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The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers
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Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
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Showing 611 to 620 of 621 (0.055 seconds)| 611 |
Quantification of the Effect of Bridge Pier Encasement on Headwater Elevation Using HEC-RASSharma Subedi, Abhijit 21 August 2017 (has links)
No description available.
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論製藥產業之實驗實施免責 / The Experimental Use Exemption of Pharmaceutical Industry張睿麟, Chang, Jui Lin Unknown Date (has links)
隨著醫療科技的進展，人類對於疾病的成因、機轉、病程、及治療，在不斷地研究突破下，有著持續的進步而對人類的健康有著不可或缺的貢獻。其中藥品，正是人類對抗疾病最關鍵、也最普遍的方式之一，對公共衛生的重要性自不待言。
其中，由於生命科學的本質使然，開發新的藥品對於研究發展的倚賴，遠勝於其他產業，因此，創新研發藥廠對於開發一項新藥的平均投資，已達十三億美元之譜；此外，由於藥物對人體的生理功能、體內恆定能造成極大的影響，因此世界各國的醫藥衛生主管機關無不對於藥品的上市加以嚴格的管制，使得現今開發一項藥品平均約耗時十至十五年。藥品開發的巨大投入與耗時極長的開發期間，使得製藥產業亟需經由智慧財產權的制度來提供其投入研發創新之誘因。然而，因為智慧財產之保護，也使得新藥往往售價高昂而造成公眾近用之阻礙。而學名藥正是解決這樣的問題的關鍵之一，亦為世界各國所大力推動。在推動學名藥產業上，實驗實施免責為制度上極為重要的考量之一。本文及希望藉由對製藥產業特質之探究，美國普通法上以及成文法上實驗實施免責的探討，我國實驗實施免責之規定與判決之研究，來找出我國當下實驗實施免責的規定於製藥產業中適用時所可能發生的問題，以及相對應的可能改進方案。
本文第二章本章先行探討製藥產業之特質；第三章討論美國普通法上實驗實施免責之概念，並歸結出美國普通法上實驗實施免責的三項適用要件；第四章探討美國成文法上實驗實施免責之立法背景、相關判決以及對生物科技領域各層面的影響；第五章則先行探討世界貿易組織於「與貿易相關智慧財產權協定」中對於專利權之限制基礎。其後探討我國專利法中之一般實驗實施免責以及藥事法中針對製藥產業之實驗實施免責之相關規定，並由學者論述以及相關判決中，探討我國實驗實施免責之相關規定於製藥產業實務上所可能面臨之問題，並提出可能之解決方案。 / With the progress of medical technology, humans have been furthering the understanding of the etiologies, mechanisms, courses, and treatments of diseases. Such continued progresses have contributed significantly to improving human health. Among all the treatments, the pharmaceutical is one of the key and common ways with which humanity fight diseases. Its importance to public health is beyond doubt.
Due to the nature of the life sciences, the pharmaceutical industry depends more on research and development than other industries do. Therefore, on average, it costs innovative pharmaceutical companies 1.3 billion U.S. dollars to develop a new drug. Furthermore, countries around the world pose strict regulations on new drugs’ entering the market since drugs cause huge impacts on the physiological functions and internal balances of the human body. Hence, it generally takes ten to fifteen years for a new drug to be fully developed. The enormous investment and lengthy developing period makes the pharmaceutical companies extremely dependant on the intellectual property system to provide them with the incentive for research and development. However, it is also because of the intellectual property protection that makes new drugs expensive and difficult for the public to access. The Generic drug, however, is one of the key solutions to solve this problem and is intensively promoted by countries all over the world. Regarding the promotion of the generic drug industry, the experimental use exemption is one of the vital systemic considerations. There are discussions on the characters of the pharmaceutical industry, on the common law and statutory experimental use exemptions of the United States, and on the related regulations and precedents of the experimental use exemption in Taiwan. Through the above discussions, the thesis is aimed at identifying the possible problems the regulations on experimental use exemption might cause when applied to the practice of the pharmaceutical industry and at proposing possible solutions to such problems.
The characters of the pharmaceutical industry are discussed in Chapter two. The concepts and the criteria of the common law experimental use exemptions are discussed in Chapter three. The legislation background, related precedents, and impacts on the field of biotechnology of the statutory experimental use exemptions in the United States are illustrated in Chapter four. Lastly, in chapter five, the restrictions on patent right in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights of the World Trade Organization is first discussed. The related regulations on experimental use exemptions in Taiwan are later discussed. Lastly, through the scholars’ opinions and related precedents, the possible problems of application of the experimental use exemption in Taiwan are illustrated and the probable solutions are proposed.
