<p>There is a type of business offering gaining much attention, both in the media and in financial figures, which provides the customer with something extra, something to be remembered. This offering is a commercial experience. It is claimed that commercial experiences are different from traditional industry and mass-production and even separated from goods and services. The possibility of creating something extraordinary in order to gain profit is of increasing interest in today’s business world. Consumers are seeking for experiences to reach a higher level of personal growth, an experience that create personal identity and lead to long-lasting memories. This is something an increasing amount of consumers are willing to pay money for - the commercial experience market.</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to contribute knowledge about and a deeper understanding of commercial experiences, both in general and especially with regard to how customer value is created. The focus of the research was also to strengthen and support organizations that offer commercial experiences. In order to fulfill the purpose, two case studies were conducted with different focal points. The first aimed to find best practice and explore excellent ways of working when providing commercial experiences. The second study aimed to identify the needs for improvement to strengthen organizations offering commercial experiences.</p><p>According to my findings, there seems to be several distinctions between commercial experiences and goods and services. These include; the level of price, the time spent by the customer, the customer affect as strongly emotional and maybe most importantly, the finding that commercial experiences create a higher level of customer value than goods and services. All this proves that the commercial experience is to be considered an offering on its own, a refined customer offer of higher value. Since commercial experiences are said to engage customers in an inherently memorable way, reaching a higher level of customer value than goods and services, is seen as a critical factor. Understanding what the customer really wants, needs and what builds customer value when offering commercial experiences then become particularly important as drivers of success. When studying a particular organization for best practice, several similarities between providing commercial experiences and working according to the core values of TQM were found and established as a factor of business excellence. Further when it comes to providing commercial experiences storytelling, theming and a creative environment stood out as additional factors of business excellence. Moreover, selecting the right co-workers based on their values rather than merely their skills and academic qualifications was seen as an important factor of success. The co-worker is often the co-creator of the experience together with the customer and therefore has an important part to play in the organization. Creating a corporate culture with co-workers sharing the values is seen as essential in order to run a successful business. It appears that any type of organization can provide an experience for the customer, the key is adding on the extra value to reach the level of attractive quality. The commercial experience is described as deeply affecting both the feelings and senses of the customer, resulting in new memories; it is a memorable event the customer is willing to pay for. The commercial experience contains elements of engagement, personal relevance, novelty, surprise and learning and is not limited to certain types of businesses. The fact that this is an area of increasing business interest but as yet a poorly explored one indicates that there is a need to develop improved ways of working, tools and methods, tailor-made for providing commercial experiences. Improved tools for identifying customer expectations and measuring customer satisfaction are clearly needed, especially since this is a growing industry that cannot be ignored. Welcome to further explore the experience economy where new memories are so highly valued that people are prepared to pay for them!</p> / <p>Det är en ny industri på växande frammarsch som får allt större uppmärksamhet i massmedia både utifrån erbjudandet och genom allt mer betydande ekonomiska resultat. En industri som erbjuder kunden något extra, någonting att minnas, en kommersiell upplevelse. Det finns de som hävdar att den kommersiella upplevelsen skiljer sig från traditionell industri med massproduktion och att den till och med är skild från varor och tjänster. Att kunna erbjuda sina kunder någonting extraordinärt för att nå en ökad vinstmarginal är av allt större intresse bland företag idag. Allt fler kunder letar efter en upplevelse som tar dig till en högre nivå av personlig utveckling, en upplevelse som skapar en personlig identitet och leder till minnen för livet. Detta fenomen är något som allt fler människor är villiga att betala pengar för, en kommersiell upplevelsemarknad.