Studiens syfte är att belysa begreppet barn i behov av särskilt stöd. Detta har vi granskat genom att undersöka förskolepersonalens uppfattningar om vilka barn som kan tänkas vara i behov av särskilt stöd och hur arbetet med dessa barn i förskolan ser ut, samt vilket stöd dessa barn kan få. Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ metod och använt oss utav semi-strukturerade intervjuer och de respondenterna som deltog representerades av verksamma pedagoger i förskolan. Vi har sedan analyserat intervjustudien och studiens resultat tyder på att begreppet barn i behov av särskilt stöd är svårdefinierat och otydlig. Resultatet visade även att en diagnos i många fall kan underlätta arbetet för pedagogerna och de barn som är i behov av särskilt stöd, eftersom de lättare kan få tillgång till det stöd som behövs, exempelvis en resurs. Vår studie visade även på att pedagogernas bemötande, kunskap och kompetens om de barn som är i behov av särskilt stöd är viktigt för att kunna stötta barnen. Slutsatsen av vår intervjustudie blir att barn i behov av särskilt stöd är ett komplext område att förhålla sig till samt att, det krävs fördjupade kunskaper inom de olika områden som finns gällande barn i behov av särskilt stöd. Exempelvis fördjupade kunskaper om diagnoser, funktionsnedsättningar, språksvårigheter samt verktygens användningsområden. Slutsatsen blir även att tillgången till resurser är begränsad hos de förskolor som vi har besökt och det krävs oftast en diagnos eller uttalad funktionsnedsättning, för att pedagogerna i förskolans verksamhet ska få in resurser till ett barn som är i behov av särskilt stöd.

In today's Swedish preschool and elementary school all children are entitled to an inclusive education, where they receive the support and are presented with the educational challenges they are perceived to be in need of. To meet the needs and preconditions of all children, the educational mission of teachers today involves the apply of special educational tools, such as for example the use of visual support. The aim of this study is to analyse teachers experiences of visual support and the results they have experienced from using visual support in the learning environment. The study involves a preschool and an elementary school in a municipality in Sweden, and is based on interviews with three preschool teachers, three elementary school teachers, the headmaster of the preschool, and the headmaster of the elementary school. The results have been analyzed using sociocultural theory and a relational perspective on special education. The overall results show that teachers have used visual support for the children as a group, combined if necessary with visual support for individual children. Furthermore the results show that the use of visual support originates from a necessity to address pedagogical dilemmas and problems that have arisen within the learning environment. Both the headmasters and the teachers describe that the use of visual support has been beneficial for improving the learning environment for all of the children as well as the working environment for the teachers. In accordance with sociocultural theory and a relational perspective on special education, visual support has been used by the teachers participating in this study, as a tool to promote inclusion of all children, and as means of adapting the learning environment according to difficulties children experience within that context. The results of this study confirms that the use of visual support for children as a group can be considered a good example of what Jensen (2017) describes as reversed inclusion, meaning that the learning environment is adapted on a group level to meet the needs and preconditions of children in need of special support.

Personal inom gymnasiesärskolan arbetar i en verksamhet som kan vara farlig. Det är inte så ovanligt att personal möts av hot och våld i sin vardag. Elever gör rätt om de kan och frustration och stress i situationer som de upplever att de inte kan behärska kan leda till utmanande beteenden. Det är därför personalens uppgift att arbeta förebyggande för att elever inte ska behöva känna stress och frustration. Syftet med denna studie var således att få en fördjupad kunskap om hur personal inom gymnasiesärskolan kan arbeta proaktivt med elever och utmanande beteenden. Elever som upplever att lärmiljön är begriplig, hanterbar och meningsfull behöver inte känna stress och frustration. För att uppnå studiens syfte utfördes intervjuer med elva personal inom två gymnasiesärskolor. I personalens beskrivningar av sin verksamhet visar de att de har ett proaktivt förhållningssätt och att de med metoder, strategier och i sitt bemötande av elever aktivt försöker reducera belastningar så att elever inte ska behöva känna stress och frustration. Det finns dock ramfaktorer som innebär att personalen inte alltid lyckas i det proaktiva arbetet. / Personnel in upper secondary schools for students with special needs work in a field that can be dangerous. It is not uncommon for personnel to be faced with threats and violence in their everyday lives. Students do well if they can and frustration and stress in situations that they find that they cannot master can lead to challenging behaviors. It is therefore the task of the personnel to work preventively so that students do not have to feel stress and frustration. The aim of this study was thus to gain an in-depth knowledge of how personnel in the upper secondary school for students with special needs can work proactively to avoid stress and frustration among students. Pupils who feel that the learning environment is understandable, manageable and meaningful need not feel stress and frustration. To achieve the aim, interviews were carried out with eleven personnel within two upper secondary schools for students with special needs. In the personnel's descriptions of their activities, they show that they have a proactive approach and that, with methods, strategies and in their treatment of pupils, they actively try to reduce pressure so that students do not have to feel stress and frustration. However, there are framework factors that mean that the personnel does not always succeed in the proactive work.