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Les pays en développement et la brevetabilité des médicaments en matière de lutte contre le VIH/SIDA : étude de droit comparé sur les controverses actuelles concernant le rôle des brevets pharmaceutiques dans l'accès aux médicaments de traitement du VIH/SIDA des pays en voie de développement / Developing countries and patentability of drugs in the fight against HIV/AIDS : comparative law study on the current controversy about the role of pharmaceutical patents in the access to drugs for HIV/AIDS in developing countriesLoum-Neeser, N'deye fatou 25 September 2012 (has links)
Dans les pays en développement (PED), les problèmes engendrés par le VIH/SIDA et l’inaccessibilité des antirétroviraux (ARV) s’avèrent être la cause de ravages extrêmement préoccupants à tous les niveaux (démographique, politique, social et économique). Dans le cadre de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC), et notamment de l’Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce (« Accord sur les ADPIC »), un nombre croissant de PED ont ou sont en train d’intégrer un standard international de protection des brevets de produits et de procédés pharmaceutiques à leur législation nationale. Cette intégration a eu et continue de jouer un rôle majeur dans la problématique de l’accès aux médicaments dans les PED. Les conditions et les effets du régime de protection des innovations suscitent de vifs débats entre les partisans d’une protection accrue des brevets et les défenseurs de l’accès aux médicaments essentiels. Une des principales motivations de notre travail de recherche est de fournir une étude permettant de trouver des solutions à la fois favorables à l’amélioration de l’accès aux médicaments et à la préservation de l’innovation. Le problème complexe de l’accès aux médicaments ARV dans les PED est influencé par la pluridisciplinarité et l’interdépendance de nombreux facteurs. Le système des brevets ne constitue pas « l’unique » solution au problème. Toutefois, il doit être plus sérieusement considéré dans sa fonction d’équilibrage entre l’intérêt privé et l’intérêt collectif. C’est un outil juridique précieux pour le développement économique et technologique des PED et la réalisation de l’intérêt commun contre la pandémie. / In developing countries, problems brought about by HIV/AIDS and inaccessibility of antiretrovirals (ARVs) are proving to be the cause of serious damages at all levels (demographic, political, social and economic). Within the context of the World Trade Organization, and in particular the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (“TRIPS Agreement”), a growing number of developing countries have integrated or are in the process of integrating into their national law an international standard of patent protection for pharmaceutical products and processes. Such integration continues to play a major role in the issue of access to medicines in developing countries. The conditions and effects of the protection regime respecting innovations give rise to heated debates between supporters of an increased patent protection and defenders of the access to essential medicines. One of the main motivations for our research is to provide a study that helps to find solutions that are both in favour of improving access to medicines and protecting innovation. The complex problem of access to ARV drugs in developing countries is influenced by the multidisciplinarity and interdependence of many factors. The patent system does not solve the problem on its own. However, it should be seriously considered in its function of balancing the private and collective interests. It is a valuable legal tool for the economic and technological development of the developing countries and to achieve the common interest against the pandemic.
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Naturligt farligt : Hur visualiseringar av klimatförändringar är laddade med tecken och känslorJägerskog, Mattias January 2010 (has links)
<p>The purpose of this thesis was to examine the relationship between feelings and visualizations of climate change. A case study was done on visualizations of climate change from a web page concerning climate change published by the Swedish newspaper <em>Expressen </em>and from the American photographer Gary Braasch’s web page “World view of global warming”. The thesis is based on the article ”Emotional anchoring and objectification in the media reporting on climate change” by Birgitta Höijer. I have been aiming to understand the feelings of fear, hope, guilt, compassion and nostalgia through semiotic theories of icon, index and symbol.