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This thesis explores the increasing medicalization of society, the process whereby social phenomenon are transformed into medical problems. Alike the general tendency of neuropsychiatric diagnoses, the number of people with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) has increased and expanded from a boys’ diagnosis to include both adult men and women. Studies on the latter category is however scarce. The objective of the thesis is to contribute with a micro sociological and critical perspective on the effects of the biomedicalization process, by focusing women's experience of getting and living with ADHD. The empirical material consists of narrative interviews with sixteen women, diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood. The participants, age 20 to 50, were enrolled via Swedish NGOs in 2010 and 2013. The thesis resides on four analytical themes: biomedicalization, pharmaceuticalizaton, functionality and gender. It shows how diagnostics evokes processes that involve learning and using a biomedical terminology to describe and understand oneself. ADHD is, in general, depicted as diffuse, expansionary, masculine and deviant sociability and cognitivity. Unlike depression and anxiety, described as temporary and unwanted illnesses, the ADHD-diagnosis embraces the whole personality. Hence, the women find it difficult to identifying and separating ADHD from the self. Furthermore, categorizations of oneself as a ‘woman with ADHD’ imply constructions of individual and collective identity that has ideological implications, i.e. the individual narratives are related to grand narratives. These contradictory grand narratives bring about ideological dilemmas that are handled rhetorically in the women's everyday life. The masculine connotation of ADHD, for example, render the women experiencing themselves as transgressing not only femininity but also ADHD-personhood. Additionally, as social actions are attributed to the ‘ADHD brain’, the brain is portrayed as a pathological deviant and dysfunctional object for pharmaceutical intervention. Nevertheless, this discourse is also contested by the women by pointing to 1) positive aspects of the ‘ADHD-brain’ in everyday life, or 2) gender inequalities and demands of the late-modern society. Concluding, the women in this study are not only victims of their bodies or societal norms, but also agents negotiating – adapting and opposing to – expectations of how to be an ideal citizen or woman.

Syftet med uppsatsen var att utifrån arbetsförmedlares uppfattning undersöka förutsättningar för personer med funktionsnedsättning att etablera sig på den reguljära arbetsmarknaden. En kvalitativ metod har använts för att uppnå studiens syfte. Fem intervjuer genomfördes med yrkesverksamma arbetsförmedlare på Arbetsförmedlingen. Uppsatsens teoretiska ansats kan beskrivas genom de tre perspektiven individuell, strukturell samt organisatorisk nivå. Studien visar att enligt arbetsförmedlare har personer med funktionsnedsättning trots fördjupat stöd från Arbetsförmedlingen svårt att etablera sig på arbetsmarknaden. Ett centralt skäl till att personer med funktionsnedsättning står utanför arbetsmarknaden finns på strukturell nivå då rädsla och okunskap bland arbetsgivare bidrar till en exkluderande arbetsmarknad för kategorin. Vidare upplever arbetsförmedlare att det fördjupade stöd som finns på Arbetsförmedlingen fungerar men att standardiserade styrdokument och ökande administration utgör en begränsning på organisatorisk nivå för kategorin. Arbetsförmedlare uppger att få begränsningar finns hos den arbetssökande enskilda individen. / The purpose of the study was to, based on the perspective of employment officers, examine the conditions for people with disabilities to establish themselves on the labour market. A qualitative method was used to achieve the purpose of the study. Five employment officers were interviewed. Individual, structural and organizational level were used as the essay’s theoretical approach. The study showed that even though people with disabilities are given enhanced support from Arbetsförmedlingen, they are still excluded from the labour market. One reason people with disabilities are excluded is because of employers’ fear and lack of knowledge of the meaning of disabilities. The employment officers stated that the enhanced support given by Arbetsförmedlingen operates well but strict regulations and administration were described as limitations on an organizational level. Employment officers stated there were few reasons on the individual level as to why people with disabilities are excluded from the labour market.