</p><p>Det övergripande syftet med licentiatuppsatsen är att bidra med kunskap och skapa en djupare förståelse för kommersiella upplevelser, både på ett generellt plan men även med avseende på hur kundvärde skapas. Ett ytterligare fokus för forskningen är att stärka de organisationer som erbjuder sina kunder en upplevelse. För att uppnå syftet har två fallstudier med olika fokus genomförts. Den första fallstudien innebar att leta efter ett föredöme och belysa goda exempel på arbetssätt som kan användas för att skapa en kommersiell upplevelse. Den andra studien syftade till att identifiera behov för att utveckla och stärka de organisationer som erbjuder sina kunder en kommersiell upplevelse.</p><p>Utifrån mina observationer i fallstudie 1 så verkar det finnas flera saker som skiljer en kommersiell upplevelse från varor och tjänster, som t.ex. prisnivå, kundens spenderade tid, kundens emotionella beröring och kanske mest betydande att den kommersiella upplevelsen når en högre nivå av skapat kundvärde än vad varor och tjänster gör. Allt detta bidrar till att klassificera kommersiella upplevelser som ett eget fenomen, ett erbjudande med ett förädlat kundvärde. Eftersom kommersiella upplevelser påstås beröra kunder på ett minnesvärt sätt, uppnås också en högre nivå av skapat kundvärde än för varor och tjänster. Detta är en kritisk faktor för den kommersiella upplevelsen. Att förstå kundens behov, och vad det är som skapar kundvärde, blir därmed av extra vikt för att lyckas för de organisationer som erbjuder en kommersiell upplevelse.</p><p>Vid studien av en framgångsrik organisation hittades flera likheter i de arbetssätt som användes för att på ett framgångsrikt sätt skapa en upplevelse med de värderingar som beskrivs inom TQM. Ytterligare arbetssätt som utpekas som framgångsfaktorer är storytelling, tematisering och att skapa kreativa arbetsmiljöer. Utöver arbetssätten belystes också vikten av att bygga en organisationskultur baserad på värderingar som fokuserar på att skapa kundvärde. Att rekrytera sin personal baserat i huvudsak på värderingar i stället för enbart på kompetens anses vara ytterligare en framgångsfaktor, detta eftersom medarbetaren ofta skapar upplevelsen i ett möte tillsammans med kunden. Att skapa en organisationskultur som bygger på gemensamma värderingar är viktigt för att nå framgång inom upplevelseindustrin. Det är inte begränsat till en specifik typ av organisation att erbjuda kommersiella upplevelser, det är i stället vikten av att lägga till det extra kundvärdet för att uppnå attraktiv kvalitet som är essentiellt för framgång.</p><p>Den kommersiella upplevelsen beskrivs som något djupt berör kundens känslor och dess sinnen med ett resultat i nya värdefulla minnesbilder. Det är ett minnesvärt ögonblick som kunden är beredd att betala för. De ingredienser som används för att beskriva en kommersiell upplevelse är engagemang, personlig betydelse, nyhetsvärde, överraskning och lärande. Egenskaperna är inte begränsade till att enbart gälla för en viss typ av organisation eller bransch. Det faktum att intresset för att erbjuda kommersiella upplevelser är växande, och att området är relativt outforskat indikerar att det finns flera behov av utveckling, framförallt i att hitta bra arbetssätt och metoder för att identifiera kundens förväntningar och mäta kundnöjdhet. Varmt välkommen att här vidareutforska upplevelseindustrin, där nya minnen värderas så högt att människor är beredda att betala för dem.</p>

During the later half of the 20th century standard form contracts began to be used more frequently in contract situations. This trend has been consistent and in today’s world numerous commercial parties employ such contracts in their business transactions. The reasons for the extended use of standard form contracts are the benefits that can be obtained for the parties such as time efficiency, effectiveness and price advantages. Standardised contracts often regulate certain issues of the contract for example the way of delivery, remedies and complaints. The definition of such contracts is corresponding in Sweden and England as contracts containing in advance standardised terms with an aim to be used similarly in contract situations with most clients or customers. As the usage of standard form contracts increased, the number of unfair contract terms also enhanced. Therefore, the legislative powers in Sweden and England realised that the rules concerning the freedom of contract had to be restricted and governed. As a result, the legislative powers introduced an open control device through statutory control. This was done in Sweden in 1976 with the enforcement of Section 36 of the Contracts Act, and in England the year after when UCTA came into force. The statutory control in both Sweden and England makes it possible to appraise the fairness of exemption clauses. The statutory control is not identical in the two states. UCTA only concerns exclusion clauses and limitation clauses regarding contract terms and non-contractual notices. In Sweden, on the other hand, there is a general doctrine of unfairness and Section 36 of the Contracts Act can set aside all kinds of agreements. The statutory control is complemented by indirect means of controlling the content of a contract through non statutory methods. The non statutory methods are concerned with the incorporation, interpretation and construction of clauses in a contract. To be valid and for a party to be able to rely on a term it must have been incorporated into the contract. The rules concerning the interpretation of standard form contracts and exclusion clauses are also of great importance. In both states the approach held is that the