Neste trabalho pretendo analisar os significados do carnaval das Escolas de Samba para os carnavalescos no sul do Brasil, com foco na organização sócio-cultural dos bastidores da festa. Com etnografia realizada a partir da produção carnavalesca em Porto Alegre e em Uruguaiana para os desfiles de 2011, pretendo demonstrar como as transformações simbólicas e materiais destes carnavais nos últimos anos podem ser entendidas como arranjos de discursos e práticas baseados num processo de construção de um modelo paradigmático de carnaval, mobilizado numa retórica em comum. São valores, noções e conceitos canalizados num projeto de carnaval ideal: o carnaval espetáculo. Analisarei o que é este projeto, e como ele era posto em perspectiva em duas Escolas de Samba de divisões hierarquicamente distintas do carnaval de Porto Alegre, na primeira e na terceira divisão respectivamente. A associação do samba como símbolo de pertencimento à identidade nacional no Rio Grande do Sul pode ser demonstrada em dois processos contrastantes. Em Uruguaiana, a possibilidade de diferenciação regional se constrói na pertença aos símbolos que denotam a “brasilidade” das mais diferentes camadas sociais promotoras da festa, em contraste aos países vizinhos e fronteiriços. E em Porto Alegre, a construção da cultura carnavalesca se distancia dos símbolos regionais e se restringe aos carnavalescos, uma parcela delimitada da população relacionada simbolicamente ao elemento étnico promotor da festa, sua população negra. Os modelos ideais divergentes de produção do carnaval, um baseado na compra de materiais e fantasias e na contratação de mão de obra do centro do país, e o outro baseado na defesa da produção local, nos darão importantes elementos para se pensar na produção das identidades, nos critérios da produção da retórica do espetáculo, dos sensos de legitimidade da festa e dos modelos de carnavais propostos. / In this paper I intend to analyze the meanings of the Samba School Carnival for the southern Brazil carnival participants, with a focus on socio-cultural organization of the party scenes. With ethnography from the carnival production in Porto Alegre and Uruguaiana for the parades of 2011, I intend to demonstrate how the material and symbolic transformations of these carnivals in recent years can be understood as arrangements of discourses and practices based on a process of building a carnival paradigmatic model, mobilized in a common rhetoric. Those are values, notions and concepts in a flowing design to an ideal carnival project: the spectacle carnival. It’s going to be examined what this project is, and how it was seen in two Samba Schools of hierarchically distinct divisions from Porto Alegre carnival, the first and third division respectively. The association of samba as a symbol of belonging to national identity Rio Grande do Sul can be demonstrated in two contrasting processes. In Uruguaiana, the possibility of regional differentiation is built on belongs to the symbols that denote the "Brazilianness" from different social strata of the party promoters, in contrast to neighboring and border countries. And in Porto Alegre, the construction of carnival culture moves away from regional symbols and is restricted to the carnival participants, a population defined portion symbolically related to the ethnic element that promotes the party, its black population. The divergent ideal models of Carnival production, one based on the purchase of materials and costumes and hiring labor from the center of the country, and the other based on the defense of local production, will give us important elements to consider in the identities production, in the spectacle rhetoric production criteria, the party legitimacy senses and the suggested carnival models.

