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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
131

O Protocolo de Kyoto e os países em desenvolvimento: uma avaliação da utilização do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo / Kyoto Protocol and developing countries: analyses of Clean Development Mechanism adoption

Sara Gurfinkel Marques de Godoy 14 February 2011 (has links)
Com base na Nova Economia Institucional, o foco desta pesquisa foi o de identificar os custos de transação existentes nos projetos de MDL (Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo) e investigar se eles são barreiras para o desenvolvimento do projeto, e se podem afetar a eficiência de projetos já implantados. Mais especificamente, foram analisadas as variáveis que afetam as diferenças entre as reduções de emissões estimadas nos projetos de MDL e as reduções realmente verificadas (Sucesso de Redução - SR), depois do projeto implantado e monitorado. A fim de cumprir esse objetivo, esta pesquisa contou com levantamento de dados secundários relativos aos projetos de MDL realizados em todo o mundo, e dados primários relativos aos projetos brasileiros de MDL. A análise das informações mostrou que os países mais relevantes em número de projetos são Índia, China, Brasil, mas este ranking se altera dependendo da variável analisada (por exemplo, volume de emissão reduzida ou estimada). Os setores mais relevantes em volume de redução são de HFC, N2O, mas este perfil se altera quando analisado o número de projetos, ficando em primeiro lugar biomassa, hidroelétrica e energia eólica. Em relação ao SR, a maior parte dos projetos não apresenta eficiência satisfatória. No entanto, em volume de reduções a maior parte dos projetos cumpre mais que 91% de SR. Os setores mundiais mais eficientes são N2O e HFC (Brasil N2O e troca de energia fóssil), e os setores de resíduos sólidos e agricultura (Brasil, agricultura e resíduos sólidos) são os menos eficientes. Finalmente, esta pesquisa conclui que custos de transação afetam o sucesso da redução de MDL, e os mais importantes são os custos ex-ante, resultantes de problemas de falhas de informação (como, por exemplo, problemas com as organizações que intermedeiam o processo dos MDLs) e problemas de mensuração (problemas relacionados com metodologias dos MDLs). / Based on the New Institutional Economics, the focus of this research was to identify transaction costs in CDM projects (Clean Development Mechanism) and investigate if they can affect project efficiency, and also if they create project development barriers. More specifically, this research analyzed the variables that could affect the differences between CDM estimated emission reduction projects and actual reductions obtained (Reduction Success - RS) after the project has been implemented and monitored. To fulfill this goal, this research included a secondary global CDM projects data survey, and primary data survey related to Brazilian CDM projects. Data analysis showed that the most important countries in terms of number of projects are India, China, Brazil, but depending on the variable analyzed (for instance, emission reduction volume) this ranking could change. The most relevant sectors in emission reduction volume were HFCs, N2O, but this would change when we analyze number of projects, where biomass would come first, followed by hydroelectric and wind energy. When considering RS, most projects do not show satisfactory performance. However, in terms of emission reductions amount, most of the projects achieve more than 91% RS. The most efficient sectors in the world are HFC and N2O (in Brazil, N2O and fossil fuel), and the least efficient sectors are solid waste and agriculture (in Brazil, agriculture and solid waste). Finally, this research concludes that transaction costs affect the success of CDM reductions, and the most relevant are ex-ante costs, resulting from information problem gaps (these problems relate to parties involved in the CDM process) and measurement problems (CDM methodologies).
132

L'influence du droit international des changements climatiques sur le droit européen de l'environnement / The influence of international climate change law on the environmental law of the European Union.

