Global ETD Search

71	Use, Abuse and Dependence of Prescription Drugs in Adolescents and Young Adults Lieb, Roselind, Pfister, Hildegard, Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich January 1998 (has links) Lifetime prevalence estimates of psychotropic medicine use as well as prevalence of DSM-IV prescription drug use disorders from the baseline investigation of the Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology (EDSP) Study are presented. Use of prescription medication at some time in their life was reported by 27.4% of the respondents. Illicit use of prescription drugs, which means an intake without medical legitimation, was reported by 4.5% of the sample. The findings suggest that abuse of and dependence on prescription drugs, with most cases reporting polysubstance use, is quite rare in the 14- to 24-year-olds. DSM-IV abuse was more prevalent than dependence (0.5 vs. 0.3%). In general, women reported higher prevalence rates of prescription drug use, whereas men reported higher prevalence rates of prescription drug disorders. This result suggests that men have a higher risk to develop a substance-use-related disorder. info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/616 ddc:616
72	Evaluation der Dialektisch-Behavioralen Therapie der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung nach sexueller Gewalt in Kindheit und Jugend Priebe, Kathlen 10 October 2019 (has links) Die Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung (PTBS) nach sexueller Gewalt in der Kindheit geht häufig mit komorbiden Symptomen einher. Kognitiv-behaviorale Therapien haben sich als effektiv in der Behandlung der PTBS erwiesen. Die Datenlage zur PTBS nach sexueller Gewalt in der Kindheit ist jedoch gering. In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurden Fragestellungen zur Diagnostik und Therapie der PTBS nach sexueller Gewalt verfolgt. In Schrift 1 werden die Ergebnisse einer ambulanten Assessmentstudie präsentiert, in der 28 Patientinnen wiederholt zum intrusiven Wiederleben befragt wurden. Mit durchschnittlich 75 Intrusionen und 24 Flashbacks pro Woche fand sich eine hohe Symptombelastung. Die Schriften 2, 3 und 4 beziehen sich auf eine randomisiert-kontrollierte Studie. Patientinnen (N=74) wurden randomsiert einer 12-wöchigen stationären DBT-PTBS oder einer treatment-as-usual Warteliste zugewiesen. Die Ergebnisse, die in Schrift 2 beschrieben sind, zeigen eine signifikante Reduktion der posttraumatischen Symptomatik mit einer großen Zwischengruppen-Effektstärke (g=1.35). In Schrift 3 wird dargestellt, dass die Effekte auf die posttraumatische Symptomatik in Bezug auf mehrere traumatische Ereignisse geringer sind als die Effekte in Bezug auf das am stärksten belastende Ereignis. Schrift 4 beinhaltet Ergebnisse zu der Inanspruchnahme psychiatrisch-psychotherapeutischer Behandlung und den assoziierten Kosten. Im Jahr vor der DBT-PTBS fanden sich im Mittel jährliche Pro-Kopf-Kosten von 18100 € und 57 stationäre Tage. Im Jahr nach der DBT-PTBS waren die Inanspruchnahme mit durchschnittlich 14 Tagen und die mittleren Kosten von 7233 € deutlich geringer. Zusammengefasst sprechen die Ergebnisse für eine hohe Effektivität der DBT-PTBS. Zudem scheint die DBT-PTBS mit einer Reduktion stationärer Tage und entsprechender Kosten einherzugehen. Die Ergebnisse zur Diagnostik deuten darauf hin, dass ein Teil der Symptomatik mit dem üblichen diagnostischen Vorgehen nicht erfasst wird. / Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with co-occurring severe psychopathology is a frequent sequel of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been shown to be efficacious in treating PTSD, but there is only limited data regarding patients with PTSD related to CSA. This dissertation focused on both the assessment and the treatment of PTSD related to CSA. Paper 1 presents data from an ambulatory assessment study. Patients (N=28) were provided with electronic diaries for repeated real-time assessment of intrusions and flashbacks. They reported an average of 75 intrusions and 24 flashbacks during the week of assessment. Papers 2, 3, and 4 present data from a randomized controlled trial. Patients (N=74) were randomized to either a 12-week residential DBT-PTSD program or a treatment-as-usual wait list. The results for primary and secondary outcomes are shown in Paper 2. Data revealed a significant reduction of posttraumatic symptoms with a large between-group effect size (g=1.35). Paper 3 provides results on the impact of the definition of the index trauma. When the index trauma included multiple traumas, PTSD severity scores were significantly higher, and improvements from pre- to post-treatment were significantly lower, compared to when the index trauma was defined as the worst trauma. Paper 4 presents data on the utilization of mental health care. The mean total costs were 18000 € per patient during the year before and 7233 € during the year after DBT-PTSD. The significant cost reduction was due to large reductions in inpatient treatment days (on average 57 days before and 14 days after DBT-PTSD). To sum up, the findings show clear evidence for the efficacy of the DBT-PTSD program. Data further indicate that DBT-PTSD might contribute to reducing the mental health care costs. Also, the results suggest that the currently applied methods of assessing PTSD in patients with severe symptoms might miss aspects of clinically relevant symptomatology. Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung Sexueller Missbrauch Dialektisch-behaviorale Therapie Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung Inanspruchnahmeverhalten posttraumatic stress disorder sexual abuse dialectical behavior therapy borderline personality disorder health care utilization 150 Psychologie CU 3040 CU 8500 ddc:150
