Syftet med studien är att på en kommunal nivå undersöka hur arbetet och kompetensen kring hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck ser ut inom socialtjänsten. Fokus är på socialarbetares upplevelser och resonemang kring hedersrelaterat våld. Studien har en kvalitativ forskningsansats och syftet har uppnåtts genom semistrukturerade telefonintervjuer med socialarbetare i 15 kommuner, fördelat på två län. Den insamlade datan har analyserats med hjälp av tematisk analys. Intervjudeltagarnas uttalanden har tolkats med hjälp av Michael Lispkys teori om gräsrotsbyråkrati och handlingsutrymme samt med begrepp som kulturessentialism och postkolonial teori.  Resultatet visar på att det finns särskild kompetens om hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck inom de flesta kommuner men att den ofta är knuten till enskilda handläggare. Det har även framkommit hur viktigt kunskap är för att identifiera och ge rätt stöd i hedersrelaterade ärenden. Gemensamt för de insatser som erbjuds offer, familj och förövare är att få av dem är anpassade för hedersproblematik. De insatser som erbjuds utsatta individer tycks tillgodose deras behov av skydd men tvingar också individen att genomgå stora uppoffringar, därmed finns ett behov av att utveckla och förbättra dessa insatser. Vidare framgår att det finns delade meningar om vad hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck antas bero på samt inom vilka familjer det förekommer. Vissa uttrycker att hedersrelaterat våld endast förekommer inom vissa kulturer och grupper, medan andra menar att så inte är fallet. / The purpose of the following study is to examine how the work is organized on a municipal level and what expertise social workers in different municipalities have about honor-related violence. The focus is on social workers experiences and reasoning about honor-related violence. The study has a qualitative research approach, and the purpose has been achieved by doing semi-structured interviews per telephone with social workers from 15 municipalities, divided into two regions. The collected data has been analyzed through a thematic analysis. The statements of the study participants have been interpreted with help from Michael Lipsky's theory about street-level bureaucracy and discretion and also by the terms culture essentialism and postcolonial theory.  The results show that in most of the municipalities the social workers have special skills about honor-related violence, though the skills are often directly linked to individual employees in the organization. It has also emerged how important knowledge is to be able to identify and to give the right support in honor-related cases. Common for the interventions social services are offering victims, families and perpetrators is that few of them are adjusted for honor-related issues. The interventions that are offered to victims seems to meet their needs of shelter although it comes with great personal sacrifices, therefore there is a need to develop and improve the interventions. Further there are split opinions about what the causes for honor-related violence are and within which groups it occurs. Some of the participants expresses that honor-related violence only occurs in certain cultures and groups, while other claims the opposite.

Syftet med den föreliggande studien var att undersöka könsskillnader i motiv och tillvägagångssätt hos förövare av dödligt partnervåld i heterosexuella parrelationer. En kvantitativ forskningsmetod användes i denna icke-experimentella tvärsnittsstudie, där data samlades in från ett urval av svenska domstolars domar, det vill säga tingsrätter, hovrätter och Högsta domstolens domar publicerade i en juridisk databas. Ett urval av N = 49 domar granskades med hjälp av ett kodschema, varav n = 30 domar hade en manlig förövare och n = 19 domar en kvinnlig förövare. De erhållna datan analyserades genom ett chi2-test for independence. Resultaten indikerar att kön hos förövare av dödligt partnervåld var signifikant relaterat till motiv till det dödliga våldet där tidigare utsatthet för partnervåld skiljde sig åt signifikant mellan män och kvinnor, men inte till tillvägagångssätt i det dödliga våldet. Slutsatser som drogs av denna studie var att motiv till dödligt partnervåld skiljer sig åt med anledning av förövarens könstillhörighet, medan tillvägagångssätt i dödligt partnervåld var samma oavsett könstillhörighet. / The purpose of the present study was to examine gender differences in motives and methods among perpetrators of lethal partner violence in heterosexual relationships. A quantitative design was used in this non-experimental cross-sectional study, in which data were collected from a sample of the legal cases of Swedish courts, also the legal cases of district courts, courts of appeal and the Supreme Court published in a judicial database. A sample of N = 49 legal cases were examined by means of a coding scheme, including n = 30 legal cases consisting of male perpetrators and n = 19 legal cases of female perpetrators. The obtained data were analyzed by using a chi-square test for independence. The results indicate that the gender of perpetrators in lethal partner violence was significantly related to motives for the lethal violence, in which prior exposure to intimate partner violence differed significantly between men and women, but not to methods of the lethal violence. Conclusions drawn from this study were that the motives for lethal partner violence differed because of the perpetrator's gender, while the methods of lethal partner violence were the same regardless of gender.

