Cette thèse se compose de trois essais sur l’éducation et la cohésion sociale dans les pays en développement, et plus particulièrement en Égypte et en Indonésie. Le premier chapitre analyse les comportements des ménages en Égypte, notamment l’investissement pour l’éducation et la santé, suite à la révolution de 2011, que nous interprétons ici comme un environnement instable. Pour étudier les effets du déclenchement de la révolution Égyptienne, nous combinons l’enquête représentative des ménages avec un enregistrement statistique unique de toutes les personnes arrêtées, blessées ou tuées lors des manifestations politiques dans le pays. Nos résultats montrent que les ménages adaptent considérablement leur comportement dans un contexte politique instable. Le deuxième chapitre analyse les conséquences des tremblements de terre sur l’éducation et les mesures de santé des enfants en Indonésie. Nous constatons que les résultats en matière d’éducation et de santé des enfants sont négativement affectées lorsqu’un ménage subit un tremblement de terre, avec une certaine hétérogénéité selon l’âge et le sexe de l’enfant. Le troisième chapitre analyse les effets du favoritisme ethnique dans l’attribution des transferts gouvernementaux aux ménages suite à une catastrophe naturelle Les résultats suggèrent que bien que tous les ménages d’un même village soient affectées, les ménages les plus susceptibles de recevoir des transferts gouvernementaux sont ceux qui partagent la même origine ethnique que le leader de la communauté. Mes conclusions démontrent également que dans les villages ou le favoritisme ethnique est répandu, la confiance entre groupes ethniques s’est réduite entre 2007 et 2014. / This thesis is a collection of three independent essays in empirical development economics, with a particular focus on the study of mechanisms that impact education and social cohesion in Egypt and Indonesia. The first chapter analyses the effects of the Egyptian Revolution on education and health spendings as well as savings. We construct a new measure of revolution intensity and match a representative household panel survey data with a unique statistical record that documents the number of arrested, injured and deaths during the uprisings in Egypt. We find that households significantly adapt their behaviour in a politically unstable environment. The second chapter analyses the short and long-term effects of earthquakes on children’s education and health outcomes. Findings rely on individual-level panel data from large-scale household surveys combined with precise measures of local ground tremors obtained from a US Geological Survey database. Results suggest that children’s education and health out-comes decrease with some heterogeneity by age and gender. The third chapter identifies ethnic favouritism in the distribution of post-disaster aid at household level in the context of Indonesia. Results show that co-ethnic households are more likely to receive post-disaster relief transfers than households that were equally affected by a natural disaster, but do not share the same ethnicity as the community leader. Results also suggest that ethnic favouritism significantly reduces social cohesion measured by trust in affected communities.Keywords: Education; Health; Cognitive skills; Critical age; Post-disaster aid; Household savings; Trust; Natural disaster; Political instability; Ethnic diversity; Ethnic favouritism; Egypt; Indonesia.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第24152号 / 地環博第230号 / 新制||地環||44(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)准教授 落合 知帆, 教授 小林 広英, 教授 西前 出, 教授 勝見 武, 准教授 TRENCHER Gregory / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第24035号 / 情博第791号 / 新制||情||134(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科社会情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 矢守 克也, 教授 多々納 裕一, 教授 畑山 満則 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

Fine grained sediment deposition in urban environments during natural hazard events can impact critical infrastructure and properties (urban terrain) leading to reduced social and economic function and potentially adverse public health effects. Therefore, clean-up of the sediments is required to minimise impacts and restore social and economic functionality as soon as possible. The strategies employed to manage and coordinate the clean-up significantly influence the speed, cost and quality of the clean-up operation. Additionally, the physical properties of the fine grained sediment affects the clean-up, transport, storage and future usage of the sediment. The goals of the research are to assess the resources, time and cost required for fine grained sediment clean-up in an urban environment following a disaster and to determine how the geotechnical properties of sediment will affect urban clean-up strategies. The thesis focuses on the impact of fine grained sediment (<1 mm) deposition from three liquefaction events during the Canterbury earthquake sequence (2010-2011) on residential suburbs and transport networks in Christchurch. It also presents how geotechnical properties of the material may affect