Assouvi, Coffi Dieudonné 18 September 2018 (has links)
Dans le contexte du pluralisme juridique et de l’inter-normativité croissante, la présente thèse démontre l’influence du droit international des changements climatiques sur la formation et le développement du droit de l’environnement de l’Union Européenne (UE) à travers les techniques, méthodes et règles d’intégration prévues aussi bien par le droit international que par le droit européen. Le droit européen de l’environnement comporte désormais les concepts (économie verte, développement durable, marché de carbone...) et principes (responsabilité commune mais différenciée, précaution, prévention, responsabilité, etc.) du droit international des changements climatiques. Ainsi, l’européanisation et la constitutionnalisation du droit international des changements climatiques ont eu pour conséquence son insertion dans le système juridique des Etats membres. En effet, en vertu de ses engagements internationaux en matière de lutte contre le réchauffement global, l’UE a adopté des instruments juridiquement contraignants qui impactent les systèmes juridiques nationaux et s’est engagée sur le Kyoto II. Les dynamiques, les controverses, les heurs et les malheurs de la politique et des négociations climatiques multilatérales ont suscité la mise en place d’une diplomatique climatique européenne bien structurée et d’une politique d’économie verte qui ne manquent pas de se heurter à des défis de la coopération internationale, de l’action collective internationale, de production et de consommation équitables des biens publics mondiaux, ainsi qu’à des obstacles techniques, technologiques, institutionnels, humains, économiques, financiers, souverainistes, sociaux, énergétiques, écologiques et transformationnels. Sur le fondement de l’effet obligatoire et de la force exécutoire des dispositions du droit international du climat et du droit primaire européen, le régime international climatique produit des effets juridiques à l’intérieur des Etats membres et même à l’égard des Etats tiers traitant avec l’organisation européenne. En effet, en raison de la supranationalité, de l’effet direct et de la primauté du droit européen, les règles juridiques internationales relatives à la lutte contre les changements climatiques, transposées et intégrées, ont force obligatoire dans les ordres juridiques nationaux où elles requièrent une application uniforme. Il s’ensuit que le droit de l’UE, de par son caractère supranational et ses mécanismes de contrôle et de sanction, notamment juridictionnels, est devenu l’instrument d’effectivité et d’efficacité du droit conventionnel international du climat. De ce fait, les défaillances de ce droit relatives à l’absence d’une juridiction obligatoire, au non-respect par les Etats de leurs engagements internationaux et à la faiblesse du contrôle international sont largement compensées par l’efficacité du système juridique européen et national. / In the legal pluralism and increasing inter-normativity context, this thesis demonstrates the influence of international climate change law on the formation and development of European Union (EU) environmental law through the techniques, methods and rules of integration provided for by international law as well as by European law. European environmental law now includes the concepts (green economy, sustainable development, carbon market ...) and principles (common but differentiated responsibility, precaution, prevention, responsibility, etc.) of the climate change international Law. Thus, the Europeanisation and constitutionalisation of international climate change law resulted in its insertion into the legal system of member states. Indeed, by virtue of its international commitments to combat global warming, the EU has adopted legally binding instruments that impact national legal systems and is committed to Kyoto II. The dynamics, controversies, clashes and the woes of the multilateral climate policy and negotiations have led to the establishment of a well-structured European climate diplomacy and a green economy policy that do not fail to come up against challenges of international cooperation, international collective action, global public goods equitable production and consumption, as well as technical,technological, institutional, human, economic, financial, sovereignist, social, energy, and ecological and transformational barriers.On the basis of the binding effect and enforceability of the provisions of international climate law and European primary law, the international climate regime produces legal effects within the member states and even towards third states dealing with the European organization. Indeed, because of supranationality, direct effect and the primacy of European law, the international legal rules relating to the fight against climate change, transposed and integrated, are binding in the national legal orders where they require a uniform application. As a consequence, the EU law, by virtue of its supranational character and its control and sanction mechanisms, including jurisdictional ones, has become the instrument of effectiveness and efficiency of international conventional climate law. As a result, the shortcomings of this right relating to the absence of compulsory jurisdiction, the non-compliance by States with their international commitments and the weakness of international control are largely offset by the effectiveness of the European and national legal system.
133

Les approches sectorielles dans la diplomatie climatique / Sectoral approaches in climate diplomacy

