This essays main focus will be on emergency shelters in disasters, and their understanding in gender awareness, by focusing on the way gender is constructed and seen. This dissertation will examine documents from Australian Red Cross and IASC (Inter Agency Standing Committee) in order to explore how they work with gender and shelter related issues. The objective is to examine and with help from these documents see how gender is constructed. The method and theory is based on Carol Bacchis; What’s the problem represented to be approach? (WPR-approach). This means that the essay have a discourse analysis basis, which the essay is built on. This was chosen because Bacchis approach interrogates the documents and therefore it is easier to get different views of how gender is constructed. Which way it is constructed and what is not constructed as a problem. The main research question is: How is the construction of gender perspective in the documents that are intended to steer the planning of the emergency shelters?   The questions will be; What or which problems seem to represent these documents, regarding gender understanding in emergency shelters? Are there any assumptions behind these formulated problems? If so, what are they? During the review of the documents, is there anything left that is seen as a non-problem, not problematized? Are there any gap or invisibility or can the problem be seen as something else? This essay will show how gender is constructed based on power imbalance. The way gender is constructed is complex and difficult. One thing is clear and that is that the way gender is constructed and how gender is represented, matters in emergency shelters. Gender is still also a topic for crisis management to integrate.

Detta är ett arbete som analyserar risk- och sårbarhetsanalyser från fyra olika län i Sverige utifrån Béné et al. (2012) teori om resiliens och förmågorna absorbera, anpassa och transformera. Teorin beskriver även begreppet sårbarhet i relation till resiliens och inkluderas därför i den tematiska analysen av risk- och sårbarhetsanalyserna. Arbetet berör det omdiskuterade begreppet resiliens, dess innebörd och applicering inom risk- och krishantering. Undersökningen visar hur olika risk- och sårbarhetsanalyser kan beskriva dessa förmågor och att utformningen av risk- och sårbarhetsanalyserna påverkar hur synliga dessa förmågor är i beskrivningen. Jämförelsen av länen visar att det finns olika förmågor utifrån beskrivningarna som delvis beror på utformningen av risk- och sårbarhetsanalyserna och vilka förutsättningar och erfarenheter som länen har. Länen skilde sig även åt i beskrivningarna av sårbarhet och hur medborgarna beaktades i relation till risker och hot inom länet. Slutsatser som kan dras utifrån arbetet är bland annat att förmågorna absorbera, anpassa och transformera till viss mån beskrivs i risk- och sårbarhetsanalyserna och att principerna i teorin och ramverket som Béné et al. (2012) beskriver också återfinns i olika delar av risk- och sårbarhetsanalyserna. / This is an essay that analyses risk and vulnerability assessments from four different counties in Sweden based on Béné et al. (2012) theory of resilience and the abilities to absorb, adapt and transform. The theory also describes the concept vulnerability in relation to resilience and is included in the thematic analysis of the risk and vulnerability assessments. The work concerns the disputed concept of resilience, its meaning and application in risk and crisis management. The study shows how different risk and vulnerability assessments can describe these abilities and that the design of risk and vulnerability assessments affects how visible these abilities are in the description. The comparison of the counties shows that there are different abilities based on the descriptions, partly due to the design of risk and vulnerability assessment, the conditions and experiences that the counties have. The counties also distinguished themself in the descriptions of vulnerability and how citizens were taken into account in relation to risks and threats within the county. Conclusions that could be drawn from this work is for instance that the abilities to absorb, adapt and transform can be found in the risk and vulnerability assessment and that the principles in the theory and framework that Béné et al. (2012) describes also can be found in various parts of the risk and vulnerability assessments.

Det är vanligt att svenska medborgare inte känner till vad som bör göras i en krissituation. Om en krissituation drabbar samhället är det mycket viktigt att information finns snabbt tillgänglig. Allmänheten behöver veta vad som bör göras om man själv eller någon annan befinner sig i en sådan allvarlig situation så att rätta åtgärder kan utföras. Detta arbete kommer att inleda en utvecklingsprocess för att ta fram designprinciper för kartor anpassade för krissituationer. Designprinciperna testas genom en prototyp för presentation. Designprinciperna grundar sig på teori av informationsvisualisering, kriskommunikation och kartografisk design samt lärdomar från fallstudier utav Oroville samt Bodens kommuns utvecklingsarbete för krishantering. Designprinciperna fungerar som hjälpande riktlinjer och ger ett grundande underlag för framtagning av kartor anpassade för kris- och evakueringssituationer. Principerna kan byggas vidare på för att ta hänsyn till fler aspekter och ge förbättrad vägledning för designprocessen. / It’s common among Swedish citizen not to know what to do if they find themselves in an emergency situation. If an emergency would happen upon our society it’s crucial to find information as soon as possible. Citizen need to know the proper actions to keep themselves and others safe, else they might hurt themselves or even others. This report will conduct a development process to create principles fordesigning geographical maps adjusted for emergency situations. The design principles are founded on theory of information visualization, crisis communication, cartographic design and interaction design. In addition with lessons from case studies from the Oroville dam and the municipality of Boden, Sweden, development to improve their crisis preparation. With this foundation a prototype is presented for testing uses and defining conclusions. The design principles developed functions as helping guidelines which gives a foundation for production of maps designed for crisis and evacuation situations. With further development the principles can be improved to consider additional relevant aspects and improve guidelines for the design process.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the conditions for public and privatepartnership (PPP) regarding civil crisesmanagement in the region of Kronoberg and further explain the possibilities and obstacles that can arise from such a partnership. The questions of this study are: · Which principles constitute todays crisesmanagementsystem? · Which factors favour a public private partnership in crisesmanagement? · Which possibilities and obstacles can arise from a PPP in crisesmanagement? · How are the PPP constructed in crisesmanagement in the region of Kronoberg in the areas regarding electrical energy and telecommunication? Field study interviews have been used as method to gather the empirical data. When applying the theoretical framework on the empirical material the main conclusion is that PPP in crisesmangement are predominantly positive for all parties concerned. The possibilities that arise with PPP in crisesmanagement overshadow the obstacles by numbers. Keywords: Public Private Partnership. Crisesmanagement