statutory control should be used preferably over the indirect control means, though the indirect means still has a prominent role in England through common law. Both England and Sweden agree on that the weaker party in a contract situation is in a greater need of protection by the rules of law in unfair contract situations. However unfairness can only arise if the superior party has wrongfully used the exclusion clause. Our study shows the differences between Swedish and English contract law that can result in difficulties in the harmonisation process. These differences concern the test of reasonableness of exemption clauses, the doctrine of good faith, the legal effects and to what extent the indirect means of control should be applied. The Swedish test of reasonableness may include all relevant circumstances irrespective of the time of their occurrence, before or after the entry of the contract. The courts in England are limited to circumstances that have occurred before the closure of the contract. Section 36 of the Swedish Contracts Act includes a general rule of unfairness applicable to all kinds of contract terms. The rule of unfairness in the UCTA on the other hand, is only applicable to exemption clauses and indemnity clauses and there is no general rule of unfairness in English contract law. Instead the courts rely on indirect means of control, which therefore is of greater importance in English contract law. Finally, adjustments of unfair exemption clauses has a significant role in Swedish contract law, in contrast to English contract law where any adjustment is regarded as an intrusion of the freedom of contract. To endorse one of the most important aims of the EU; a well working inner market, discussions commenced in 2001. The discussions concerned the harmonisation of the contract law within the union. The questions that arose were whether or not it was possible at all to form a European common contract law and if so, what the effects would be. An action plan was developed by the Commission and today both the EU Parliament and the Council are positive in regard to the continuing work with a reference frame. The Commission aims to pass the reference frame in 2009. Since the EU member states are diverse and have different legal systems a harmonisation of the contract law could cause difficulties. There are differences concerning legal traditions and legal values, hence the legal expertise in Europe is divided in the harmonisation question. The following study aims to analyse the existing rules of law in Sweden and England representing two diverse legal systems existing in Europe; civil law and common law. The focus of this study regards the control of exclusion clauses in standard form contracts in both legal systems. The comparison will then be used to analyse the fundamental question if the harmonisation of contract law in the EU is feasible. Specific areas within the contract law have already been harmonised, which shows a possibility to coordinate common law and civil law. Directive 93/13/EEC on Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts is one example of harmonised contract law in the EU and the principles in PECL is another example which shows that it is possible to coordinate common law and civil law. A harmonisation of the contract law will probably promote the commerce within the union and be the next step towards one of the most prominent goals of the EU, namely a well functioning common market. However, our study shows that the differences between national legislation and the differences between the legal traditions within the EU are not insignificant and a harmonisation will probably not be enforced without difficulties.

Uppsatsen syftar till att belysa rekryteringsprocessen och kanalernas, Sveriges Radio, Sveriges Tele-vision, Mix Megapol och TV4, kriterier samt att få en bild över programledarens yrkesroll, utmärkande drag och erfarenhet av rekryteringen. Problemformuleringen består utav hur programledare väljs, utefter vilka kriterier, hur programledaren upplever sin yrkesroll och erfarenheter av rekrytering, samt vad som utmärker en programledare för underhållningsprogram inom radio och TV, public service och kommersiella medier. Vi har undersökt hur rekryteringsprocessen av programledare inom underhållning för rikstäckande radio och TV går till, och jämfört processen mellan public service och kommersiella medier. Detta såg vi som intressant, då det är en outforskad yrkesroll, som har en unik rekryteringsprocess och vi ansåg det vara tänkvärt att göra en jämförelse mellan kanalerna, public service och kommersiella medier. Under-sökningen består utav kvalitativa intervjuer med elva utvalda rekryterare och programledare i branschen. Uppsatsen bygger på tre teoretiska modeller; rekryteringsvägar enligt Lars-Åke Engblom, rekryteringsprocessen med bedömning av Lars Prien och även hans teori kring urvalet. Till uppsatsen kan vi också koppla Bourdieus teori kring det kulturella kapitalet. I slutdiskussionen har vi sammanfattat nuvarande rekrytering i punktform. Resultatet kan sammanfattas i en uppdaterad modell av rekryteringssätt, som vi presenterar. Sammanfattningsvis visar undersökningen skillnaderna mellan public service och kommersiella kanaler, både vad det gäller process och kriterier vid anställning av programledare, samt programledares syn på detta.