La distance psychologique est omniprésente dans l’esprit du consommateur et influence ses attitudes et son comportement envers les produits hédoniques. Cependant, des contradictions sont présentes dans la littérature quant à la direction (positive ou négative) des effets de la distance psychologique sur les réponses du consommateur envers les produits hédoniques. En effet, certaines recherches avancent que l’augmentation de la distance psychologique influence positivement les réponses du consommateur envers les produits hédoniques. Alors que d’autres suggèrent l’effet inverse. L’objectif de cette recherche est de réconcilier ces contradictions en examinant sous quelles conditions la distance peut avoir un effet positif ou négatif. Nous proposons que le degré de proéminence du besoin de justification (non saillant vs saillant) du consommateur au moment où il évalue le produit hédonique modère ses effets et constitue une condition sous laquelle la distance psychologique peut avoir un effet positif ou négatif sur les réponses du consommateur envers les produits hédoniques. Trois expérimentations ont été conduites pour le test de nos hypothèses. Les deux premières suggèrent qu’en condition de besoin de justification non saillant, l’augmentation de la distance psychologique a une influence négative sur les réponses attitudinales et comportementales du consommateur envers les produits hédoniques. La troisième expérimentation, quant à elle, propose qu’en condition de besoin de justification saillant, l’augmentation de la distance psychologique a un effet positif sur la réponse comportementale du consommateur envers le produit hédonique. / Psychological distance is pervasive in the consumer’s mind and impacts their attitude and behavior toward hedonic products. However, the literature is inconsistent regarding the direction of the effects of psychological distance on consumer’s responses toward hedonic products. In fact, one part of the research suggests that increasing psychological distance positively impacts consumer’s responses toward hedonic products. Whereas another part of the literature proposes the opposite effect. The aim of this research is to reconcile this inconsistency by examining under which conditions psychological distance can have positive or negative effect. We suggest that the degree of prominence of need to justify (non-salient vs salient), which a consumer experiments during the evaluation of hedonic products, moderates the effect of psychological distance and constitutes the condition under which psychological distance can have a positive or a negative impact on consumer’s responses toward hedonic products. In order to test our research hypotheses, we carried out three experiments. The first two experiments show that in the condition of a non-salient need to justify, the increase of psychological distance has a negative impact on consumer’s responses toward hedonic products. The third experiment suggests that in the condition of a salient need to justify, the increase of psychological distance has a positive impact on consumer’s response toward hedonic products.

ELM模式把過去紛歧的說服理論作一整合，成功地解釋了過去在說服理論及實證上的歧異。然而，不同的文化下有不同的溝通型態，ELM模式是否能放諸四海而皆準呢？本研究主要目的是希望了解ELM模式在文化迥異於美國的臺灣消費者是否依然成立呢？ 　　本研究主要是以Petty & Cacioppo的ELM模式為研究之架構。根據ELM模式，個人有處理訊息的動機及能力時，將會採中央路徑的訊息處理方式，此時影響態度的主要因素為論點品質；反之，若個人缺乏處理訊息的動機或沒有處理訊息的能力時，則會採取周 　　路徑的訊息處理方式，此時影響態度的主要因素為周邊線索。在本研究中，我們以論點品質（強／弱）的作為中央線索的操弄，以推薦人的知名度、受喜好程度（名人推薦人／非名人推薦人）作為周邊線索的操弄。以投入程度（高／低）及認知需求的高低（以量表衡量）來研究其對兩路徑說服效果的影響。 　　研究結果發現： 　　1、高投入程度者較低投入程度者顯著地對目標產品有較正面的態度。 　　2、名人推薦人效果略優於非名人推薦人。 　　3、強論點效果顯著地優於弱論點效果。 　　4、與國外實證結果不同的是，本研究的交互效果皆不顯著，此結果正突顯出，本研究所提出之文化差異對廣告說服力之影響。也就是東方文化較傾向於地域依賴，而西方文化較傾向地域獨立。 / Systematic variation across cultures in many psychological phenomena have been found by many previous studies. This study incorporate on of them, i. e., need for cognition, into a consumer behavior model, i.e., the Elaboration Likelihood Model. In this paper, the reason why the development of an individual's need for cognition is governed by cultures is explored and the relationship between need for cognition and persuasive effectiveness of media communication is established. Undergraduates at NCCU participated in the experiment. Subjects were randomly assigned to each of the cells in a 2(involvement:high or low) x 2(celebrity status:famous or infamous) x 2(argument quality: high or low)factorial design. Our study has not provided support for the view that different features of an advertisement may be more or less effective, depending upon a person's involvement or need for cognition. The result is not consistent with that of other studies conducted in the western culture. The possible explanation may be due to the culture differences in that the Chinese culture is field dependent while the western culture is field independentas hypothesized.