Burkel, Jean-Christophe 18 September 2012 (has links)
L'approche sectorielle consiste à envisager la limitation ou la réduction des émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre secteur par secteur. Une telle approche implique un changement de paradigme par rapport à l'approche dominante de la diplomatie climatique qui s'articule principalement autour d'engagements portant sur l'ensemble de l'économie des différents Etats Parties. La principale question à laquelle tente de répondre la présente thèse de doctorat est de déterminer de quelle manière et sous quelles conditions la diplomatie climatique pourrait s'appuyer sur une approche sectorielle pour accroître l'efficacité des efforts internationaux de lutte contre les changements climatiques. Il s'agit de déterminer si la généralisation de démarches, de politiques, d'actions ou de mesures par secteur pourrait permettre de réduire substantiellement et au moindre coût les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Pour ce faire, de nombreuses pistes de réflexions sont envisagées : des négociations distinctes au sein d'organisations internationales spécialisées, des initiatives sectorielles volontaires, des partenariats internationaux, des démarches sectorielles et autres mesures par secteurs concertées, des mécanismes sectoriels fondés sur le marché. Dans chaque cas de figure, il s'agit d'examiner dans quels secteurs, mais également autour de quelles parties prenantes et à partir de quels mécanismes, des démarches sectorielles pourraient concrètement émerger / Sectoral approaches refer to a series of new proposals, which focuses on the limitation of world greenhouse gas emission on a sector-by-sector basis. Thess approaches relie on a change of paradigm with regard to the dominant approach of the international climate regime, which is based upon an economy-wide approach towards GHG emissions. The main issue addressed by this PhD dissertation is to clarify how and under which conditions a sectoral approach could efficiently and effectively contribute to the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions. Could sector-specific initiatives, policies, actions and measures practically reduce GHG emissions at the lowest cost? In which sectors? Involving which stakeholders? Relying on which legal, economic or financial instruments? A sectoral approach could potentially be implemented through different legal/economic/financial means: separated sectoral negotiations within specialised international organisations, voluntary sectoral initiatives, international sector-based partnerships, cooperative approaches and sector-specific actions and/or sectoral market-based mechanisms. Subsequently, this dissertation evaluates the relevance and the practical feasibility of various sector-based proposals during the first period of commitment and beyond 2012
134

Os créditos de emissões atmosféricas reduzidas e a responsabilidade civil ambiental

Penteado, Luis Fernando de Freitas 08 October 2007 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:26:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Fernando de Freitas Penteado.pdf: 691795 bytes, checksum: 803fd93930323302ac5d26921cf12a66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-08 / Although the problem related to the weather change has been widespread only in the last decades, it is not recent the concern of the international community in the adoption of measures for the mitigation of this change in the ecosystem balance. The Kyoto Protocol, however, comes as the concrete awareness of the need of acting towards the reduction of the greenhouse effect, which causes such changes in our weather, noticed, mainly, through the global warming. The main means designed by that international treaty is the possibility of compensating the emissions of the gases accountable for the greenhouse effect (GEG Greenhouse Effect Gases), which is possible only through the transaction of the Credits of Emission Reduction - CERs, commonly known as Carbon Credits. Its example was followed, individually, by several other countries, being its idea adopted, even by Brazil, most accurately by São Paulo Estate, which improved its concept in the reduction of the concentration in the atmosphere of some polluting gases and of particulated material. However, a lot is asked about the compatibility of the above mentioned Protocol inside the principles and main regulations of our Environmental Law, and also, about what would be the environmental civil responsibility of the people engaged in the projects, related to a possible not fulfilling of the reduction of the emissions, as declared in each case. In this paper, we will demonstrate the perfect compatibility among the projects that give rise to the getting of the Credits of Reduced Atmospheric Emissions and our main laws related to the environment protection, as well as to the Environmental Law Principles. Finally, we will also, as an important part of this paper, analyses the environmental civil responsibility of the people in charge of keeping the commitments made when a project is implemented, aiming at obtaining the Credits of the Reduced Atmospheric Emissions / Apesar de somente nas últimas décadas o problema relativo às mudanças climáticas ter ganhado a repercussão que lhe é devida, não é de agora a preocupação da Comunidade Internacional na adoção de medidas para mitigação dessa alteração ao equilíbrio ecossistêmico. O Protocolo de Quioto representa a concretização da necessidade de se agir de modo a reduzir o chamado efeito estufa, causador de tais mudanças em nosso clima, sentidas, principalmente, com o aquecimento global. O principal instrumento idealizado por este Tratado Internacional encontra-se na possibilidade de se compensar as emissões dos gases responsáveis pelo efeito estufa (GEE Gases de Efeito Estufa), ato que é possível apenas via transação das Certidões de Redução de Emissões - RCEs, popularmente conhecidas como Créditos de Carbono. Seu exemplo foi seguido ainda individualmente, por outros diversos países, chegando sua idéia a ser adotada inclusive pelo Brasil, mais precisamente pelo Estado de São Paulo, que aprimorou seu conceito na redução da concentração na atmosfera de alguns gases poluentes e de material particulado. Entretanto, muito se questiona doutrinariamente acerca da compatibilidade do referido instrumento com nosso Direito Ambiental, princípios e principais normas, e ainda sobre qual seria a responsabilidade civil ambiental daqueles envolvidos nos projetos, frente a um eventual não cumprimento da redução das emissões, conforme declarado em cada caso. Demonstrar-se-á, ao longo do texto, a perfeita compatibilidade entre os projetos que dão ensejo à obtenção dos Créditos de Emissões Atmosféricas Reduzidas e as nossas principais leis relativas à proteção do meio ambiente, bem como aos princípios de Direito Ambiental. Por fim, sendo ainda o foco principal do presente estudo, será analisada a responsabilidade civil ambiental dos responsáveis pela manutenção dos compromissos acordados quando da implementação de um projeto visando à obtenção dos Créditos de Emissões Atmosféricas Reduzidas
135