Våren 2017 upplevde Sverige en kris när det terrorattentat med flest dödsfall sen 1940 inträffade; en lastbil körde längs Drottninggatan i Stockholm, varpå flera personer blev påkörda varav fem personer dödades. Händelsen spred sig snabbt i sociala medier och delar av informationen som spreds var obekräftade uppgifter som senare visade sig vara felaktiga. Syftet med denna studie har varit att framställa rekommendationer för kriskommunikatörers proaktiva arbete mot falsk information och ryktesspridning på sociala medier samt utgöra en grund för vidare forskning inom krisinformatik. För att uppnå detta syfte har sex respondenter från Krisinformation.se och Polisen intervjuats och en tidslinje (Bilaga 3) upprättats för att förtydliga händelseförloppet på sociala medier under terrorattentatet. Analys av data från det insamlade materialet har resulterat i tio rekommendationer som kan appliceras för att proaktivt motverka falsk information och ryktesspridning på sociala medier. Rekommendationer som kan appliceras generellt hos aktörer inom krishantering. Dessa rekommendationer var: Öva; Bevaka; Skapa material; Var snabb; Var korrekt; Var närvarande; Bemöt rykten; Var tillgänglig; Utbilda; Crowdsourca. / In the spring of 2017, Sweden experienced a crisis when the most deadly act of terrorism since 1940 occured; a truck drove through a crowd of people on Drottninggatan in Stockholm, hitting several people and killing five. The event spread rapidly in social media and the circulating information was in part unconfirmed data that later turned out to be incorrect. The purpose of this study was to generate recommendations regarding emergency communicators’ proactive work against false information and the spreading of rumors on social media, while at the same time be a foundation for future studies within crisis informatics. To achieve this purpose six respondents from Krisinformation.se and the Swedish police were interviewed and a timeline (Bilaga 3) was created in order to clarify the chain of events on social media during the act of terrorism. Analysis of data from the aggregated material has resulted in ten recommended measures applicable to proactive work against false information and spreading of rumors in social media. Measures that can be applied generally to actors within crisis management. These measures were: Practice; Monitor; Create material; Be quick, Be correct; Be present; Respond to rumors; Be available; Educate; Crowdsource.

The purpose of this study is twofold; to apply a human security perspective on our understanding of the individual’s role in crisis management policies and to explore how the issue of the individual’s role is represented in policies from the Swedish Contingencies Agency (MSB). Carol Bacchi’s post-structural policy analysis method “What’s the problem represented to be” (WPR) is used to problematize and understand these representations. The method enabled the author to shed light on how the issue is constructed and represented in policy. Interviews with MSB personnel and other professionals served as a valuable complement to get an inside perspective. This study concludes that the role of the individual is represented in terms of economic efficiency, where the individual is viewed as a resource and not an actor. Furthermore, efforts to include and inform the individual is limited to a representation of survival, not empowerment. This has implications for the policies effects and the realization of political goals for a resilient society. This study also concludes that a crisis management structure based on a human security perspective will be more capable of including the individual. Without a human security perspective, the individual will be caught between policy and reality, and the policies intended to include the individual will not produce the desired outcome.

För att försöka förklara den rubricerade frågan har jag använt teori om säkerhetisering av hotbilder. Metoden har varit en kvalitativ jämförande fallstudie. Jag har undersökt tre fall - två inom informationssäkerhet och ett inom krishantering.Vad krävs för att en säkerhetspolitisk fråga (hotbild) ska bryta igenom ’glastaket’ och hamna på den högsta politiska nivån (i detta fall inom Regeringskansliet)? Sårbarhets- och säkerhetsutredningen föreslog 2001 samordningsfunktioner inom Regeringskansliet för både informationssäkerhet och krishantering. Regeringen valde dock att delegera ansvaret för bägge funktionerna till myndighetsnivån när Krisberedskapsmyndigheten bildades 2002. Ett antal ytterligare utredningar inom informationssäkerhet har sedan föreslagit detta på nytt, utan något resultat. Den ”Oxenstiernska”byråkratimodellen med självständiga myndigheter är svår att ändra! Den enda avgörande skillnaden mellan fallen är tsunamin 2004, där resultatet blev en krishanteringsfunktion inom Regeringskansliet. En möjlig slutsats av detta är att det kommer att krävas en ’cyber-tsunami’ för att motsvarande ska ske inom informationssäkerhet! Alternativt att samhällsdebatten förändras på ett avgörande sätt och tunga aktörer börjar kräva en sådan funktion.