Med utgångspunkt i en kritisk debatt gällande medias bristfälliga bevakning av EU är syftet med studien är att ta reda på hur den Europeiska unionen skildrades i svensk nyhetspress under 2000-talets första decennium. För att studera EU-journalistik tillämpas en kvantitativ innehållsanalys. Med hjälp av ett kodschema registreras variabelvärden för artiklar från 20 slumpmässigt utvalda veckor mellan åren 2001–2010, i tidningarna Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter och Svenska Dagbladet. För att förstå resultaten tas hjälp av ett teoretiskt ramverk med fokus på tidigare forskningsdiskurs samt resonemang kring en marknadsstyrd journalistik och nyhetsvärdering. Genom rubriker och artikelinnehåll identifieras även förekomsten av fördefinierade nyhetsramar i EU-journalistiken: ”Nationellt perspektiv” och ”EU-nyheter utan kontext”.  Totalt registrerades 923 artiklar från de tre tidningarna under given period. Rapporteringens omfattning skiljer sig tydligt mellan åren, 2001 års rapportering står för majoriteten av artikelmängden. Det finns vissa inslag av nyhetsramen ”nationellt perspektiv” i svensk medias EU-bevakning. Nyhetsramen ”EU-nyheter utan kontext” stämmer väl in på materialet. Den marknadsstyrda journalistiken fungerar som en tänkbar förklaring till den bristfälliga EU-bevakningen. Vad som bör eftersträvas i större utsträckning är uppföljning av ämnen som exponeras för media för att läsare på så sätt ska få mer kontinuitet och ökad förståelse för EU:s verksamhet. En framtida undersökning skulle kunna inkludera radio- och tevenyheter eller en undersökning av bevakningen under 1990-talet.

<p>During the later half of the 20th century standard form contracts began to be used more frequently in contract situations. This trend has been consistent and in today’s world numerous commercial parties employ such contracts in their business transactions. The reasons for the extended use of standard form contracts are the benefits that can be obtained for the parties such as time efficiency, effectiveness and price advantages. Standardised contracts often regulate certain issues of the contract for example the way of delivery, remedies and complaints. The definition of such contracts is corresponding in Sweden and England as contracts containing in advance standardised terms with an aim to be used similarly in contract situations with most clients or customers.</p><p>As the usage of standard form contracts increased, the number of unfair contract terms also enhanced. Therefore, the legislative powers in Sweden and England realised that the rules concerning the freedom of contract had to be restricted and governed. As a result, the legislative powers introduced an open control device through statutory control. This was done in Sweden in 1976 with the enforcement of Section 36 of the Contracts Act, and in England the year after when UCTA came into force. The statutory control in both Sweden and England makes it possible to appraise the fairness of exemption clauses. The statutory control is not identical in the two states. UCTA only concerns exclusion clauses and limitation clauses regarding contract terms and non-contractual notices. In Sweden, on the other hand, there is a general doctrine of unfairness and Section 36 of the Contracts Act can set aside all kinds of agreements.</p><p>The statutory control is complemented by indirect means of controlling the content of a contract through non statutory methods. The non statutory methods are concerned with the incorporation, interpretation and construction of clauses in a contract. To be valid and for a party to be able to rely on a term it must have been incorporated into the contract. The rules concerning the interpretation of standard form contracts and exclusion clauses are also of great importance. In both states the approach held is that the statutory control should be used preferably over the indirect control means, though the indirect means still has a prominent role in England through common law. Both England and Sweden agree on that the weaker party in a contract situation is in a greater need of protection by the rules of law in unfair contract situations. However unfairness can only arise if the superior party has wrongfully used the exclusion clause.