La condition, la forme et la justification théorique des exceptions sont aujourd’hui au coeur du débat sur l’avenir du droit d’auteur. L’objectif primaire de ces normes particulières est de garantir la cohérence du droit d’auteur. Et pourtant les chercheurs s’accordent sur la nécessité de leur reconceptualisation.Cette thèse a pour but de découvrir la signification, les origines et les conséquences de la crise qu’engendre le ressentiment à l’égard des exceptions aux droits de l’auteur dans leur forme actuelle. Tenant compte d’une certaine fragilité axiologique de la matière, elle essaie d’appréhender les phénomènes étudiés selon une posture épistémologique neutre. À cet égard, la théorie des paradigmes scientifiques lui offre un cadre d’analyse scindé en deux. La reconstruction de l’état normal et voulu des principes élaborés par la tradition française du droit d’auteur en matière des exceptions permet de repérer les signes de leur dépassement par la réalité juridique mouvante.De cette analyse résulte d’abord le modèle d’une exception cohérente, internalisé par le droit d’auteur objectif qui a complètement résolu le conflit entre la création et la consommation des oeuvres de l’esprit. Cette image est ensuite confrontée à des forces destructrices ayant leur origine dans des normes extérieures au droit d’auteur objectif. Celles-ci se substituent aux exceptions prévues par le droit d’auteur et remettent en question l’idée de son autarcie.L’idylle du droit d’auteur autosuffisant n’est toutefois pas une utopie. Entre l’état normal et la maladie des exceptions se noue un lien dialectique. Vus ensemble, ces deux éléments s’éclairent réciproquement, de sorte que la crise qui les résume devient un processus réversible. / The condition,shape and theoretical justification of copyright exceptions are at the heart of the debate on the future of copyright. The main objective of these particular rules is to ensure the consistency of copyright law. Yet, researchers agree on the need of their reconceptualization.This doctoral thesis aims to explore the meaning, origins and consequences of the crisis that brings resentment toward copyright exceptions in their present form. Taking into account a certain axiological fragility of the subject, it tries to apprehend it in the respect of a neutral epistemological posture. Therein, the theory of scientific paradigms offers a framework split in two. The reconstruction of the normal and wanted state of the principles developed by the French tradition of copyright in the field of exceptions allows to identify the signs of their violation by the changing legal reality.This analysis reveals, on the one hand, the model of a consistent exception, internalized by the copyright law which completely resolved the conflict between creation and consumption of works of the mind. On the other hand, this image is faced with the destructive forces that originate in the norms that are external to copyright law. These replace the copyright exceptions and, therefore, question the idea of its autarchy.The idyll of the self-sufficient copyright law is, however, not a utopia. A dialectical link can be traced between the normal state of exceptions and their illness.Seen together, these two elements illuminate each other, so that the crisis that summarize them becomes a reversible process.

Through prior learning assessment (PLA) programs, students' professional and life experiences are evaluated to determine if they equate to college program courses-removing the need for the student to complete traditional college courses to earn a postsecondary degree. The purpose of this study was to examine the perspectives of faculty at the study site on the academic preparedness of nontraditional students. Knowles' andragogy theory guided the research questions on the academic preparedness of students earning prior learning credits and what characteristics of PLA programs faculty believe contribute to the academic success of these students. Thirty-six participants completed a survey where they provided narratives that were coded to determine overarching themes. The findings of this case study suggested that faculty believed that nontraditional students who earned credits through PLA are independent, motivated, and knowledgeable, but whether or not they are academically prepared seemed to vary by academic program. The findings also suggested that, while PLA programs have limitations because of student perceptions that may conflict with reality and the limited usability of PLA across academic programs, PLA programs provide a time benefit to students by allowing a shorter time to degree. The study supports positive social change by providing a resource for future development and growth of PLA programs to expand student access and options in obtaining postsecondary credentials while also lowering postsecondary education cost.

The main purpose of this study is to explore the role spirituality plays in the coping of traffic officers within the South African Traffic Services. A sample of ten traffic officers participated in the study, and data was obtained by means of open-ended questions during in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The literature review aimed to conceptualise spirituality, to conceptualise coping, and to theoretically explore the role of spirituality in the coping of traffic officers. Specific aims for the empirical study were: to gain a better understanding of how traffic officers experience the role of spirituality in coping with their role within the South African context; to provide a framework that can assist with creating an understanding of the role spirituality plays in coping as a traffic officer; and to formulate recommendations for possible future research that explores the role of spirituality in the coping of traffic officers within the discipline of Industrial and Organisational Psychology, more specifically in employee and organisational wellness, and career counselling. The research findings showed that traffic officers in the sample all utilised spirituality in the workplace to various extents, and that they exhibited adaptive coping abilities when doing so. They associated less spirituality or a lack of spirituality with weaker coping abilities. It was found that spirituality in the traffic officers is informed by a foundation of spirituality or religion, purpose to their work and life, their connection to their spiritual source, and the fruits of spirituality. Their coping ability was influenced by upbringing and background, by stressors from their work environment and by coping mechanisms. The role of spirituality in the coping of traffic officers culminated in their ability to interpret the meaning of spirituality, and then to implement spirituality in order to cope. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