</p><p>Previous research has proven the difficulties in bringing the issue of climate change up on the public agenda – which is connected to the difficulties of visualizing climate change. The nature of climate change being slow and hard to spot on an individual level has been highlighted as a cause of both of these difficulties. Pictures and photos have in this thesis been seen as the “interface” between science and the public – and hence <em>decoders</em> of the science of climate change. Höijer’s article about feelings has been used to understand this process of decoding.</p><p>The results show that the analyzed material could be linked to and described by the semiotic theories of icon, index and symbol. The emotional anchoring found in the material and the semiotic application have been shown to work complementarily with each other, leading to a broader understanding of the material’s relationship to social cognitions. The results further demonstrated that context is essential in some of the analyzed visualizations of climate change. Generic pictures found in the material could have been regarded as icon, index or symbol of other messages – but is through its contexts anchored with feelings, and becomes visualizations of climate change. The analysis also suggests that if icons of nature could be connected with feelings – so could nature itself. The consequences are speculated to lead to objectification of nature and ecophobia. By objectifying nature and using generic pictures, the material’s relationship to the concepts of “truth” and “myth” is questioned.</p><p>In conclusion, understanding of the analyzed material is advantageously achieved through complementary use of Höijers emotional categories and the semiotic theories of icon, index and symbol.</p>
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Naturligt farligt : Hur visualiseringar av klimatförändringar är laddade med tecken och känslorJägerskog, Mattias January 2010 (has links)
The purpose of this thesis was to examine the relationship between feelings and visualizations of climate change. A case study was done on visualizations of climate change from a web page concerning climate change published by the Swedish newspaper Expressen and from the American photographer Gary Braasch’s web page “World view of global warming”. The thesis is based on the article ”Emotional anchoring and objectification in the media reporting on climate change” by Birgitta Höijer. I have been aiming to understand the feelings of fear, hope, guilt, compassion and nostalgia through semiotic theories of icon, index and symbol. Previous research has proven the difficulties in bringing the issue of climate change up on the public agenda – which is connected to the difficulties of visualizing climate change. The nature of climate change being slow and hard to spot on an individual level has been highlighted as a cause of both of these difficulties. Pictures and photos have in this thesis been seen as the “interface” between science and the public – and hence decoders of the science of climate change. Höijer’s article about feelings has been used to understand this process of decoding. The results show that the analyzed material could be linked to and described by the semiotic theories of icon, index and symbol. The emotional anchoring found in the material and the semiotic application have been shown to work complementarily with each other, leading to a broader understanding of the material’s relationship to social cognitions. The results further demonstrated that context is essential in some of the analyzed visualizations of climate change. Generic pictures found in the material could have been regarded as icon, index or symbol of other messages – but is through its contexts anchored with feelings, and becomes visualizations of climate change. The analysis also suggests that if icons of nature could be connected with feelings – so could nature itself. The consequences are speculated to lead to objectification of nature and ecophobia. By objectifying nature and using generic pictures, the material’s relationship to the concepts of “truth” and “myth” is questioned. In conclusion, understanding of the analyzed material is advantageously achieved through complementary use of Höijers emotional categories and the semiotic theories of icon, index and symbol.
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基改種子專利到期對於基因改造作物產業之影響-以Monsanto抗嘉磷塞轉基因大豆為例 / The patent expiration of genetic modified seeds and its impact to the agricultural biotech industry- a case study of Monsanto’s roundup ready soybeans林家綺, Lin, Chia Chi Unknown Date (has links)
面對未來全球人口成長、可耕地減少等現象，生物技術在農業上的應用日益增加。其中，基因改造技術等基因層次相關的平臺應用技術更是提升農作物價值的關鍵—透過跨物種功能應用，大幅提升育種效率。自1996年基改作物商業化種植開始至今，美國都是全球最大種植國家，也是基改作物研發先驅國家。生技農業政策以及和基因改造作物有關法規之制訂使基改作物在美國蓬勃發展，尤其是專利保護對於種子產業之影響尤為深遠。專利權所提供的完善保護使大量資本進入種子產業，投入資源將農業生物技術應用於種子培育上，此舉也促成Monsanto等跨國農業生技公司之興起，主導全球基因改造作物之市場。