</p><p>Our study shows the differences between Swedish and English contract law that can result in difficulties in the harmonisation process. These differences concern the test of reasonableness of exemption clauses, the doctrine of good faith, the legal effects and to what extent the indirect means of control should be applied. The Swedish test of reasonableness may include all relevant circumstances irrespective of the time of their occurrence, before or after the entry of the contract. The courts in England are limited to circumstances that have occurred before the closure of the contract. Section 36 of the Swedish Contracts Act includes a general rule of unfairness applicable to all kinds of contract terms. The rule of unfairness in the UCTA on the other hand, is only applicable to exemption clauses and indemnity clauses and there is no general rule of unfairness in English contract law. Instead the courts rely on indirect means of control, which therefore is of greater importance in English contract law. Finally, adjustments of unfair exemption clauses has a significant role in Swedish contract law, in contrast to English contract law where any adjustment is regarded as an intrusion of the freedom of contract.</p><p>To endorse one of the most important aims of the EU; a well working inner market, discussions commenced in 2001. The discussions concerned the harmonisation of the contract law within the union. The questions that arose were whether or not it was possible at all to form a European common contract law and if so, what the effects would be. An action plan was developed by the Commission and today both the EU Parliament and the Council are positive in regard to the continuing work with a reference frame. The Commission aims to pass the reference frame in 2009. Since the EU member states are diverse and have different legal systems a harmonisation of the contract law could cause difficulties. There are differences concerning legal traditions and legal values, hence the legal expertise in Europe is divided in the harmonisation question.</p><p>The following study aims to analyse the existing rules of law in Sweden and England representing two diverse legal systems existing in Europe; civil law and common law. The focus of this study regards the control of exclusion clauses in standard form contracts in both legal systems. The comparison will then be used to analyse the fundamental question if the harmonisation of contract law in the EU is feasible. Specific areas within the contract law have already been harmonised, which shows a possibility to coordinate common law and civil law. Directive 93/13/EEC on Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts is one example of harmonised contract law in the EU and the principles in PECL is another example which shows that it is possible to coordinate common law and civil law. A harmonisation of the contract law will probably promote the commerce within the union and be the next step towards one of the most prominent goals of the EU, namely a well functioning common market. However, our study shows that the differences between national legislation and the differences between the legal traditions within the EU are not insignificant and a harmonisation will probably not be enforced without difficulties.</p>

<p>Uppsatsen syftar till att belysa rekryteringsprocessen och kanalernas, <em>Sveriges Radio, Sveriges Tele-vision, Mix Megapol och TV4, </em>kriterier samt att få en bild över programledarens yrkesroll, utmärkande drag och erfarenhet av rekryteringen. Problemformuleringen består utav hur programledare väljs, utefter vilka kriterier, hur programledaren upplever sin yrkesroll och erfarenheter av rekrytering, samt vad som utmärker en programledare för underhållningsprogram inom radio och TV, public service och kommersiella medier. Vi har undersökt hur rekryteringsprocessen av programledare inom underhållning för rikstäckande radio och TV går till, och jämfört processen mellan public service och kommersiella medier. Detta såg vi som intressant, då det är en outforskad yrkesroll, som har en unik rekryteringsprocess och vi ansåg det vara tänkvärt att göra en jämförelse mellan kanalerna, public service och kommersiella medier. Under-sökningen består utav kvalitativa intervjuer med elva utvalda rekryterare och programledare i branschen. Uppsatsen bygger på tre teoretiska modeller; rekryteringsvägar enligt Lars-Åke Engblom, rekryteringsprocessen med bedömning av Lars Prien och även hans teori kring urvalet. Till uppsatsen kan vi också koppla Bourdieus teori kring det kulturella kapitalet. I slutdiskussionen har vi sammanfattat nuvarande rekrytering i punktform. Resultatet kan sammanfattas i en uppdaterad modell av rekryteringssätt, som vi presenterar. Sammanfattningsvis visar undersökningen skillnaderna mellan public service och kommersiella kanaler, både vad det gäller process och kriterier vid anställning av programledare, samt programledares syn på detta.</p>