En s’emparant de la question ornementale, le cinéma s’inscrit dans une réflexion reliant les territoires balkaniques de l’art, au-delà de l’opposition entre les beaux-arts, les arts décoratifs et le design. La pensée de l’ornement au cinéma ne relève pas de l’évidence, tant il est vrai que l’histoire de la notion est marquée par sa relégation au seuil de la création artistique. Pourtant, il semble bien que l’ornement soit présent partout où il faut combler du vide, décorer un objet, embellir le corps. À quoi tient l’attrait de l’ornement au cinéma ? Quelles sont les relations qu’entretient le cinéma avec la pensée ornementale des images ? Contre le préjugé qui frappe l’ornement d’insignifiance, il semble nécessaire d’éclairer ses implications morales, sociales et politiques. À travers un corpus circonstancié qui se déploie à l’entour du cinéma, de l’histoire de l’art et de la culture visuelle, ce travail de recherche entend cartographier les enjeux critiques, formels et perceptifs du régime visuel de l’ornement. Penser l’ornement aujourd’hui, c’est opérer un basculement dans l’ordre des valeurs dont il se fait l’héritier. Il s’agit non seulement de faire retour sur son histoire et son élaboration conceptuelle, mais également d’emmener l’ornement vers un au-delà du discours de la subsidiarité pour établir une pensée dynamique de l’ornemental au cinéma. À travers différentes propositions théoriques, se formulent autant de constellations articulant les enjeux esthétiques, historiques et politiques de l’ornement : le régime de la dépense et le corps féminin en exercice, le processus de réification de « l’ornement de la masse » dans la modernité, le discours sur la couleur ornementale et la hantise cosmétique, les formes naturelles et abstraites, le paradigme du tapis et la texture des images, les états altérés de la perception. Les questions ornementales adressées au cinéma s’intègrent dans une pensée rénovée du style – point vif de la tension qui anime l’art et la vie – en tant que procédure de qualification des formes. / As it seized the ornamental issue, cinema has become part of a reflection process relating the scattered territories of arts, beyond the opposition between fine arts, decorative arts and design. Thinking the ornament in cinema is far from obvious, since this notion, throughout its evolution, has always been marginalized at the threshold of artistic creation. Yet, it does seem that the ornament is present wherever a void needs to be filled, an object to be adorned or a body to be embellished. What makes the ornament appealing in cinema? What relationships does the cinema hold with the ornamental visual thinking? To counter prejudices confining the ornament within insignificance, it appears necessary to clarify its moral, social and political implications. Through a detailed corpus spreading around cinema, history of art and visual culture, this research paper aims at mapping the critical, formal and perceptual issues of the visual regime of the ornament. Thinking the ornament today means swaying the order of the values it has inherited. It is not only about looking back on its history and its conceptual elaboration, but also about bringing the ornament beyond the subsidiary speech to establish a dynamic thinking of the ornamental in cinema. By way of different theoretical suggestions, many constellations are being elaborated. They connect the aesthetic, historical and political stakes of the ornament: the regime of consumption and the gestures of the feminine body, the process of reifying the “mass ornament” into modernity, the speech on decorative colour and the cosmetic obsessive fear, the natural and abstract forms, the carpet paradigm and the texture of images, the altered states of the perception of ornaments. The ornamental issues, which are addressed to the cinema, blend into a renovated thinking on style – central in the tension that stirs arts and life – as a process of qualifying forms.

在環境快速變遷的時代，對屬於公共組織的行政部門言，隨著社會進步及發展，不能以消極與被動角色因應變局，必須主動積極變革，迎頭趕上時代需求及民眾期望，故各國莫不以行政革新做為主要努力方向。在管理新典範下，透過系統思考模式所建構的學習型組織能為組織帶來前瞻、主動、積極、自我認知的能力，能夠駕馭變革。學者全鍾燮即建議行政革新最佳途徑在營造組織成為良好學習系統，能以廣博視野找出有效解決問題的方法。是以本研究的動機，即希望透過「組織學習」理論的應用，建構行政組織成為具有學習能力的組織，具有主動駕馭環境變革的能力，成為推動行政革新新方向。本研究流程如下：首先探討組織學習理論發展，分析學習與組織學習關係，指出組織學習理論概念分歧情形實源於對組織運作觀察不同。並研究有關組織學習領域中相關問題，從介紹「單圈學習」與「雙圈學習」的差異性，探討組織的學習系統型模到建構自我創生組織及全像圖組織的概念，導出符合自我指涉、自我成長的組織型模：學習型組織。其次探討行政革新的理論與經驗，從探討組織結構的特性著手，指出行政組織建構多以官僚型模為本，有制度及結構上的負功能，必須透過屬於組織變革下行政革新的過程，才能適應環境變遷及民眾需求。復分析各國及我國行政革新經驗，抽繹行政革新方案多以傳統科學典範效率及線性思考出發，只能順應環境變化，無法符合快速變遷的環境及廣大民眾要求。點出行政革新在傳統典範概念下，係行政組織以「單圈學習」方式被動學習適應環境，致成效不彰盲點處處。最後提出應用組織學習推動行政革新，探討行政組織在「單圈學習」特質下，形成組織學習障礙主因，並反思我國行政革新方案內容，是否亦受限於組織學習障礙，致推行不易；末討論以心智轉換模式，應用學習型組織五項修練過程，將行政組織轉換成為學習型組織，使具有「雙圈學習」主動駕馭環境變遷的能力，不致陷入傳統典範下行政革新方案不斷循環的困境。最後透過文獻探討，介紹學習型組織及學習型政府所具有的實例，及其對公共行政的意涵。