A função promocional do direito no panorama das mudanças climáticas: a idéia de pagamento por serviços ambientais e o princípio do protetor-recebedor

Furlan, Melissa 28 April 2008 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Melissa Furlan.pdf: 1435637 bytes, checksum: da6c47c638b3603e1442a5bf7083d879 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-28 / This study analyzes the role of Law in fostering environmental public policies considering the climate change issue. First, we present basic notions on global warming, the greenhouse effect, etc., as well as the evolution of the concern with climate changes. We studied the first UN Environment Conference, carried out in 1972, and the Conference in 1992, in Rio de Janeiro, where the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change was approved, which objective is to reduce the levels of concentration of greenhouse gases. However, the most discussed interna-tional diploma when climate change is concerned is the Kyoto Protocol, an exten-sion unfolding of the Fourth Convention, which provides the instruments neces-sary to achieve its objectives. Thus, we present herein the main objectives and me-chanisms proposed by the Kyoto Protocol. Of the mechanisms created by the Pro-tocol, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is of interest to Brazil. We focus on CDM projects involving forestation and reforestation, which provide economic return to owners of forest areas through the sale of carbon credits . Realizing that exclusively protective-repressive environmental rules do not always assure effec-tive respect to the environment, we propose that Law more actively embraces its promotion aspect, fostering desirable environmental actions and behaviors, through positive sanctions or the use of the protector-receiver principle, through the system of paymento for environmental services. We present experiences of this kind car-ried out in countries such as Costa Rica, Mexico and the United States. In order to confront the theory and the practice of CDM projects in reforestation, involving car-bon credits and payment for environmental services, we present the remarks from an internship at a consulting company, Plant Inteligência Ambiental, where we took part on a project developed by the private initiative: the Programa Água das Flores-tas Tropicais [the Brazilian Rainforest Water Program], of the Coca Cola Brazil in-stitute. Finally, the goal of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of environmen-tal policies that combine forest preservation/conservation and economic return to the protectors of the environment / O trabalho analisa o papel do Direito como incentivador de políticas públi-cas ambientais em face da questão das mudanças climáticas. Apresentamos, ini-cialmente, noções básicas sobre aquecimento global, efeito estufa etc., bem como o cenário evolutivo da preocupação com as mudanças climáticas. Estudamos a Primeira Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Meio Ambiente, realizada em 1972, e a Conferência de 1992, sediada no Rio de Janeiro, em que se aprovou a Convenção-Quadro sobre Mudança do Clima, cujo objetivo principal é a redução dos níveis de concentração dos gases de efeito estufa. Contudo, o diploma inter-nacional mais discutido, em termos de mudança do clima, é o Protocolo de Quioto, um desdobramento da Convenção-Quadro, que traz os instrumentos necessários para a consecução de seus objetivos. Assim, apresentamos os principais objetivos e mecanismos resultantes do Protocolo de Quioto, dentre os quais interessa ao Brasil o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL). Nosso enfoque são os pro-jetos de MDL envolvendo florestamento e reflorestamento, que proporcionam re-torno econômico para os proprietários das áreas florestais mediante a venda de créditos de carbono . Após constatar que as normas ambientais de cunho exclusi-vamente protetivo-repressivo nem sempre garantem o efetivo respeito ao meio ambiente, propomos que o Direito assuma de modo mais ativo sua função promo-cional, incentivando comportamentos e ações ambientalmente desejáveis por meio das sanções positivas e da utilização do princípio do protetor-recebedor, via siste-ma de pagamento por serviços ambientais. Apresentamos experiências nesse sen-tido desenvolvidas em países como Costa Rica, México e Estados Unidos. Para confrontar a teoria e a prática dos projetos de MDL em reflorestamento, envolven-do créditos de carbono e pagamento por serviços ambientais, apresentamos as observações advindas de estágio realizado em uma empresa de consultoria, a Plant Inteligência Ambiental, na qual participamos de um projeto desenvolvido pela iniciativa privada o Programa Água das Florestas Tropicais, do Instituto Coca-Cola Brasil. O trabalho objetiva, por fim, demonstrar a viabilidade de políticas am-bientais que conjuguem preservação/conservação florestal e retorno econômico para os protetores do meio ambiente
136