<p>Bakgrund</p><p>Svensk sjukvård har idag bland de bästa behandlingsresultaten i Europa, men trots det förs diskussionen om sjukvården ofta i negativa ordalag. I ett försök att förbättra synen på verksamheten och bli mer effektiva har sjukvården i Sverige ofta använt sig av kommersiella</p><p>modeller, modellerna har dock behövt anpassas för att fungera i sjukvårdens miljö. En av de senaste kommersiella modellerna som nu införs i den svenska sjukvården är Lean Healthcare,som är sjukvårdens version av Toyotas produktionsfilosofi Lean Production. En stor del av</p><p>tidigare forskning på området har behandlat Lean Production men lite finns att tillgå som handlar om Lean Healthcare. Den här studien är ett bidrag till att utöka kunskapen om Lean Healthcare i Sverige.</p><p>Syfte</p><p>Syftet med den här studien är att beskriva hur Lean-filosofin fungerar i den svenska sjukvården samt att göra en jämförelse mellan Lean Production och andra kommersiella modeller som tidigare har införts i den svenska sjukvården.</p><p>Genomförande</p><p>Med hjälp av intervjuer på tre svenska sjukvårdsenheter har en fallstudie med fokus på Lean Production och Lean Healthcare genomförts.</p><p>Resultat</p><p>Resultatet av studien visar att Lean Healthcare, i likhet med tidigare modeller, har krävt anpassningar för att fungera i sjukvårdens kontext. Det har bland annat visat sig i att de undersökta enheterna endast har infört vissa delar av filosofin.</p> / <p>Background</p><p>Swedish healthcare has today among the best treatment results in Europe, despite that the discussion about healthcare in Sweden is often pursued in negative terms. In an attempt to enhance the opinion about the organization and try to become more efficient, Swedish</p><p>healthcare has often used commercial models, however, the models has needed adjustments to function in the healthcare environment. One of the latest models that now are implemented in Swedish healthcare is Lean Healthcare which is the healthcare version of Toyota´s production</p><p>philosophy Lean Production. Much of the previous research has focused on Lean Production but little is to be found about Lean Healthcare. This study is a contribution to extend the knowledge about Lean Healthcare in Sweden.</p><p>Aim</p><p>The aim with this study is to describe how the Lean philosophy functions in Swedish healthcare and to compare Lean Production with other commercial models that earlier have been implemented in Swedish healthcare.</p><p>Completion</p><p>Through interviews on three healthcare units in Sweden a case study has been conducted with focus on Lean Production and Lean Healthcare.</p><p>Findings</p><p>The findings of this study show that Lean Healthcare, in resemblance with earlier commercial models, has needed adjustments to function in the healthcare context. It has also shown that the examined units only have implemented some of the parts of the philosophy.</p>

When a company is part of an agreement there is a risk that one of the collaborators pursues similar business and takes up competition with the partner or chooses to reveal information about their partner to other parties. To avoid this, companies establish a confidentiality agreement that prohibits the parties to reveal any information. Confidentiality agreements that are eternal have become more common in Swedish contract law in commercial relations. As a result, disputes between collaborators have occurred regarding the unreasonable length and validity of the agreement at a later stage. When a confidentiality agreement is considered to be unreasonable, 36 § of the Swedish contract law (AvtL) can be applicable. The paragraph deals with the legitimacy and the opportunities of re-adjustment of the unreasonable contract. The question is, can a confidentiality agreement that is eternally valid in commercial relations be modified with the support of 36 § AvtL? Pacta sunt servanda is an important principle in Swedish contract law and the confidentiality agreement is no exception. Hence, the duty of fulfilling a contractual obligation is important. The 36 § of AvtL can be applied when an obligation can be considered to be unreasonable. Confidentiality agreements in commercial relations that are eternal can be seen as unreasonable if a partner is inferior or if later occurred relations changes the meaning of an agreement. If information is considered to be an industrial secret it should be classified according to Act on the Protection of Business Secrets (FHL). However, when the information is not any longer regarded as an industrial secret, it can be unreasonable to have a eternal confidentiality agreement. An example of this can be a patent that expires after a certain period of time. Hence the confidentiality agreement should be able to modify, with the support of 36 § AvtL.