Föreliggande studie avser att identifiera utvecklingsbehov, utifrån socialarbetares erfarenheter av behandlingsarbetet med män som utövar fysiskt våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer. Fokus riktar sig mot socialarbetarnas utmaningar med förändringsarbetet. De upplevelser som ska undersökas förhåller sig till socialarbetares erfarenheter efter implementeringen av lagändringen i Socialtjänstlagen år 2021. Lagen anger att socialtjänsten måste erbjuda hjälp och behandling för våldsutövare. Stöd och behandling riktad till våldsutövare är därmed ett relativt nytt arbetsområde inom socialtjänsten, även om det har setts som en viktig del av bekämpningen av våld i nära relation under en längre tid. För att uppnå syftet genomfördes kvalitativa intervjuer med de socialarbetare som arbetar med behandling för män som utövar fysiskt våld. Utifrån respondenternas svar identifierades tre utmaningar kring behandlingen; gruppbehandling, motivationsarbete och uppföljning. Dessa tre analyserades mot vårt syfte, frågeställningar, valda teoretiska utgångspunkter och tidigare forskning. En viktig slutsats av arbetets studie är vikten av ett individanpassat behandlingsarbete samt att de tre ovanstående utmaningarna även har identifierats som utvecklingsbehov. Dessa utvecklingsbehov kan vara fördelaktiga för verksamheterna att fokusera mer på, med syftet att förbättra behandlingsarbetet med våldsutövare i nära relation. / The aim of this study is to identify development needs based on social workers' experience of treatment work with men who use physical violence against women in close relationships. Focusing on social workers' challenges in changing perpetrators behavior. The experiences of challenges relate to the time after the implementation of  the new Swedish law 2021, that states that social services must provide help and treatment for perpetrators. The support and treatment aimed at the perpetrators is therefore a relatively new area of work within the social services, even though it has been seen as an important part of combating domestic violence for a longer time. To achieve the aim we conducted qualitative interviews with social workers involved in treatment for the perpetrators of violence. Based on the answers of our respondents we identified three challenges with perpetrator treatment; group therapy, motivational work and follow-up work. We analyzed these three against our aim, issues, our chosen theoretical starting points and previous research. An important conclusion of the study is the importance of individualized treatment and that the three challenges above have also been identified as development needs. These development needs can be beneficial for the organization to focus more on, with the purpose to improve the treatment with perpetrators in close relationships.

Inledning: Mäns våld mot kvinnor är ett allvarligt samhällsproblem och ett folkhälsoproblem som måste bekämpas på flera olika sätt. Sammanfattningsvis är forskningsunderlaget för individuell psykoterapi med klienter som utövat våld begränsat och med specifikt psykodynamisk skolade psykoterapeuter ännu outforskat. Syftet: Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka hur psykodynamisk skolade psykoterapeuters erfarenhet av psykoterapi med klienter som utövat våld ser ut. Hur arbetar man? Vad är hjälpsamt? Metod: En kvalitativ metod. Psykodynamiskt skolade legitimerade psykoterapeuter intervjuades. Datan analyserades med tematisk analys. Resultat: Tre huvudteman framkom med tillhörande subteman: 1. Prioritering av klientens egen traumatisering är en nödvändighet 2. Våldet är i fokus i psykoterapin 3. Relationens är av betydelse i psykoterapin. Diskussion: Huvudfynden visade att erfarenhet fanns hos psykodynamisk skolade psykoterapeuter att bedriva psykoterapi med klienter som utövat våld. Både möjligheter och svårigheter framkom. Psykodynamiska interventioner användes i psykoterapin gemensamt med ett eklektiskt förhållningsätt. Relationen i psykoterapin användes som intervention och för att härbärgera klienten. Studiens resultat visar att psykoterapi med psykodynamisk skolade psykoterapeuter kan också vara en potentiell behandling att erbjuda klienter som utövat våld. Mer forskning behövs inom området. / Introduction: Men's violence against women is a major social problem and a public health problem that must be combated in several different ways. In summary, the research about individual psychotherapy with intimate partner violence perpetrators is limited and with specifically psychodynamically trained psychotherapists are still unexplored. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate how psychodynamically trained psychotherapists experience psychotherapy with intimate partner violence perpetrators. How do they work? What is helpful? Method: A qualitative method. Psychodynamically trained licensed psychotherapists were interviewed. The data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Result: Three main themes emerged with associated subthemes: 1.Prioritization of the client's own traumatization is a necessity 2. Violence is in focus during psychotherapy 3. The relationship is important in psychotherapy. Discussion: The result of the study highlights that psychotherapy with psychodynamically trained psychotherapists can also be a treatment for intimate partner violence perpetrators. Both opportunities and difficulties emerged. Psychodynamic interventions are used in psychotherapy together with an eclectic approach. The relationship in psychotherapy is used as an intervention and as a tool to contain the client. The results of the study show that psychotherapy with psychodynamically trained psychotherapists can also be a potential treatment to offer intimate partner violence perpetrators. More research is needed in the area.