The main objective of this research is to investigate and examine how elementary schools in a medium-sized city in Sweden work to promote participation for students with neuropsychiatric disabilities. The study has three main research questions; how schools encourage and foster participation, how they regard their resources and the difference between resource schools and communal schools. To clarify the scope and these research questions we have conducted a qualitative study with five semistructured interviews with principals and head of unit on three resource schools and two communal schools. The data was then dissected and analysed by deductive analysis method and the system theory. The results show that schools work to promote student participation by first improving their social skills both in class and outdoors, adapting the environment and providing an approach that considers individual needs. We found that the shortage of teachers and staff, as well as the lack of knowledge and experience in such matter, are two main concerns. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur grundskolor från klass 1-9 i en mellanstor stad i Sverige, arbetar för att främja delaktighet för elever med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar. Studien har tre stycken frågeställningar; hur skolorna främjar delaktigheten, hur de upplever sina resurser och om arbetet skiljer sig mellan resursskolorna och de kommunala skolorna. För att besvara syftet och frågeställningar genomfördes en kvalitativ studie med fem stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer med rektorer och enhetschefer från tre stycken resursskolor och två stycken kommunala skolor. Datan analyserades sedan genom en deduktiv analysmetod. Resultatet visar att skolor arbetar för att främja elevernas delaktighet genom att först utveckla deras sociala förmåga både i klassen och utanför, anpassa miljön och ge individanpassade lösningar anpassad efter alla elevers individuella behov. Brist på personal samt kunskapsbrist hos befintlig personal upplevdes som största resursbristen och den största skillnaden mellan resursskolorna och de kommunala skolorna var personaltätheten.

Submitted by Lais Scarpari null (lais_scarpari@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-14T23:50:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Scarpari, Lais.pdf: 2110119 bytes, checksum: 874aa3f748ef8e0c54897d5fc5ea52b1 (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: A data (mês) que consta na capa e folha de rosto do trabalho deve ser a mesma que consta na folha de aprovação. Corrija estas informações e realize uma nova submissão contendo o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-09-19T20:25:09Z (GMT) / Submitted by Lais Scarpari null (lais_scarpari@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-25T19:10:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Scarpari, L..pdf: 2111313 bytes, checksum: 48ee1e0cf4085520822c452f28383336 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-26T17:43:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 scarpari_l_me_rcla.pdf: 2111313 bytes, checksum: 48ee1e0cf4085520822c452f28383336 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-26T17:43:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 scarpari_l_me_rcla.pdf: 2111313 bytes, checksum: 48ee1e0cf4085520822c452f28383336 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O estágio leve da doença de Alzheimer (DA) é marcado por muitas mudanças que acabam por interferir na vida do idoso acometido e na de sua família. Cuidadores informais de indivíduos com DA são, na maioria das vezes, idosos e podem apresentar quadros de sobrecarga física e psicológica, desde o estágio leve da doença, agravando o processo de senescência. Em contrapartida, estudos demonstram que o ato de cuidar pode gerar sentimentos positivos e benefícios na sua saúde física desse cuidador. Diante deste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o nível de atividade física, capacidade funcional e variáveis neuropsiquiátricas de idosos cuidadores de indivíduos com doença de Alzheimer no estágio leve e de não cuidadores, descrever o perfil de idosos cuidadores de indivíduos com DA no estágio leve e analisar possíveis relações entre as variáveis neuropsiquiátricas de idosos cuidadores de indivíduos com DA no estágio leve da doença. Para tanto, foram recrutados 39 idosos, sendo eles 19 cuidadores de indivíduos com DA no estágio leve e 20 idosos não cuidadores. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Anamnese semiestruturada, Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), Escore de Avaliação Clínica de Demência (CDR), Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (GDS), Inventário neuropsiquiátrico (NPI) e Escala de sobrecarga do cuidador de Zarit (ZARIT). Para a averiguação da capacidade funcional foi utilizada a Senior Fitness Test e para o nível de atividade física foi utilizado o Questionário Baecke modificado para idosos. Foram realizados testes de normalidade dos dados e, devido à natureza dos dados, a comparação dos resultados de grupos foi realizada utilizando o Teste U de Mann-Whitney. Para as análises de correlação foi realizado o teste de correlação de Spearman. Todas as análises adotaram nível de significância de 5% (p≤0,05). Como principais resultados, observou-se que idosos cuidadores de indivíduos com DA no estágio leve apresentaram número maior de doenças quando comparados a idosos não cuidadores. Foram encontradas correlações moderadas e positivas entre a GDS e NPI(F) (r=0,652; p:0,002), NPI(D) (r=0,566; p:0,01) e Zarit (r= 0,509; p:0,026) e entre o NPI(F) e o número de medicamentos (r=0,600; p:0,008). Parece haver uma relação entre o ato de cuidar e a saúde física de idosos cuidadores de indivíduos no estágio leve da doença, sendo que quanto maior os distúrbios de comportamento do paciente sob cuidados, maior a frequência de sintomas depressivos, sobrecarga e número de medicamentos utilizados pelos cuidadores. / The mild stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is marked by many changes that end up interfering in the lives of the affected elderly and their family. informal caregivers of individuals with AD are most often elderly and may have pictures of physical and psychological burden from the mild stage of the disease, stressing the process of senescence. In contrast, studies show that the act of caring can generate positive feelings and benefits in physical health that caregiver. Given this context, the objective of this study was to compare the level of physical activity, functional capacity and neuropsychiatric variables of caregivers of elderly individuals with Alzheimer's disease in the mild stage and no caregivers, describing the profile of elderly caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer's disease in the mild stage and examine possible relationships between neuropsychiatric variables of elderly caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer's disease in the mild stage of the disease. Therefore, 39 seniors were recruited while they were 19 caregivers of individuals with AD in mild AD and 20 elderly non-caregivers. The instruments used were: Interview structured, Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and Zarit Caregiver Overload Scale (Zarit). To investigate the functional capacity was used to Senior Fitness Test and the level of physical activity was used Baecke Questionnaire modified for the elderly. data normality test was performed and because of the nature of the data to compare the results of groups was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. For correlation analysis was performed Spearman correlation test. All analyzes have adopted a significance level of 5% (p ≤ 0.05). As main results, it was observed that elderly caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer's disease in the mild stage presented more diseases compared to non-elderly caregivers. moderate and positive correlations were found between the GDS and NPI (F) (r = 0.652; p: 0.002), NPI (D) (r = 0.566; p: 0.01), and Zarit (r = 0.509; p: 0.026 ) and between the NPI (F) and the number of drugs (r = 0.600; p: 0.008). There seems to be a relationship between the act of caring and physical health of caregivers of elderly individuals in the mild stage of the disease, and the higher the behavioral disorders, greater depressive symptoms, the overhead and the number of drugs.

’A school for all?’ is a scientific essay regarding the inclusion of students with neuropsychiatric disabilities inside the classroom. This essay is about the reality behind ’a school for all’ and became a starting point of this paper due to the everyday dilemmas I face as a leisure-time teacher that coexist in a classroom. In the classroom, there are students with neuropsychiatric disabilities and we attempt to provide the inclusion of these students during a lesson. Due to the daily events and happenings in the classroom, I began questioning the idea of a school for all and contemplate the significance of inclusion for myself, as well as other colleagues. This essay will contribute to a better understanding of ‘a school for all’ concept, which