服務業已成為國家經濟發展的重要基礎，如何提供良好的服務來滿足顧客，也成為相當重要的議題。而在組織中，員工面對顧客所展現的態度及行為皆代表著組織，員工服務的行為與經驗在與顧客互動的過程中，影響顧客對服務品質的認知，再者，房屋仲介業在服務業中具有相當重要的地位，房仲業者分店數全台已達五千多家，僅次於便利商店，因此本研究將以房仲業者為例，進行員工服務行為之內涵之探索，並探討房屋仲介業務人員，在銷售價格高低不同之房屋時，或面對不同類型的顧客需求時，所展現的服務行為內涵是否具有相同、相異之處。 　　本研究以台北市之房屋仲介業業務人員為研究對象，深度訪談49位具有8個月以上服務經驗之房仲業務人員與店主管，並將訪談內容逐字稿轉為可研究的項目 (item)，依內容相似性作分類，共產生10種不同的服務行為類別。研究結果顯示，不論房仲業務人員在銷售價格較高或較低的房屋時，或是其面對自住型或投資型需求之顧客時，大多會展現出公司所規定之服務行為；然而，當其在銷售價格較高的房屋時，與當其面對投資型需求（而非自住型需求）之顧客時，尚會展現出公司未明文規定之服務行為。 / Service industry has become an important foundation for national economic development. So how to provide better service to make customer satisfied has become an important issue. In service organization, employee’s behaviors and attitude toward customers are on behalf of organization. And employee’s service behavior in the process of interacting with customer will influence how customer perceives service quality. What’s more, the real estate brokerage industry plays an important role in service industry. The number of stores of real estate brokerage industry in Taiwan is more than 5,000 stores, only less than the number of convenience stores. Therefore, this study used the salespersons in real estate brokerage industry as sample to explore the first-line employee service behaviors. And this study discussed the similarities and differences in service behaviors when salesperson sold the houses with higher or lower price, and faced customers with different needs. 　　This study used a sample of the salespersons of real estate brokerage industry in Taipei. After interviewing 49 salespersons, whose working experience is more than 8 months, the study turned the transcripts into analyzable items. By the similarity of the items, this study classified the items into 10 categories. The result is that no matter the salespersons sold the house with higher or lower price, or faced customer need of consumption or investment, they mostly provided the organization expected customer service behaviors. But when they sold the house with higher price, or faced the customer need of investment, they even provided the more customer service behaviors which are not required.

<p>The purpose of the study was to learn how social structures can enable accessibility, by asking persons with visual impairment about their experiences of accessibility in the public environment in the city of Stockholm. Eleven adults with visual impairments, living in the city of Stockholm, were interviewed using two separate focus groups. The study was carried out with the objective to allow for the participants to be involved in the research process. The resulting data was analyzed on the basis of Nancy Fraser’s theory on social justice, focusing on the conceptions; needs, politicised needs, redistribution, recognition and misrecognition. Qualitative findings were reported on the participants’ descriptions of; the Handicap Political Programme of Stockholm as a programme encompassing high ambitions with limited practical influence on every day life, barriers and facilitators for accessibility in the city of Stockholm and equality as one consequence of a society accessible for people with visual impairment. The study illustrated that different facilitators, depending on the context, and intervention by the society are required in order to enable accessibility for all members of society.</p>