The aim of the study was to examine social workers experiences regarding the relationship between emotional labor and professional approach as well as the importance of the professional approach to sexual offenders. The used method was a qualitative interview study with a targeted selection of seven social workers who had experiences of working with sexual offenders. The study was implemented by semi-structured interviews and the emipirical data was analyzed through a thematic analysis. The study’s result showed that a professional approach was indeed a important part of their work, especially when it came to being objective and respectful despite the clients violent crimes of a sexual nature. It was also found that the social workers felt that the professional approach could be affected by the emotional challenges that came with their work. The social workers used strategies to maintain their professional approach in situations that were found emotionally challenging. / Studien syftade till att undersöka socialarbetares erfarenheter gällande relationen mellan emotionellt arbete och professionellt förhållningssätt samt vilken betydelse de upplever att ett professionellt förhållningssätt har, i arbetet med utövare av sexuellt våld. Som metod användes en kvalitativ intervjustudie med ett målstyrt urval av sju socialarbetare med erfarenhet att arbeta med utövare av sexuellt våld. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes och insamlade data analyserades genom tematisk analys. Resultatet visade att socialarbetarna ansåg att ett professionellt förhållningssätt var viktigt i deras arbeten och detta genom bland annat att vara objektiv och respektfull trots klienternas våldsbrott av sexuell karaktär. Det framkom även att socialarbetarna upplevde att det professionella förhållningssättet kunde påverkas av de känslomässiga utmaningar som kom med arbetet. Socialarbetarna använde sig av strategier för att bibehålla det professionella förhållningssättet i känslomässigt utmanande situationer.

The purpose of the essay is to investigate how the media portrays victims of deadly violence and the perpetrators who committed these acts. A particular emphasis on fatal partner and family violence is taken into account for a narrower but more precise focus. The study is characterized by a qualitative investigation with a thematic analysis as a method. The thematization of the analysis is also gradually worked through due to the application of the theory of the ideal victim to the study. The main recurring themes found are descriptions of victims and perpetrators' gender and abuses in connection with the deadly violence they endured or inflicted. In this study it becomes clear that there are clear differences between victims and perpetrators depending on if they are male or female. Women are often described as victims even if they are the perpetrator in question, the males are described as perpetrators even if they themselves are victims. / Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka hur media porträtterar offer för dödligt våld samt de gärningspersoner som begått dessa handlingar. En särskild betoning av dödligt partner- och familjevåld tas i beaktning för ett snävare men mer preciserat fokus. Studien genomsyras av en kvalitativ undersökning med en tematisk analys som metod. Analysens tematisering arbetas även successivt in med anledning av teorin om det ideala offrets applicering på studien. De främst återkommande temana som återfunnits är beskrivningar av offer och gärningspersoners kön och missförhållanden i samband med det dödliga våld de utstått eller utfärdat. I denna studie framkommer det att det finns tydliga skillnader gällande gärningspersoner och brottsoffer beroende på om de är män eller kvinnor. Kvinnor beskrivs ofta som offer även om de själva varit gärningspersonen i fråga, männen beskrivs som gärningspersoner även om de själva varit brottsoffer. / <p>2023-04-13</p>

[pt] A trajetória institucional dos grupos reflexivos para homens autores de violência (HAV) no Rio de Janeiro inicia-se com intervenções concebidas e executadas por organizações não governamentais, até que a promulgação da Lei 11.340/2006, em seus artigos 35 e 45, legitimou o Serviço de Educação e Responsabilização para HAV, como política pública, no âmbito do Poder Judiciário. Nesse movimento de elaboração em processo, à medida que se dava a implementação e a reflexão sobre as práticas, diversas perspectivas teórico-metodológicas foram acionadas para sustentação de propostas igualmente diversificadas. Com foco nesse processo, o presente estudo tem por objetivo identificar e analisar fundamentos históricos, teóricos e ético-políticos de grupos realizados com homens autores de violência contra mulheres. Para tal, elegemos como campo empírico três Juizados de Violência Doméstica e Familiar contra a Mulher (JVDFM) da Região Metropolitana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e estruturamos o corpus analítico a partir de três fontes e três técnicas de produção de dados: 1) observação participante do primeiro ao último encontro de um grupo reflexivo em cada JVDFM pesquisado; 2) entrevistas semiestruturadas com condutoras/es dos grupos reflexivos observados; 3) análise de documentos e normativas instituintes do Serviço de Educação e Responsabilização para HAV. Os dados produzidos a partir da triangulação das fontes – homens autores de violência, condutoras/es de grupos reflexivos e