The molecular analyses were performed with genomic DNA utilizing Real Time PCR (VEGF gene), PCR-SSCP (KiSS-1 gene), PCR RFLP (MTR, NINJ1 and TAX1BP1 genes) and automatic sequencing (LAD 1 gene) techniques. Results: An analysis of epidemiological data shows a prevalence of men (86%), smokers (83%) and alcoholics (77.95%). The most common primary tumor site was the oral cavity (35.37%). Statistical differences were found in the MTR A2756G polymorphism distribution (OR = 1.69; CI 95% 1.09-2.62; p = 0.019) by molecular analysis between patients and controls. On analyzing the primary tumor site, an increased frequency of KISS-1 polymorphic alleles was identified in laryngeal cancer (OR = 2.32; 95% CI 1.12 4.82; p = 0.02); an increased frequency of the NINJ1 polymorphism was found in oral cavity cancer (OR = 1.86; 95% CI 1.05-3.30; p = 0.03) and a decreased frequency in laryngeal cancer (OR = 0.40; 95% CI 0.22-0.74; p = 0.003); and an increase of the TAX1BP1 gene polymorphism was seen in oral cavity cancer (OR = 2.25; 95% CI 1.20-4.21; p = 0.01). A decreased frequency of the VEGF gene polymorphism was observed in advanced (T3 and T4) tumors (OR = 0.36; CI 95% 0.14-0.93; p = 0.0345) and a lower frequency of the LAD1 polymorphism in stage III and IV tumors (OR = 0.39 95% CI 0.18-0.83; p = 0.01). Conclusions: Head and neck cancer is more frequent in men, smokers and alcoholics with the most common primary tumor site being the oral cavity. MTR A2756G is associated with head and neck cancer. There is evidence of an association between this polymorphism and smoking, alcoholism, gender and age. There is also evidence of an association between the KiSS-1 gene polymorphism and laryngeal cancer, of NINJ1 and TAX1BP1 polymorphisms in oral cavity tumors, lower frequencies of the VEGF polymorphism in T3 and T4 tumors and the LAD1 polymorphism in stage III and IV tumors. / O câncer de cabeça e pescoço é responsável por uma alta incidência de óbitos. Os polimorfismos de nucleotídeos únicos (SNPs) constituem a variação mais comum do genoma humano e podem estar associados à base molecular do câncer. Objetivo: Estabelecer a incidência da doença no Serviço Ambulatorial de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço do Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto; investigar a freqüência de SNPs nos genes MTR, VEGF, KiSS-1, NINJ1, TAX1BP1 e LAD1 em pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço e em uma população controle; avaliar a associação dos polimorfismos com os hábitos tabagista e etilista, gênero e idade e verificar a associação entre os polimorfismos e os parâmetros clínicos da doença. Casuística e Método: Foram analisados os dados epidemiológicos de pacientes atendidos no Serviço Ambulatorial de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço do Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto, no período de 2000 a 2005. Para a investigação molecular foram incluídos no estudo 805 indivíduos (254 pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço e 551 controles). A análise molecular foi realizada com DNA genômico, e foram utilizadas as técnicas de PCR em Tempo Real (gene VEGF), PCR-SSCP (gene KiSS-1), PCR-RFLP (genes MTR, NINJ1 e TAX1BP1) e seqüenciamento automático (gene LAD1). Resultados: A análise dos dados epidemiológicos mostrou predominância de pacientes do sexo masculino (86%), hábitos tabagista (83%) e etilista (77,95%). O sítio anatômico primário mais freqüente foi a cavidade oral (35,37 %). Na análise molecular, foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas na distribuição do polimorfismo MTR A2756G (OR = 1,69; IC 95% 1,09-2,62; p = 0,019) entre pacientes e controles. Para o sítio anatômico primário do tumor, foi encontrada uma freqüência aumentada do alelo polimórfico na laringe (OR = 2,32; IC 95% 1,12 4,82; p = 0,02) para o gene KiSS-1; uma freqüência aumentada do polimorfismo para NINJ1 em cavidade oral (OR = 1,86; IC 95% 1,05 -3,30; p = 0,03) e reduzida na laringe (OR = 0,40 IC 95% 0,22-0,74; p =0,003) e um aumento da freqüência do polimorfismo para o gene TAX1BP1 na cavidade oral (OR =2,25; IC 95% 1,20-4,21; p =0,01). Foi observada uma menor freqüência do polimorfismo do gene VEGF em tumores com extensão T3 e T4 (OR = 0,36; IC 95% 0,14 0,93; p = 0,0345) e uma freqüência menor do polimorfismo do gene LAD1 em tumores com estádios III e IV (OR = 0,39 IC 95% 0,18-0,83; p = 0,01). Conclusões: O câncer de cabeça e pescoço é mais freqüente em homens, em indivíduos com hábitos tabagista e etilista e o sítio anatômico primário mais representativo é a cavidade oral. O genótipo MTR A2756G está associado ao câncer de cabeça e pescoço. Não há evidência de associação entre os polimorfismos e os hábitos tabagista, etilista, gênero e idade. Há evidências de associação entre o polimorfismo do gene KiSS-1 e laringe, entre os polimorfismos dos genes NINJ1 e TAX1BP1 e cavidade oral, e uma menor freqüência dos polimorfismos do genes VEGF em tumores com extensão T3 e T4 e LAD1 em tumores com estádios III e IV.