Monsanto將研發重心放在基改種子之研發，其在生技種子相關營業比重遠高於同業，同時，其投入特殊性狀之基改種子研發之回收遠高於其他公司之相同營業項目之投資報酬率。Monsanto積極藉由併購取得基因、基因轉殖技術以及種子種源。掌握關鍵基因、基因轉殖技術以及大量且優良種源使含有Monsanto轉殖基因作物在市場上佔有極大的比例。在美國，超過一半以上之主要作物種植面積為基因改造作物，尤其是基因改造大豆，佔大豆總種植面積之比例高達94%。市面上絕大多數基改大豆係Monsanto的抗嘉磷塞（RounupReady，RR1Y）基改大豆種子。藉由智慧財產保護策略，Monsanto並進一步限制RR1Y及其他基改作物之使用方式。
惟RR1Y專利將在2014年到期，農民可在2014年時留種種植基改大豆種子而不用每年購買種子，或購買學名（generic）抗嘉磷塞轉基因大豆種子。在美國所種植之大豆約有四成會外銷，而外銷國家基改作物規範法規是出口與否之關鍵。若未取得歐盟、中國等主要外銷國家基改作物主管機關之批准，呈交包括基因之轉殖植物對環境衝擊之風險評估、包含該基因之轉殖植物所製成食品之安全性評估等基改作物資訊，則抗嘉磷塞基因大豆無法進入該國糧食市場。然而，在目前美國農業生技基改作物相關規範下，學名基改種子廠必須在專利種子專利到期後，才能進行實驗及田間試驗，呈交相關資料以符合基改作物主管機關之要求。透過建立學名基改作物快速獲得核准查驗登記之程序，允許學名廠依賴專利基改作物原廠之實驗及田間試驗資料以建立其學名基改作物之安全性與性狀表現有效性，同時，允許學名基改作物在原基改作物開發廠專利期滿前即可開始進行試驗，可以使學名抗嘉磷塞大豆種子以及其他學名基改種子能在原專利基改作物種子專利到期後順利進入市場，促使基改作物種子價格競爭，並對於專利基改作物研發公司進行適度之補償，以促進產業發展。 / The development of new technologies in plant breeding has led to improvements in the efficiency scientists produce improved plant varieties. Genetic modification is among the developments that support plant breeding. The introduction of genetically modified crops has revolutionized the agriculture industry. With patent protection available on GM traits, varieties and other aspects of seed production, private R&D investments in the seed industry have increased tremendously. Monsanto has been the leading company in investing agricultural biotechnology and has obtained a dominant position in the GM traits found in soybeans, cotton, corn and other commercialized crops. Currently, over 90 percent of soybeans planted in the United States were herbicide-resistant, with Monsanto’s Roundup Ready being the dominant soybeans planted.
In 2014, however, the agriculture industry will be facing the expiration of a patent for Roundup Ready soybeans. Despiate the fact that the patent expiration date is approaching, the agricultural biotech industry has no guideline in place to tell its players exactly how to transition seamlessly from patent monopolies to generic competition. The transition problem is espectially significant for soybeans exported to oversea markets as more than 40 percent of the soybeans grown in the U.S. are exported. In order for those soybeans to be accepted in the grain channel, regulatory approvals are required in countries that import soybeans.
Obtaining data, which includes scitific data on the trait being developed, for regulatory approvals can take years to complete. If a generic trait is to reach market immediately after the original trait go off patent, the data generation process should begin before patent expiration. A Hatch-Waxman type patent infringement defense for activities necessary to obtain regulatory approvals for biotech traits can ensure that seed companies have sufficient time to obtain registrations for a generic Roundup Ready trait or other generic traits. Current legislation should be modified to adequately oversee the transition to the generic use of genetically modified crops and, in the mean time, ensure the availability of generic modified crops.
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藥品的核准前專利爭端解決程序－ 美國專利連結為借鏡 / Pre-Approval Patent Resolution Process of Drug Product－ Lessons From U.S. Patent Linkage吳東哲, Wu, Tung-Che Unknown Date (has links)
美國作為醫藥技術的領導者，為了確保其利益，並維持其領導地位，不斷在各種貿易談判場合，向世界各國施加壓力，要求提供醫藥品更強力的智慧財產保護。台灣當然也不例外，在加入跨太平洋戰略經濟夥伴關係協議 (Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, TPP)、簽訂臺美貿易暨投資架構協定 (Trade and Investment Framework Agreement, TIFA) 的壓力下，我國政府從2014年開始積極推動專利連結，雖然獲得美國商會肯定，但卻在國內業界卻引起十分強力的反彈。
專利連結，本質上只是核准前專利爭端解決程序 (Pre-Approval Patent Resolution Process) 的其中一個類型而已。核准前專利爭端解決程序，就是在特定產品上市核准的准駁中，把專利侵權問題作為准駁的考量。國際上類似的制度主要出現在人用藥品、動物藥品中，通常是在允許引據他人安全性、有效性資料的藥品中 (類新藥、學名藥)。
我國目前對類似制度的了解並不深，尤其缺乏對制度原生國－美國的全面性研究。本研究選擇以發展最早的藥品專利連結作為研究標的，並全面、深入分析其中每個機制的目的、立法/修法歷史 (含行政法規)、法院判決，探求其爭議的發展過程。在這個基礎上，本研究就引進的必要性、各種立法手段的選擇與優劣，提出「修正版柔性專利連結」，主要特徵在排除了自動停止核准期、重定核准日條款，使藥品審查和專利爭端大致維持獨立，並符合TPP的要求。希望本研究能夠幫助台灣建立一套明確、合理，且符合我國國情的核准前專利爭端解決程序。 / As the phamaceutical industry’s market leader, the United States continues to call for strengthening patent protection for pharmaceutical products during every trade negotiation, to preserve its national profit and leadership. Taiwan, being highly interested in joining “Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement” (TPP) and signing “Trade and Investment Framework Agreement” (TIFA) with the United States, Taiwan's government is actively promoting the “patent linkage” since 2014. Althougn the effort done by Taiwan's government is extremely welcomed by American Chamber of Commerce, the domestic industry, which is mainly organized with generic drug manufactors, has expressed their opposition resolutely.