Våren 2017 upplevde Sverige en kris när det terrorattentat med flest dödsfall sen 1940 inträffade; en lastbil körde längs Drottninggatan i Stockholm, varpå flera personer blev påkörda varav fem personer dödades. Händelsen spred sig snabbt i sociala medier och delar av informationen som spreds var obekräftade uppgifter som senare visade sig vara felaktiga. Syftet med denna studie har varit att framställa rekommendationer för kriskommunikatörers proaktiva arbete mot falsk information och ryktesspridning på sociala medier samt utgöra en grund för vidare forskning inom krisinformatik. För att uppnå detta syfte har sex respondenter från Krisinformation.se och Polisen intervjuats och en tidslinje (Bilaga 3) upprättats för att förtydliga händelseförloppet på sociala medier under terrorattentatet. Analys av data från det insamlade materialet har resulterat i tio rekommendationer som kan appliceras för att proaktivt motverka falsk information och ryktesspridning på sociala medier. Rekommendationer som kan appliceras generellt hos aktörer inom krishantering. Dessa rekommendationer var: Öva; Bevaka; Skapa material; Var snabb; Var korrekt; Var närvarande; Bemöt rykten; Var tillgänglig; Utbilda; Crowdsourca. / In the spring of 2017, Sweden experienced a crisis when the most deadly act of terrorism since 1940 occured; a truck drove through a crowd of people on Drottninggatan in Stockholm, hitting several people and killing five. The event spread rapidly in social media and the circulating information was in part unconfirmed data that later turned out to be incorrect. The purpose of this study was to generate recommendations regarding emergency communicators’ proactive work against false information and the spreading of rumors on social media, while at the same time be a foundation for future studies within crisis informatics. To achieve this purpose six respondents from Krisinformation.se and the Swedish police were interviewed and a timeline (Bilaga 3) was created in order to clarify the chain of events on social media during the act of terrorism. Analysis of data from the aggregated material has resulted in ten recommended measures applicable to proactive work against false information and spreading of rumors in social media. Measures that can be applied generally to actors within crisis management. These measures were: Practice; Monitor; Create material; Be quick, Be correct; Be present; Respond to rumors; Be available; Educate; Crowdsource.

During the spring of 2017 the authors of this paper have studied the political instability in Turkey, and its effect on the incoming tourism. The study is done from two perspectives, Swedish tour operators and potential tourists. In 2015 and 2016 Turkey suffered from several attacks and political demonstrations. In addition, the refugee crisis affected the country noticeably. This became the start of reduced interest for traveling to Turkey.  The aim of this paper is to examine how the political instability in Turkey has effected the tourism industry from a perspective of three Swedish tour operators and potential tourists. To explore this aim the authors have used three research questions.  Based on methodological approaches empirical data has been collected. The collected data has been analysed by using selected theoretical starting points; political instability, crisis, marketing during and after a crisis.  The results of this study shows that Turkey has been strongly affected by political instability and that decreasing tourism plays a significant role in the country’s economy. Swedish tour operators notices significant differences in the number of sold trips now, comparing to before the crisis. Exanimated tour operators all agree that the way back to where it was is a long process. Results also show that tourists attitudes regarding traveling to Turkey is based on personal experiences and emotional feelings.

The aim of the study is to investigate and increase the understanding of crisis management by studying an ongoing crisis in an organization. The primary focus of the survey is to examine the importance of leadership and organizational culture in crisis management. To carry out the study, a qualitative research approach has been adopted. Empirics were collected through interviews from leaders with different positions in the organization. The material was supplemented with secondary data in the form of articles and surveys. A compilation of relevant theories formed the framework for the analysis. What emerged in the study was that the key factors to crisis management in the surveyed organization are the structure of the organization, a common set of values and transparency. / Studiens syfte är att undersöka och öka förståelsen för krishantering genom att studera en pågående kris i en organisation. Det primära fokuset för undersökningen är ledarskapet och organisationskulturens betydelse för krishanteringen. För att genomföra studien har en kvalitativ forskningsansats antagits. Empiri samlades in genom intervjuer från ledare med olika positioner i organisationen. Materialet kompletterades med sekundärdata i form av artiklar och undersökningar. En sammanställning av relevanta teorier utgjorde ramen för analysen. Det som framkom i studien var att faktorer som strukturen på organisationen, en gemensam värdegrund och transparent kommunikation har varit nyckeln för krishanteringen i den undersökta organisationen.