clean-up strategies and methods by presenting geotechnical analysis of tephra material from the North Island of New Zealand. Finally, lessons for disaster response planning and decision making for clean-up of sediment in urban environments are presented. A series of semi-structured interviews of key stakeholders supported by relevant academic literature and media reports were used to record the clean-up operation coordination and management and to make a preliminary qualification of the Christchurch liquefaction ejecta clean-up (costs breakdown, time, volume, resources, coordination, planning and priorities). Further analysis of the costs and resources involved for better accuracy was required and so the analysis of Christchurch City Council road management database (RAMM) was done. In order to make a transition from general fine sediment clean-up to specific types of fine disaster sediment clean-up, adequate information about the material properties is required as they will define how the material will be handled, transported and stored. Laboratory analysis of young volcanic tephra from the New Zealand’s North Island was performed to identify their geotechnical properties (density, granulometry, plasticity, composition and angle of repose). The major findings of this research were that emergency planning and the use of the coordinated incident management system (CIMS) system during the emergency were important to facilitate rapid clean-up tasking, management of resources and ultimately recovery from widespread and voluminous liquefaction ejecta deposition in eastern Christchurch. A total estimated cost of approximately $NZ 40 million was calculated for the Christchurch City clean-up following the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence with a partial cost of $NZ 12 million for the Southern part of the city, where up to 33% (418 km) of the road network was impacted by liquefaction ejecta and required clearing of the material following the 22 February 2011 earthquake. Over 500,000 tonnes of ejecta has been stockpiled at Burwood landfill for all three liquefaction inducing earthquake events. The average cost per kilometre for the event clean-up was $NZ 5,500/km (4 September 2010), $NZ 11,650/km (22 February 2011) and $NZ 11,185/km (13 June 2011). The duration of clean-up time of residential properties and the road network was approximately two to three months for each of the three liquefaction ejecta events; despite events volumes and spatial distribution of ejecta. Interviews and quantitative analysis of RAMM data revealed that the experience and knowledge gained from the Darfield earthquake (4 September 2010) clean-up increased the efficiency of the following Christchurch earthquake induced liquefaction ejecta clean-up events. Density, particle size, particle shape, clay content and moisture content, are the important geotechnical properties that need to be considered when planning for a clean-up method that incorporates collection, transport and disposal or storage. The geotechnical properties for the tephra samples were analysed to increase preparedness and reaction response of potentially affected North Island cities from possible product from the active volcanoes in their region. The geotechnical results from this study show that volcanic tephra could be used in road or construction material but the properties would have to be further investigated for a New Zealand context. Using fresh volcanic material in road, building or flood control construction requires good understanding of the material properties and precaution during design and construction to extra care, but if well planned, it can be economically beneficial.

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[ES] La presente tesis de doctorado "Architecture in motion: procesos dinámicos en la reconstrucción post-catástrofe" reflexiona sobre la reconstrucción como un proceso en constante transformación. El objetivo principal es demostrar la necesidad de contar con una visión procesual de la intervención post-catástrofe para integrar a los usuarios con el entorno cambiante del contexto específico y con el fin de proteger y preservar a la identidad socioespacial del lugar. Para tal fin, se ha utilizado la metodología del reserch-by-design, concretamente en su primera fase de pre-design (observación y proyección), como un proceso de investigación llevado a cabo desde la experiencia vivida en primera persona en la localidad de Chamanga en Ecuador, donde se registró en el 2016 un evento sísmico de 7.8 de la escala Richter. La estructura del presente texto de investigación está estrictamente relacionada con los métodos utilizados. Por lo tanto, después de la introducción, en la cual se manifiestan el problema, los objetivos, la relevancia, el estado de la cuestión y la metodología y los métodos, se desarrollan los capítulos que ponen las bases teóricas que definirán la reconstrucción post-catástrofe como dinámica. Finalmente, Architecture in motion es el capítulo final que une las reflexiones teóricas de los apartados que analizan el tiempo, la imagen, la realidad espacial, la evolución y el