documentos – e técnicas mencionadas foram analisados com base na perspectiva relacional dos estudos de gênero e nos estudos feministas situados na perspectiva dos direitos humanos, articulados aos conceitos de habitus, capital cultural, campo e agente, de Pierre Bourdieu. As conclusões indicam tendência crescente de padronização do trabalho desenvolvido em grupos com homens autores de violência, a partir da produção de normativas deflagradas pela promulgação da Lei Maria da Penha, ainda que preservando relativa margem de autonomia teórico-técnica dos responsáveis por sua condução. Parte significativa dos fundamentos do trabalho permanece tributária das experiências e elaborações iniciais, com marcada influência dos estudos de gênero com ênfase nos direitos humanos de mulheres e na necessidade de responsabilização e de mudanças de perspectiva dos homens autores. No entanto, a institucionalização dos serviços prevalentemente no âmbito do Poder Judiciário impõe importantes inflexões na correlação de forças em operação no campo, estabelecendo um paradoxo expresso pela realização de um trabalho que se pretende reeducativo em um espaço historicamente associado ao controle e à punição. / [en] The institutional trajectory of reflexive groups for male perpetrators of violence in Rio de Janeiro begins with interventions designed and carried out by non-governmental organizations, until the enactment of Law 11.340/2006, in its articles 35 and 45, legitimized the Education Service and Accountability for men responsible for gender-based violence, as a public policy, within the scope of the Judiciary. In this movement of elaboration in process, as the implementation and reflection on the practices took place, several theoretical-methodological perspectives were set to support equally diversified proposals. Focusing on this method, this study aims to identify and analyze historical, theoretical and ethical-political foundations of groups made with men who are perpetrators of violence against women. Therefore, were elected as empirical field three Courts of Domestic and Family Violence against Women in the Metropolitan Region of the State of Rio de Janeiro and structured the analytical corpus from three sources and three data production techniques: 1) observation participant from the first to the last meeting of a reflective group in each researched court; 2) semi-structured interviews with conductors of the reflective groups observed; 3) analysis of documents and regulations instituting the Education and Accountability Service for male perpetrators. The data produced from the triangulation of sources – male responsible for violence, conductors of reflective groups and documents – and mentioned techniques were analyzed based on the relational perspective of gender studies and on feminist studies situated in the perspective of human rights, articulated to Pierre Bourdieu s concepts of habitus, cultural capital, field and agent. The conclusions indicate a growing tendency to standardize the work developed in groups with male perpetrators of violence, from the production of norms triggered by the enactment of the Maria da Penha Law, while preserving a relative margin of theoretical-technical autonomy for those responsible for conducting it. A significant part of the foundations of the work remains a result of the experiences and initial elaborations, with a marked influence of gender studies with an emphasis on women s rights and the need for accountability and changes in the perspective of male authors. However, the institutionalization of services, predominantly within the scope of the Judiciary, imposes important inflections in the correlation of forces in operation in the field, establishing a paradox expressed by carrying out a work that is intended to be re-educational in a space historically associated with control and punishment.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilken betydelse socialtjänstens samverkan har för bedömning av våldsutövare som också är föräldrar. Genom en kvalitativ undersökning genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med tre arbetsgrupper inom socialtjänsten, informanterna i studien kommer på något vis i kontakt med våldsutövare. I syfte att skapa förståelse för resultatet har jag använt mig av organisationsteori, samverkansteori, samt teorier kopplade till intersektionalitet, genus, maskulinitet och teorier om våld. Resultatet visar att informanterna i studien är eniga om att geografisk närhet till kollegor främjar samverkan i ärenden som rör våld i nära relation. Informanterna som sitter nära kollegor beskriver en välfungerande samverkan med andra enheter. De arbetsgrupper som upplever en välfungerande samverkan beskriver också att kollegor inom socialtjänsten har kännedom om varandras respektive arbetsuppgifter. Informationsutbyte avseende bedömningar gällande våldsutövare som också är föräldrar delges mellan olika enheter när det finns en välfungerande samverkan. Samtliga informanter beskriver att det finns stöd ifrån organisationens ledning, däremot är det bara två arbetsgrupper som beskriver en välfungerande samverkan. I resultatet framkommer att framgång avseende att nå ut till våldsutövare som också är föräldrar skiljer sig åt. Den arbetsgrupp som upplever större framgång i att nå ut träffar våldsutövaren tillsammans med enhet Barn och unga. Samtliga arbetsgrupper beskriver på något sätt svårigheter att bedöma hjälpbehov och