has normally had varying implications for different individuals. I’ve chosen an essay-style method, with which I explored my experiences through self-reflection. I used Hans-George Gadamer’s hermeneutist perspective regarding comprehension, in order to observe my own dilemma from various angles. It is also discussed how the teachers’ interpretation of inclusion influences the students in a classroom. Special pedagogy is recommended to simplify the inclusion of students with disabilities, however, the different viewpoints regarding special pedagogy and the lack of competent pedagogics in schools prevents us from reaching the goal of ‘a school for all’. I will finally conclude by pointing out the vague description of the ‘inclusive work ethic’ mission within school regulations specified by the state. We instructors interpret inclusion differently based on personal presumptions, and the inclusion that is being currently practiced in schools, is merely a physical inclusion that leads to discrimination, frustration, and poor results. In addition, I recognize the lack of provisions and resources required to ensure that all children, regardless of their needs, would be successfully educated within the same classroom. / ”En skola för alla?” är en vetenskaplig essä om inkludering av elever med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar i klassrummet. Denna uppsats handlar om verkligheten bakom ”en skola för alla” och tar sin utgångspunkt i dilemman hos mig som är fritidspedagog och samverkar i ett klassrum med en lärare. I klassrummet finns elever med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar och vi försöker att inkludera alla elever i undervisningen. Det som hände dagligen i klassrummet fick mig att ifrågasätta tanken om en skola för alla och fundera på inkluderingens betydelse för mig och andar pedagoger. Denna uppsats syftar till att bidra till bättre förståelse kring begreppet ”en skola för alla” som kan ha olika innebörd för olika individer. Jag har valt att använda essäskrivande som metod där jag genom reflektion utforskar mina erfarenheter. Jag utgår från Hans- George Gudmar hermeneutiskt perspektiv om förståelsehorisont för att se på mitt dilemma ur olika vinklar. Jag kommer gå också in på hur pedagogernas tolkning av inkludering påverkar eleverna i klassrummet. Jag rekommenderar specialpedagogik för att underlätta inkluderingen av elever med svårigheter, men att olika syn på specialpedagogik och brist på kompetenta pedagoger i skolan gör att vi inte når målet” en skola för alla”. Slutligen kommer jag fram till att uppdraget som beskrivs som inkluderande arbetssätt är väldigt otydligt i styrdokumenten. Vi pedagoger tolkar inkluderingen på olika sätt utifrån våra förutsättningar. Inkluderingen som vi gör i skolan är en fysisk inkludering som leder till kräkningar, frustration och dåligt resultat. Vidare finner jag att vi verken har förutsättningar och resurs för att alla barn oavsett behov ska kunna undervisas i en och samma klassrum.

Avsikten med denna undersökning syftar till att undersöka betydelsen av fysisk aktivitet inom skol- och fritidsverksamhet för elever med neuropsykiatrisk funktionsnedsättning för att tillgodogöra inlärningen. Studien knyter an till det sociokulturella perspektivet på lärande. De frågeställningar som besvaras är: Har elever med neuropsykiatrisk funktionsnedsättning större behov av att röra på sig än andra och i sådana fall varför? Vad blir det för positiva förändringar hos elever med neuropsykiatrisk funktionsnedsättning som resultat av fysisk aktivitet/rörelse under deras skoldag? En enkätundersökning genomfördes på tre olika skolor med totalt 19 fritidslärare/extralärare och ett par specialpedagoger. Samtliga tillfrågade besvarade enkäten. Enligt studiens frågeställningar och utifrån det sociokulturella perspektivet med fokus på begreppet appropriering framkom följande resultat. Elever med en neuropsykiatrisk funktionsnedsättning har hjälp utav att röra på sig mer. Respondenterna menar att elevernas kommunikation för lärande förbättras. Resultatet pekar på att eleverna fick genom att röra sig mer, bättre möjlighet att ta över och ta till sig – appropriera – kunskaper i en samspelssituation.  Enligt respondenterna är det tydligt att undervisningsresultaten försämras när eleverna är stillasittande för länge. Att fysisk aktivitet har betydelse för lärandet bekräftas av tidigare forskning. Slutsatsen av denna enkätundersökning är att genom ökad fysisk aktivitet så skulle appropriering av kunskap kunna underlättas för elever med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar.