habitar de un contexto post-catástrofe. El desenlace de la investigación demuestra la importancia de aproximarse a la realidad de la post-catástrofe, desde el pre-design, con una perspectiva dinámica. Por ende, la intervención debe basarse en el concepto de flexibilidad, en donde la adaptabilidad se manifiesta como cuestión multiescalar, tanto del espacio como de quien lo vive o interviene en ello. El ámbito de esta tesis es teórico, aun siendo consecuencia de la forma experimental en la cual se lleva el estudio de la investigación. Así, se quiere contribuir a la reflexión sobre los conceptos de catástrofe, imagen y temporalidad de la post-catástrofe, indefinición del espacio, evolución del territorio y hábitat para que, una vez analizadas las cuestiones que nacen de la problemática, se puedan definir los aspectos principales a tomar en cuenta en la reconstrucción en clave dinámica. / [CAT] La present tesi de doctorat "Architecture in motion: processos dinàmics en la reconstrucció postcatàstrofe" reflexiona sobre la reconstrucció com un procés en constant transformació. L'objectiu principal és demostrar la necessitat de comptar amb una visió de procés de la intervenció postcatàstrofe per a integrar als usuaris amb l'entorn canviant del context específic i amb la finalitat de protegir i preservar a la identitat socioespacial del lloc. Per a tal fi, s'ha utilitzat el reserch-by-design, en la fase de pre-design (observació i projecció), com un procés d'investigació dut a terme, des de l'experiència viscuda en primera persona, en la localitat de Chamanga a l'Equador, on es va registrar, en el 2016, un esdeveniment sísmic de 7.8 de l'escala Richter. L'estructura del present text d'investigació està estrictament relacionada amb els mètodes fets servir. Per tant, després de la introducció, en la qual es manifesten el problema, els objectius, la rellevància, l'estat de la qüestió i la metodologia i els mètodes, es desenvolupen els capítols que posen les bases teòriques que definiran la reconstrucció postcatàstrofe com a dinàmica. Finalment, Architecture in motion és el capítol final que uneix les reflexions teòriques dels apartats que analitzen el temps, la imatge, la realitat espacial, l'evolució i l'hàbitat d'un context postcatàstrofe. El desenllaç de la investigació demostra la importància d'aproximar-se a la realitat de la postcatàstrofe, des del pre-design, amb una perspectiva dinàmica. Per tant, la intervenció ha de basar-se en el concepte de flexibilitat, on l'adaptabilitat es manifesta com a qüestió multiescalar, tant de l'espai com de qui el viu o intervé en això. L'àmbit d'aquesta tesi és teòric, fins i tot sent conseqüència de la forma experimental en la qual s'emporta l'estudi de la investigació. Així, es vol contribuir a la reflexió sobre els conceptes de catàstrofe, imatge i temporalitat de la postcatàstrofe, indefinició de l'espai, evolució del territori i hàbitat perquè, una vegada analitzades les qüestions que naixen de la problemàtica, es puguen definir els aspectes principals a tenir en compte en la reconstrucció en clau dinàmica. / [EN] This doctoral thesis, "Architecture in motion: dynamic processes in post-catastrophe reconstruction," reflects on reconstruction as a process in constant transformation. The main objective is to demonstrate the need to have a processual vision of post-catastrophe intervention to integrate users with the changing environment of the specific context in order to protect and preserve the socio-spatial identity of the place. For this purpose, the research-by-design has been used, in the pre-design phase (observation and projection), as a research process carried out from experience lived in first person in the town of Chamanga in Ecuador, where a seismic event of 7.8 on the Richter scale was recorded in 2016. The structure of this research text is strictly related to the methods used. Therefore, after the introduction, in which the problem, the objectives, the relevance, the state of the question, and the methodology and methods are manifested, the chapters introduce the theoretical bases that will define post-catastrophe reconstruction as a dynamic are developed. Finally, Architecture in motion is the final chapter that unites the theoretical reflections of the sections that analyze time, image, spatial reality, evolution, and living in a post-catastrophe context. The outcome of the investigation demonstrates the importance of approaching the post-catastrophe reality, from the pre-design, with a dynamic perspective. Therefore, the intervention must be based on the concept of flexibility, where adaptability is manifested as a multiscalar issue of both the space and those who live it or intervene in it. The field of this thesis is theoretical, even though it is a consequence of the experimental way the study of the investigation is carried out. This dissertation wants to contribute to the reflection on the concepts of catastrophe, image, and temporality of the post-catastrophe, lack of definition of space, and the evolution of the territory and habitat so that, once the issues arising from the problem have been analyzed, the main aspects to be taken into account in the reconstruction can be defined. / Rocchio, D. (2023). Architecture in motion: procesos dinámicos en la reconstrucción post-catástrofe [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/195439