O valor econômico do carbono emitido pelo processo de desmatamento da Amazônia como instrumento de conservação florestal

Lamarca Junior, Mariano Rua 27 September 2007 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariano Rua Lamarca Junior.pdf: 1290492 bytes, checksum: e6240c75f20575d90a5be2b3b05d364c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-27 / We analyse in the this work the causes of deforestation of the Legal Amazonia and the environment subject present in the public policies for the region, including the Public Forests Management Law (Law 11.284/06), approved with the goal of regulating public forests management in Brazil and promoting the sustainable development. We discuss the Kyoto Protocol´s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) problem regarding forest conservation. Through a hypothetical scenario of zero deforestation and 100% of the not emitted carbon linked to forest conservation projects, we calculate that an economic revenue equivalent to the logging activities could be obtained, contributing to the maintenance of the climatic equilibrium because of the reduced Greenhouse Gases emissions, as well as keeping preserved the biodiversity and environment services values related to the standing forest. Nevertheless, appropriate regulations should be planned and implemented to achieve the desired goal, and the solution proposed in this work is in the convergence of the international laws regulating carbon markets and the native tropical forests protection laws / Analisamos neste trabalho as causas de desmatamento da Amazônia Legal e a questão ambiental presente nas políticas públicas para a região, incluindo a Lei de Gestão de Florestas Públicas (Lei 11.284/06), sancionada com o objetivo de regulamentar a gestão de florestas públicas no Brasil e promover o desenvolvimento sustentável. Discutimos o problema do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) do Protocolo de Kyoto na questão da conservação florestal. Através de um cenário hipotético de desmatamento zero e 100% do carbono não emitido vinculado a projetos de conservação florestal, calculamos que uma receita econômica equivalente à da exploração madeireira poderia ser obtida, contribuindo para a manutenção do equilíbrio climático pela reduzida emissão de Gases de Efeito Estufa, bem como mantendo preservados os valores da biodiversidade e dos serviços ambientais relacionados à floresta em pé (não derrubada). Entretanto, marcos regulatórios adequados devem ser planejados e implementados para atingir o objetivo desejado, e a solução proposta neste trabalho situa-se na convergência das leis internacionais de regulação dos mercados de carbono e das leis de proteção das florestas tropicais nativas
137

O Protocolo de Kyoto: a União Européia na liderança do regime de mudanças climáticas

Domingos, Nicole de Paula 18 June 2007 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:48:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nicole de paula.pdf: 779846 bytes, checksum: c50f3fc22482674428d81143392481b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research analyzes the factors that led the European Union to adopt a strategy of leadership during the multilateral negotiations on climate change issues, especially after the United States´ refusal to ratify the Kyoto Protocol in 2001. This dissertation points out that the European position should be understood by two central dimensions. The first discusses the economic-energetic context of the bloc and suggests that the pro-Kyoto posture is influenced not only by the deepening economic integration, but also by the necessity of improving the security of energy supply in the European continent. The second dimension makes use of international political debates to demonstrate that this strategy could be perceived as a form to consolidate the Europeans´ international capacity to act as a bloc. Particularly, it is remarkable that the European leadership has been taking place especially in areas where the North-Americans have been progressively disengaged / Esta pesquisa analisa os fatores que levaram a União Européia a adotar uma estratégia de liderança nas negociações multilaterais sobre mudanças climáticas, principalmente após a recusa dos Estados Unidos em ratificar o Protocolo de Kyoto no ano de 2001. O trabalho aponta que o posicionamento da UE, aparentemente paradoxal, deve ser compreendido a partir de duas dimensões centrais. A primeira discute o cenário econômico-energético do bloco e sugere que esta postura pró-Kyoto sofre influência não só do aprofundamento da integração econômica, mas também da necessidade de garantir segurança energética no continente europeu. A segunda dimensão se utiliza de debates sobre política internacional para mostrar que esta estratégia pode ser interpretada como forma de consolidar a capacidade de atuação internacional dos europeus enquanto bloco. Em particular, deve-se destacar que a liderança da UE tem se consolidado especialmente em áreas onde os norte-americanos têm se desengajado progressivamente
138