mottaglighet hos våldsutövare och att det finns flera faktorer som de tänker kan påverka och försvåra mottagligheten och möjlighet att uppnå förändring, i vissa fall skiljer sig svaren från informanterna åt. Att kollegor har olika förklaringsmodeller till våld kan bidra till att olika bedömningar görs eller att våld betraktas på olika vis. Samtliga arbetsgrupper beskriver en begränsad kunskap avseende våldsutövare som också är föräldrar. Kunskapsbristen beror bland annat på bristande erfarenhet, då samtliga informanter kommit i kontakt med relativt få våldsutövare. Denna studie visar vikten av intern samverkan inom socialtjänsten i ärenden som för våld i familjer där det finns barn. / The aim of the study is to investigate the importance of social services’ collaboration for the assessment of perpetrators of domestic violence who also are parents. Through a qualitative study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with three working groups within the social services, the informants in the study come into contact with perpetrators of domestic violence in some way. In order to create an understanding of the results, I have used organizational theory, collaboration theory, as well as theories connected to intersectionality, gender, masculinity and theories of violence. The results show that the informants in the study agree that geographical proximity to colleagues promotes collaboration in cases involving domestic violence. The informants who sit close to colleagues describe a well-functioning collaboration with other units. The work groups that experience a well-functioning collaboration also describe that colleagues in social services are aware of each other's respective tasks. Information exchange regarding assessments concerning perpetrators of domestic violence who are also parents is shared between different units when there is a well-functioning collaboration. All informants describe that there is support from the organization's management, however, only two working groups describe a well-functioning collaboration. The results show that success in reaching out to perpetrators of domestic violence who are also parents differs. The working group that experiences greater success in reaching out meets the perpetrator together with colleagues from the child protective services. All working groups describe in some way difficulties in assessing the need for help of perpetrators of domestic violence and that there are several factors that they think can influence and hinder the possibility of achieving change, in some cases the answers from the informants differ. The fact that colleagues have different explanatory models for domestic violence can contribute to different assessments being made or violence being viewed in different ways. All working groups describe a limited knowledge regarding perpetrators of domestic violence who are also parents. The lack of knowledge is due, among other things, to insufficient experience, as all informants have come into contact with relatively few perpetrators of domestic violence. This study shows the importance of internal collaboration within the social services in cases involving domestic violence in families where there are children.

The focus of this thesis is on Advance Fee Fraud (419 scams) on how it is executed and more importantly, on how it can be prevented. The research addresses the origins of AFF, the nature and extent of this crime and how the perpetrators are able to defraud their victims. The research described, examined and analysed the crimes, the perpetrators, the victims, adjudication and the prevention strategies of this fraud. Information was gathered through literature and empirical research. A qualitative research method was used to gather information from AFF offenders who were incarcerated in South African prisons in 2005. The results of the empirical research were carefully examined, analyzed and integrated into the various chapters of this thesis. A theoretical framework was also developed in an attempt to explain this complex phenomenon. The findings and recommendations in terms of the crimes, the criminals, the victims, adjudication and prevention were also made and some suggestions for further research thereof were also cited. / Criminology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)

The focus of this thesis is on Advance Fee Fraud (419 scams) on how it is executed and more importantly, on how it can be prevented. The research addresses the origins of AFF, the nature and extent of this crime and how the perpetrators are able to defraud their victims. The research described, examined and analysed the crimes, the perpetrators, the victims, adjudication and the prevention strategies of this fraud. Information was gathered through literature and empirical research. A qualitative research method was used to gather information from AFF offenders who were incarcerated in South African prisons in 2005. The results of the empirical research were carefully examined, analyzed and integrated into the various chapters of this thesis. A theoretical framework was also developed in an attempt to explain this complex phenomenon. The findings and recommendations in terms of the crimes, the criminals, the victims, adjudication and prevention were also made and some suggestions for further research thereof were also cited. / Criminology and Security Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)