Adhd (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) är en neuropsykiatrisk funktionsnedsättningsom ofta kräver stödinsatser från samhället. Detta faller inom ramen för vår roll somsocialarbetare, där vi förväntas att identifiera utsatta grupper och samordna stöd för dessa.Under den senaste tiden har diskussioner i media berört en ökad förfrågan inom svensk hälsoochsjukvård gällande omprövning av neuropsykiatriska diagnoser. Syftet med dennadokumentstudie är att nå en närmare förståelse för de strukturella motiven till att personermed adhd önskar att få diagnosen omprövad i relation till stigmatisering och socialakategoriseringar. Därmed ämnar vi att bidra med fler perspektiv på diagnostisering och desspåverkan på individen.Studiens empiri består av personliga berättelser som publicerats i media, vilka har valts utmed hjälp av ett målstyrt urval. Genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys har begränsningar i livet,negativt bemötande och en negativ självbild, kunnat identifieras som motiv bakom viljan attompröva sin adhd-diagnos. När dessa motiv analyserats i relation till de teoretiska begreppenstigmatisering och sociala kategoriseringar, kan viljan att ompröva sin diagnos på enstrukturell nivå förstås som en påverkan av samhälleliga normer och upplevelsen av att varafeldiagnostiserad. / Adhd (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) is a neuropsychiatric disability whichdepends on the support of society. Lately, the diagnosis has been discussed in the media dueto increased requests within Swedish health care regarding re-evaluating neuropsychiatricdiagnoses.The purpose of this documentary study is to reach a further understanding about the structuralmotives behind the wish to re-evaluate an adhd diagnosis, with correlation to theories ofstigma and social category. Due to these theories, the study has an abductive strategy. Theempirics of the study consists of personal stories that have been published in the media,which has been chosen with a strategic sampling design. A qualitative content analysis hasbeen used to identify the motives behind the wish to re-evaluate an adhd diagnosis. Differentlimitations, a negative reception and a negative self image, are the motives we have been ableto identify. The wish to re-evaluate an adhd diagnosis could, after analyzing these motiveswith the theories of stigma and social category, be seen on a structural level as a result ofsocial norms and the experience of being misdiagnosed.

The purpose of this essay is to examine the way the flouting of the Gricean maxims is used to portray a fictional character with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This study analyzes a character named Sam Gardner from the television series Atypical. The study is based on written transcripts from six episodes of the TV series and was carried out qualitatively and quantitatively. The methodology of the study involved transcribing, counting, and analyzing the flouts used by Sam in these six episodes. The results suggest that Sam flouts all the maxims but flouts the maxim of relation most, with a total of 22 flouts, which can cause a problem in communication. Sam does not follow the maxim of relation as he tends to abruptly change the conversational topic to something else. In many cases, he changes the topic to something he is interested in, which is Antarctica and penguins. The second most dominant maxim in all six episodes to be flouted was the maxim of quantity, with a total of 15 flouts, as he gave either too much or too little information to the listener. The results of Sam’s limited pragmatic abilities fall into agreement with Fein’s (2010) claim that ASD individuals have pragmatic language deficits as they struggle to stay on topic and incorporate irrelevant details in conversations. This study further discusses how analyzing neurodivergent characters’ speech patterns can benefit teachers and students in a pedagogical setting.

The post COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) is an emerging phenomenon worldwide with enormous socioeconomic impact. While many patients describe neuropsychiatric deficits, the symptoms are yet to be assessed and defined systematically. In this prospective cohort study, we report on the results of a neuropsychiatric consultation implemented in May 2021. A cohort of 105 consecutive patients with merely mild acute course of disease was identified by its high symptom load 6 months post infection using a standardized neurocognitive and psychiatric-psychosomatic assessment. In this cohort, we found a strong correlation between higher scores in questionnaires for fatigue (MFI-20), somatization (PHQ15) and depression (PHQ9) and worse functional outcome as measured by the post COVID functional scale (PCFS). In contrast, neurocognitive scales correlated with age, but not with PCFS. Standard laboratory and cardiopulmonary biomarkers did not differ between the group of patients with predominant neuropsychiatric symptoms and a control group of neuropsychiatrically unaffected PCS patients. Our study delineates a phenotype of PCS dominated by symptoms of fatigue, somatisation and depression. The strong association of psychiatric and psychosomatic symptoms with the PCFS warrants a systematic evaluation of psychosocial side effects of the pandemic itself and psychiatric comorbidities on the long-term outcome of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.