公共行政做為人類日常活動中之一環，其角色則是越來越重要；尤其是近 百年來，人類無論是於智識、技術或文化均呈現多元、異質與跳躍的變化 。公共行政所面對的是越益複雜與迅速變遷的環境，面對變遷如此劇烈的 社會，現代政府已無法再以過去的行政措施來解決日益複雜的公共問題， 而傳統公共行政理論面對如 此之挑戰不僅無力指引公共行政實務，甚且 自身亦漸喪失方向而形成公共行政理論危機，此種困境不但使得公共行政 學失去了反 省進步的能力，亦使得公共行政實務日漸隳墮。 基於 前述的理由，筆者遂自批判的觀點對公共行政理論之現機存危機做一探討 ，同時建議各危機之重建方向，以期能趨使公共行政理論朝向更”公共” 之方向邁進，並成為公共行政實務之指引。以下僅就各章研究問題概述如 下：第一章 緒論：說明本論文之研究目的、研究範圍、研究方法與限制 ，以及研究大剛等，以為後續探討之引言。 第二章 理論危機 ：本章乃從批判之角度對公共行政理論之危機提出反思；包括對『學科認 同』危機、『技術理性』危機、『研究典範』危機與『研究方法』危機等 四方面進行探討，並強 調其對公共行政理論之影響。第三章 公共哲學 ：本章首先探討公共哲學之意涵及其基礎，並自歷史的角度探究公共哲學 於人類政治、社會生活中之角色，且提出五種較為普遍之公共哲學觀點以 為說明，並特別著重於『公民』觀點之公共哲學的重要性。第四章 溝通 理性：本章針對技術理性過度膨脹所形成之危機而提出溝通理性以為公共 行政理論重建之方向。第五章 自然論典範：本章係自與實證論之各面向 均呈相對之自然論典範著手，建議公共行政理論之研究典範。第六章 質 的研究：筆者於本章中特別自質的研究方法之意義、倫理、研究過程等項 介紹質的研究方法，以利於瞭解其與量的研究方法之差異。 第七章 結論：本章係就本論文之研究 主題做一回顧，並對未 來之研究方向提出建議，以供對此論題有興趣從 事更進一步探討者之參考。

在現代外科實務中，我們今天認為是標準作業程序的手術，追溯到初期可能是激進創新。多年來，外科技術雖然已經有頻繁的修改，但往往是漸進式地。心臟和血管外科領域中的大多數創新並沒有導致日常實踐劇變。然而，在過去的幾年中，在我服務的醫院和全世界，我看到了治療腹主動脈瘤 (AAA) 的典範轉移，亦即主動脈腔內修復 (EVAR)。 相對於傳統開腹手術修復 （OSR），主動脈腔內修復較傳統開腹手術修復有顯著較低的手術死亡率。不過，長遠來說，總死亡率或動脈瘤相關死亡率並無差異；而主動脈腔內修復有較高的植入物相關併發症和必須再次手術的機率，且成本更高。然而，主動脈腔內修復還是成為腹主動脈瘤治療的支柱。這是為什麼？ 除了是激進的技術創新，主動脈腔內修復也是技術頓悟。傳統上，醫療服務是典型的技術輔助服務情境，其中包含兩個單獨的、然而是密切相關的溝通系統： 一個是產業與醫師之間，另一個是醫師與病人之間。醫師居於樞紐地位，不僅確保治療之執行，而且還要評估結果。由於現代資訊與通信技術的發達，病人可以方便地搜尋輔助醫療文獻資訊、線上資訊和個人社會網絡的意見。這就像是詮釋者的作用。這詮釋者的解釋對病人、外科醫生、和醫療產業界產生了實質上重大的影響，反之亦然。以前在這服務體系中互相分離的部分現在可以緊密地互相配合了，這與服務導向邏輯中價值共同創造的概念是不謀而合的。 總之，對多重利益相關者之意義提升是臨床醫療服務典範轉移的原因。在醫療行業中引入服務導向邏輯的概念的重要性，不論是在日常實務和創新策略上的意義都是不容忽視的。醫療服務中，多重利益相關者比以前更涉及共同創造價值的過程。未來的創新者除了專注在技術和科技上，更必須考慮該創新對多重利益相關者之意義提升。 / In modern surgical practice, what we consider as standard procedures today may be radical innovations dated back to the early days. Over the years, there has been frequent modification of surgical techniques, often incremental though, and most innovations in the field of cardiac and vascular surgery didn’t result in drastic changes in the daily practice. However, during the past several years, I have been witnessing a paradigm shift in the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) in my hospital and worldwide towards endovascular aortic repair (EVAR). In comparison to the traditional open surgical repair (OSR), EVAR was associated with a significantly lower operative mortality than OSR. However, no differences were seen in total mortality or aneurysm-related mortality in the long term, and EVAR was associated with increased rates of graft-related complications and reinterventions and was more costly. Nevertheless, EVAR is becoming the mainstay of AAA treatment. Why is this? Except for being a radical technology innovation, EVAR is also a technology epiphany. Traditionally, medical service is a typical technology-assisted service encounter, consisting of two separate, however, closely inter-related communication systems: one between the industry and the physician, and the other one between the physician and the patient. The physician is of the pivot role that not only ensures the execution of treatment but also evaluates the results.With modern information and communication technologies, patients caneasily search information from paramedical literatures, online information, and opinions from personal social network. This serves the emerging role of an interpretor. This interpretors’interpretation has substantial influence on patients, surgeons, industry, and payers and vice versa. Previously separated parts in the service system now can be closely inter-related. This is in concordance with the concept of co-creation of value in service-dominant logic. It is concluded that newly defined meanings to multiple stakeholders are the reasons for paradigm shift in clinical medical service. The importance of introduction of the concept of service-dominant logic into the medical industry, both in daily practice and in innovation strategy can never be over-emphasized. Multiple stakeholders are being involved much more than before in the process of co-creation of value in medical service.Future innovators must concentrate on meanings to multiple stakeholders as well on techniques and technologies.