Bakgrund Svensk sjukvård har idag bland de bästa behandlingsresultaten i Europa, men trots det förs diskussionen om sjukvården ofta i negativa ordalag. I ett försök att förbättra synen på verksamheten och bli mer effektiva har sjukvården i Sverige ofta använt sig av kommersiella modeller, modellerna har dock behövt anpassas för att fungera i sjukvårdens miljö. En av de senaste kommersiella modellerna som nu införs i den svenska sjukvården är Lean Healthcare,som är sjukvårdens version av Toyotas produktionsfilosofi Lean Production. En stor del av tidigare forskning på området har behandlat Lean Production men lite finns att tillgå som handlar om Lean Healthcare. Den här studien är ett bidrag till att utöka kunskapen om Lean Healthcare i Sverige. Syfte Syftet med den här studien är att beskriva hur Lean-filosofin fungerar i den svenska sjukvården samt att göra en jämförelse mellan Lean Production och andra kommersiella modeller som tidigare har införts i den svenska sjukvården. Genomförande Med hjälp av intervjuer på tre svenska sjukvårdsenheter har en fallstudie med fokus på Lean Production och Lean Healthcare genomförts. Resultat Resultatet av studien visar att Lean Healthcare, i likhet med tidigare modeller, har krävt anpassningar för att fungera i sjukvårdens kontext. Det har bland annat visat sig i att de undersökta enheterna endast har infört vissa delar av filosofin. / Background Swedish healthcare has today among the best treatment results in Europe, despite that the discussion about healthcare in Sweden is often pursued in negative terms. In an attempt to enhance the opinion about the organization and try to become more efficient, Swedish healthcare has often used commercial models, however, the models has needed adjustments to function in the healthcare environment. One of the latest models that now are implemented in Swedish healthcare is Lean Healthcare which is the healthcare version of Toyota´s production philosophy Lean Production. Much of the previous research has focused on Lean Production but little is to be found about Lean Healthcare. This study is a contribution to extend the knowledge about Lean Healthcare in Sweden. Aim The aim with this study is to describe how the Lean philosophy functions in Swedish healthcare and to compare Lean Production with other commercial models that earlier have been implemented in Swedish healthcare. Completion Through interviews on three healthcare units in Sweden a case study has been conducted with focus on Lean Production and Lean Healthcare. Findings The findings of this study show that Lean Healthcare, in resemblance with earlier commercial models, has needed adjustments to function in the healthcare context. It has also shown that the examined units only have implemented some of the parts of the philosophy.

Twice a year, NAI Svefa publishes a report containing statistics on Sweden's real estate market.The report shows that commercial real estate on average has a clearly higher rate of returncompared to residential real estate. Risk and return have a close relationship where investorswho take a higher risk also expect a higher return. This indicates that commercial properties aremore risky to hold compared to residential properties. This paper examines the risks that cancause the difference in the yield requirement between the two property types. Six risks havebeen selected, three of which count as micro risks and three count as macro risks. The microrisks consist of financial risk, liquidity risk and business risk. The macro risks consist of cyclicalrisk, interest rate risk and political risk.The study is qualitative and includes personal interviews with eight respondents from wellestablishedSwedish real estate companies. Data collection has been done through interviewswhere respondents' responses have been compiled and then compared to each other. Theinterviews show that Swedish real estate companies agree with the reasoning between risk andreturn and that risk assessment is an important part of real estate investments.The study's results show that commercial real estate companies value financial, liquidity andbusiness risk higher than real estate companies focused on residential real estate. Interest raterisk and business risk are similarly assessed in both property types. However, the political riskis valued higher by real estate companies focused on residential real estate. The study showsthat all risks are linked, which makes it difficult to identify an individual risk that individuallycontrols the rate of return. However, after the study's implementation, the cyclical risk appearsto be the risk that has the greatest impact on the difference in the yield requirement between thetwo property types.