<p>The purpose of this paper is to investigate on what basis a child is committed into care according to the law and to see on which grounds the decision about committed child care in law practice are taken when a child is committed to care due to parents who are mentally retarded. To better understand the juridical grounds for these decisions I will also in a short background describe the meaning of the term mentally retarded, how mental retardation and parenthood has changed over time and how different opinions are expressed in the law. Both people with mental retardation and children have in recent years gained their rights and sometimes these rights end up in conflict with one another. In those cases, what is in the best interest of the child, should be decisive. The children who have mentally retarded parents are at risk to not have their physical, psychological, emotional, social and intellectual needs met and are therefore being unfavourable developed. LVU gives possibilities for the right to intervene in the relation between child and parent through committing the child into care against the parent’s will. This law is supposed to be used in those cased when the child is being exposed to bad conditions which implies an obvious risk for the health and development of the child and when care cannot be given voluntarily. In my study it is discovered that the Supreme Court has decided cases where children with parents who are mentally retarded or have similar problems has been committed into care. The retardation in itself is not reason enough for the child to be committed into care, it is the consequences which are determining. The Supreme Court approved the Social service request concerning committing care in three of the eleven cases I have studied and they stated lack in material, social and intellectual areas, and also the immatureness of the parents and the inability to put the child’s need first. In the other cases I have studied the Supreme Court declined the requests from the Social service and motive it different in each case. They referred to the lack of necessary qualifications, that siblings has managed well, that supporting measures in the home should be sufficient etc. In my study I can clearly see that the demand for evidence about lack in care is increased by every instance. My study also show that the Supreme Court to a relatively great extent tend to decide against the Social service, experts and the opinion of public counsels. My opinion is that the perspective of the child is at risk of being put aside if the court lower their demands on good parenthood for parents with mental retardation.</p>

The purpose of this paper is to investigate on what basis a child is committed into care according to the law and to see on which grounds the decision about committed child care in law practice are taken when a child is committed to care due to parents who are mentally retarded. To better understand the juridical grounds for these decisions I will also in a short background describe the meaning of the term mentally retarded, how mental retardation and parenthood has changed over time and how different opinions are expressed in the law. Both people with mental retardation and children have in recent years gained their rights and sometimes these rights end up in conflict with one another. In those cases, what is in the best interest of the child, should be decisive. The children who have mentally retarded parents are at risk to not have their physical, psychological, emotional, social and intellectual needs met and are therefore being unfavourable developed. LVU gives possibilities for the right to intervene in the relation between child and parent through committing the child into care against the parent’s will. This law is supposed to be used in those cased when the child is being exposed to bad conditions which implies an obvious risk for the health and development of the child and when care cannot be given voluntarily. In my study it is discovered that the Supreme Court has decided cases where children with parents who are mentally retarded or have similar problems has been committed into care. The retardation in itself is not reason enough for the child to be committed into care, it is the consequences which are determining. The Supreme Court approved the Social service request concerning committing care in three of the eleven cases I have studied and they stated lack in material, social and intellectual areas, and also the immatureness of the parents and the inability to put the child’s need first. In the other cases I have studied the Supreme Court declined the requests from the Social service and motive it different in each case. They referred to the lack of necessary qualifications, that siblings has managed well, that supporting measures in the home should be sufficient etc. In my study I can clearly see that the demand for evidence about lack in care is increased by every instance. My study also show that the Supreme Court to a relatively great extent tend to decide against the Social service, experts and the opinion of public counsels. My opinion is that the perspective of the child is at risk of being put aside if the court lower their demands on good parenthood for parents with mental retardation.

The purpose of the study was to learn how social structures can enable accessibility, by asking persons with visual impairment about their experiences of accessibility in the public environment in the city of Stockholm. Eleven adults with visual impairments, living in the city of Stockholm, were interviewed using two separate focus groups. The study was carried out with the objective to allow for the participants to be involved in the research process. The resulting data was analyzed on the basis of Nancy Fraser’s theory on social justice, focusing on the conceptions; needs, politicised needs, redistribution, recognition and misrecognition. Qualitative findings were reported on the participants’ descriptions of; the Handicap Political Programme of Stockholm as a programme encompassing high ambitions with limited practical influence on every day life, barriers and facilitators for accessibility in the city of Stockholm and equality as one consequence of a society accessible for people with visual impairment. The study illustrated that different facilitators, depending on the context, and intervention by the society are required in order to enable accessibility for all members of society.