Washington National Cathedral sits atop Mt. St. Alban’s hill in Washington, D.C. declaring itself the nation’s cathedral and spiritual home for the nation. The idea of a national church serving national purposes was first envisioned by L’Enfant in the District’s original plan. Left aside in the times of nation building, the idea of a national church slumbered until 1893 when a group of Episcopalians petitioned and received a Congressional charter to begin a church and school in Washington, D.C. The first bishop of Washington, Henry Y. Satterlee, began his bishopric with the understanding that this cathedral being built by the Protestant Episcopal Church Foundation was to be a house of prayer for all people. Using Jasinksi’s constructivist orientation to reveal the one hundred year rhetorical history defining what constitutes a “national cathedral” within the narrative paradigm first established by Walter Fisher, this work utilizes a rhetorical biographical approach to uncover the various discourses of those speaking of and about the Cathedral. This biographical approach claims that Washington National Cathedral possesses an ethos that differentiates the national cathedral from the Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul even though the two names refer to the same building. The WNC ethos is one that allows a constant “becoming” of a national cathedral, and this ability to “become” allows for a rhetorical voice of the entity we call Washington National Cathedral. Four loci of rhetorical construction weave through this dissertation in the guiding question of how the Cathedral rhetorically created and how it sustains itself as Washington National Cathedral: rhetoric about the Cathedral, the Cathedral as rhetoric, the Cathedral as context, and Cathedral Dean Francis Sayre, Jr. as synecdoche with the Cathedral. This dissertation is divided into eight rhetorical moments of change that take the idea of a national church from L’Enfant’s 1791 plan of the City through the January 2013 announcement allowing same-sex weddings at the Cathedral and Obama’s second inaugural prayer service. The result of this rhetorical exploration is a more nuanced understanding of the place and how it functions in an otherwise secular society for which there is no precedent for the establishment of a national cathedral completely separated from the national government. The narrative strains that wind through Cathedral discourse create a braid of text, context, and moral imperative that ultimately allows for the unique construction of Washington National Cathedral, a construction of what defines “national” created entirely by the Cathedral.

Mindreading is the capacity to attribute psychological states to others and to use those attributions to explain, predict, and understand others’ behaviors. In the past thirty years, mindreading has become the topic of substantial interdisciplinary research and theorizing, with philosophers, psychologists and, more recently, neuroscientists, all contributing to the debate about the nature of the neuropsychological mechanisms that constitute the capacity for mindreading. In this thesis I push this debate forward by using recent results from developmental psychology as the basis for critiques of two prominent views of mindreading. First, I argue that the developmental studies provide evidence of infant mindreading and therefore expose a flaw in José Bermúdez’s view that certain forms of mindreading require language possession. Second, I argue that the evidence of infant mindreading can also be used to undermine Alvin Goldman’s version of Simulation Theory.