Patent linkage, as a kind of “pre-approval patent resolution process”, considers the possibility of patent infringement as a factor when issuing market approval. Such process are normally found in those countries that are trade partners of the United States, and espetially during the approval prosses of human-use drug products, animal drug products, which permits persons to rely on evidence or information concerning the safety and efficacy of a product that was previously approved.
Our current knowledge of pre-approval patent resolution process is limited, especially on how it was oranginally created in the United States. This research will focus on the purpose, enactment, amendment, court decisions, development, and issues of patent linkage, the first-of-its-kind which is established in 1984. On this basis, the reseach will then look back to what Taiwan has faced now, and provides recommendations on whether there is necessity of introdution, how to adjust the prosses, and how to enforce it, without serious abuse. This research propose “revised soft patent linkage”, which excludes automatic stay and re-date remedy, generally keeps the independence between drug approval and patent infringement, and at the same time meets TPP requirement. The research hopes to help Taiwan establishing its own pre-approval patent resolution, fair, clear and meet the need of domestic and public the industry.
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Prefix ex- u latinských sloves a jeho aspektová funkce / Latin Verbal Prefix ex- in Regard of AspectVaníková, Martina January 2019 (has links)
Prefix ex- u latinských sloves a jeho aspektová funkce Latin Verbal Prefix ex- in Regard of Aspect - disertační práce - Mgr. Martina Vaníková Summary The proposed thesis titled Latin Verbal Prefix ex- in Regard of Aspect is a pilot study that deals with the ways of expressing aspect in Latin, which is based on the detailed analysis of the functions of the verbal prefix ex- as one of the important components of this category. It also tries to find the method for the future research on the matter. In the theoretical part of the thesis the author gives summary of existing theories on aspect in general, with special attention given to the theories on aspect in the Czech and Latin language. The author defines the terms "aspect", "Aktionsart" and "situation type" at great length, and she particularly sets light to the term "telicity", distinguishing the "inherent telicity" from "maximizing". The practical part consist of: 1. a detailed analysis of all the occurrences of the indicative imperfect of the verbs with the prefix ex- from the corpus, which comprises of all well-preserved Latin texts from Plautus to Cicero; 2. an analysis of the indicative future and present tense forms of the selected verbs with the prefix ex-. Based on the analysis of the imperfect, the author verifies her hypothesis that the prefix...
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Generic design and investigation of solar cooling systemsSaulich, Sven January 2013 (has links)
This thesis presents work on a holistic approach for improving the overall design of solar cooling systems driven by solar thermal collectors. Newly developed methods for thermodynamic optimization of hydraulics and control were used to redesign an existing pilot plant. Measurements taken from the newly developed system show an 81% increase of the Solar Cooling Efficiency (SCEth) factor compared to the original pilot system. In addition to the improvements in system design, new efficiency factors for benchmarking solar cooling systems are presented. The Solar Supply Efficiency (SSEth) factor provides a means of quantifying the quality of solar thermal charging systems relative to the usable heat to drive the sorption process. The product of the SSEth with the already established COPth of the chiller, leads to the SCEth factor which, for the first time, provides a clear and concise benchmarking method for the overall design of solar cooling systems. Furthermore, the definition of a coefficient of performance, including irreversibilities from energy conversion (COPcon), enables a direct comparison of compression and sorption chiller technology. This new performance metric is applicable to all low-temperature heat-supply machines for direct comparison of different types or technologies. The achieved findings of this work led to an optimized generic design for solar cooling systems, which was successfully transferred to the market.
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Generic Programming and Algebraic Multigrid for Stabilized Finite Element Methods / Generisches Programmieren und Algebraische Mehrgitterverfahren für Stabilisierte Finite Elemente MethodenKlimanis, Nils 10 March 2006 (has links)
No description available.
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