73	A Novel Approach to Youth Crime Prevention: Mindfulness Meditation Classes in South African Townships / A Novel Approach to Youth Crime Prevention : Mindfulness Meditation Classes in South African Townships Kneip, Katharina January 2020 (has links) Children growing up in poor areas with high crime rates are shown to easily get involved in violent actions and criminal gangs. In South Africa, despite considerable efforts to reduce youth delinquency, youth crime rates are still disturbingly high – specifically, in the townships of the Cape Flats. This paper points out an important aspect previously unaddressed by most youth crime prevention: the subconscious roots of youth crime. What if we could develop youth crime prevention programs that manage to impact the subconscious behavioral patterns of youth in high crime areas? This paper proposes a promising and cost-effective approach that has great potential to affect multipe causes of crime: mindfulness meditation. Built upon newest findings in Neuroscience, this paper suggests that mindfulness meditation classes are associated with a reduction in aggressive behavior, a risk factor for youth crime, and an increase in self-efficacy, a protective factor. The impact of mindfulness classes at a high school in Khayelitsha, a poor and violent-stricken township of Cape Town, is analyzed. Self-reported aggression and self-efficacy are measured via a psychometric survey questionnaire created from two well-tested and validated scales. Regression analyses of 384 survey answers provided mixed results. Whilst novice meditators were not associated with higher self-efficacy and lower aggression, long-term meditators performed better in several dimensions of self-efficacy and aggression, yet no significant relationship was found. Further research specifically needs to investigate the moderating effect of age (a proxy for psychological development) on meditation. This study aims to bridge the gap between the outdated paradigms of youth crime prevention and ancient wisdom via ground-breaking new evidence from the field of Neuroscience. This study furthermore hopes to point policy makers toward developing new, integrative and sustainable approaches to youth crime prevention – approaches that give back agency to our youth. / <p>Anders Westholm har inget med betygssättningen att göra annat än i rent formellt hänseende (examinator). Det är han som rapporterar in och skriver under men i sak är det seminarieledaren som har beslutet i sin hand. Statsvetenskapliga institutet har som princip att skilja på handledning och examination vilket innebär att handledaren inte får vara seminarieledare. Seminarieledare och personen som satt betygget var i det här fallet Sven Oskarsson: Sven.Oskarsson@statsvet.uu.se</p> Juvenile delinquency youth aggression crime youth crime prevention cost-effective crime prevention crime rates psychometric survey questionnaire psychological scales aggression scale self-efficacy scale regression analysis quantitative study empowerment youth agency youth development development sustainable approach self-development Psychology Social Psychology abuse trauma risk factors protective factors townships poor area violent area Khayelitsha Guguletu Mitchell's Plain Ghetto Africa South Africa Cape Town Cape Flats school mindfulness meditation mindfulness meditation Kabat-Zinn future resilience subconsciousness subconscious brain emotional brain decision making aggression disruptive behavior self-efficacy self-esteem self-regulation emotional regulation subconsciousness subconscious behavioral patterns Neuroscience Political Science Development Studies Peace and Conflict Uppsala Jugendgewalt Jugendkriminalität Jugendaggression Aggressionsbewältigung Gewalt Verbrechensrate Gewaltrate Jugendgewaltprävention Gewaltprävention Survey-Studie Umfrage psychologische Skalen Aggressionsskala Selbstwirksamkeitsskala Regressionsanalyse Quantitative Studie Handlungsfähigkeit Jugend nachhaltig Entwicklungsarbeit Entwicklung Selbstentwicklung Psychologie Sozialpsychologie Missbrauch Trauma Risikofaktor Schutzfaktor Townships Armenviertel Konfliktgebiet Ghetto Cape Town Cape Flats Khayelitsha Südafrika Afrika Schule Primarschule weiterführende Schule Achtsamkeit Meditation Mindfulness Meditation Kabat-Zinn Zukunft Resilienz Aggression Selbstvertrauen Selbstwirksamkeit Selbstbewusstsein Selstregulierung Emotionsregulierung unbewusste Verhaltensmuster Unterbewusstsein Neurowissenschaft Politikwissenschaft Entwicklungsstudien Friedensforschung Uppsala Ungdomskriminalitet brottslighet förebyggande av brott enkätundersökning psykologiska skalor aggressionsskala egeneffektivitetsskala regression kvantitativ ungdomsutveckling utveckling självutveckling psykologi socialpsykologi övergrepp trauma riskfaktorer skyddsfaktorer townships fattiga område kriminellt område Khayelitsha Afrika Sydafrika Kapstaden skola mindfulness meditation mindfulness meditation Kabat-Zinn framtid motståndskraft aggression störande beteende självförmåga självkänsla självreglering emotionell reglering neurovetenskap statsvetenskap utvecklingsstudier fred och konfliktstudier Uppsala Globalisation Studies Globaliseringsstudier

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