Reducing Swedish Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Basic Industry and Energy Utilities : An Actor and Policy Analysis

Stigson, Peter January 2007 (has links)
<p>The aim of the thesis is to analyze the design of the present climate and energy policies. The main focus is on how the policy instruments affect the Swedish stakeholders who are included in the European Union’s Emission Trading Scheme (EU-ETS). In-depth interviews have been carried out with representatives from the basic industry, energy utilities as well as industrial and green organizations. The purpose is to illustrate have how these stakeholders view the current policy framework and what amendments that they view as necessary.</p><p>Suggestions to the Government are given regarding the design of national policies and policy instruments to provide for an improved policy framework. The information and synthesis have furthermore been collected through extensive literature studies as well as participating at conferences and seminars.</p><p>The thesis is written as a monograph in order to address a larger group of readers interested in the transition of energy systems towards sustainability as well as policy makers and Swedish stakeholders. The common understanding that the global energy systems have to undergo a transition to renewables and higher energy efficiency due to the earth’s finite sources of fossil fuels and uranium presents large challenges for policy makers and business sectors as well as the society in general.</p><p>Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have to be drastically reduced and the work to achieve this has started through international negotiations such as the Kyoto Protocol. As the present commitment levels are low, an important issue in a short-term perspective is to develop a more comprehensive and efficient system with a much wider participation and more stringent emission targets.</p><p>In order to achieve current national policy goals and international GHG emission commitments the Swedish Government utilizes a number of policy instruments that are either nationally self-assumed or called for by international agreements or the European Union. The Swedish stakeholders that are included in the EU-ETS face a broad policy framework that has a large impact on their daily operations and future investment strategies. It is imperative for the policymakers, i.e. the Government, to act in accordance with the long-term perspective that the climate change issue and the transition of the energy system require. It is likewise important that any actions are in accordance with the operational and investment climate that the business sector faces. It is argued that these aspects are not fully considered as the success of the next national budget or term of public office seems to overshadow these issues. A long-term perspective is required to provide the business sector with stable and reliable incentives. This is needed to provide the economic conditions under which the businesses can realize investments that will result in emission reductions. Short-term policies reinforce the view of environmental investments as a form of risk investments. This negatively affects the possibility of the policy instruments to effectively achieve established policy goals.</p><p>Paying attention to these requirements is however not a simple task for policy makers as it will require agreements between the political parties. This demonstrates the main political difficulty with climate change – the requirement of a long-term and full commitment by all state authorities. It should be noted that the thesis does not attempt to describe the Swedish policy makers as neglecting the urgency of acting to mitigate climate change. The national agenda is far to advanced from an international perspective for such statements. The thesis however pinpoints some important issues highlighted by stakeholders, within the business sector and other organizations, who are concerned with the present climate and energy policy framework.</p><p>Some of the findings are as follows:</p><p>• Reducing GHG emissions in order to combat climate change must include a long-term perspective</p><p>• The design of policy instruments should consequently be long-term to increase the support for investments in GHG emission reducing technologies</p><p>• The design of policies that promote low GHG production alternatives within the energy utilities should be improved</p><p>• The large potential for reduced GHG emission available through fuel switching and energy efficiency improvements in the Swedish basic industry should be promoted by amended policies</p><p>• Reformulate or abandon the national GHG emissions target goal with the current formulation</p><p>• Strive for an emission rights allocation system that is as transparent, fair and predictable as possible</p><p>• The policy framework should aim for a high level of stability through interaction with the affected stakeholders</p><p>• These factors are inherently important for the overall efficiency of the policy framework</p>
139

Anticipating pressing issues in trade and climate change policies: a critical analysis of border carbon adjustment measures with WTO law

Adedeji Adedayo Samuel January 2011 (has links)
Magister Legum - LLM
140

Négociations climatiques et mesures d'adaptation : la prise en compte des droits humains en droit international des changements climatiques

Desrochers Giroux, Isabeau 03 1900 (has links)
No description available.

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