Dans cette thèse j’examine la production de l'espace public à Canaan, Haïti. Il s’agit d’un établissement auto-urbanisé ayant émergé à la périphérie de Port-au-Prince suite au séisme de 2010, après la déclaration d’utilité publique de la zone pour l’accueil de sinistrés. La disponibilité de cette terre dite « promise » et la présence d’aide humanitaire y ont provoqué l’installation de plus de 250 000 personnes en seulement cinq ans. Alors qu’on le taxe localement de nouveau bidonville, Canaan se présente plutôt comme un vaste morceau de ville en construction. Les habitants y ont construit maisons, commerces, écoles, églises, routes et infrastructures de base, conférant à la localité un visible dynamisme socio-économique. Aussi, de nombreux espaces publics y ont été créés. Il s’agit d’un phénomène étonnant selon la littérature qui signale plutôt sa rareté dans ce type d’établissement humain, pression foncière et contexte de survie y prévalant. Les espaces publics à Canaan offrent donc une opportunité unique de comprendre plusieurs dynamiques spatiales et sociales à l’œuvre dans les établissements populaires/précaires/auto-urbanisés. Optant pour une approche exploratoire et inductive, la méthodologie adoptée est celle de l'étude de cas en raison de la nature révélatrice de Canaan en matière d’espaces publics. J’examine en détail trente d’entre eux à l’aide d’outils variés, incluant : observations, entretiens semi-dirigés, focus groups, parcours commentés, collecte d’artefacts et analyse de plus de 90 documents et rapports techniques. Les résultats démontrent qu’à Canaan les espaces publics sont des ressources plutôt que des lieux récréatifs. Instrumentalisés dans la poursuite des intérêts des acteurs, ils revêtent une valeur utilitaire plutôt que d’usage. Ils servent notamment au combat pour la citoyenneté urbaine que mènent plusieurs leaders locaux, visant la construction d’une ville complète, décente et légitime. Conçues comme « chambres d’invités pour l’État », il s’agit de réserves foncières destinées à l’accueil d’équipements, infrastructures et services publics. Or, d'autres acteurs instrumentalisent ces espaces publics à des fins différentes, créant ainsi un contexte de tensions et de violence. Ces résultats confirment que Canaan représente un territoire en consolidation plutôt qu'un bidonville en déclin. D’un angle théorique, ils signalent qu’à un stade émergent, l’espace public peut y être « autre » que le traditionnel objet matériel à valeur d’usage tel que largement considéré par les architectes et urbanistes. Ceci appelle à un élargissement tant de sa définition que des outils pour le lire. La notion de l’instrumentalisation de l’espace retenue comme lentille à ce titre se révèle fort utile pour comprendre les dynamiques socio-spatiales des établissements populaires/précaires/auto-urbanisés. En outre, la production d’espaces publics se loge à même ce que certains auteurs ont qualifié de « stratégies d’engagement de l’État » dans les luttes à la citoyenneté urbaine. En termes pratiques, les résultats suggèrent qu’il ne faille présumer de la nature de l’espace public dans ces formations urbaines, pouvant revêtir d’autres sens. Les acteurs de l’aide, urbanistes, architectes et autres professionnels de l’aménagement intervenant dans ces habitats gagneraient à s’affranchir du « biais spatial » pour proposer des solutions mieux adaptées à leurs dynamiques propres. / In this thesis I examine the production of public space in Canaan, Haiti. This is a self-urbanized settlement that emerged on the outskirts of Port-au-Prince following the 2010 earthquake, after the area was declared to be for public use to accommodate disaster victims. The availability of this so-called 'promised land' and the presence of humanitarian aid prompted its invasion by over 250,000 people in just five years. While being locally dubbed as a new slum, Canaan is more like a vast piece of city under construction. Residents have built houses, shops, schools, churches, roads and basic infrastructure, giving the locality a visible socio-economic dynamism. Many public spaces have also been created. This is a surprising phenomenon in the light of the literature which points to its rarity and neglect in this type of urban formation, where land pressure and survival agendas prevail. The public spaces in Canaan therefore offer a unique opportunity to understand a number of spatial and social dynamics at work in popular/precarious/self-urbanized settlements. Opting for an exploratory and inductive approach, the methodology adopted is that of a case study because of the revealing nature of Canaan's public spaces. I examined thirty of them in detail using a variety of tools, including observations, semi-directed interviews, focus groups, commented itineraries, artefact collection and analysis of over 90 documents and technical reports. The results show that public spaces in Canaan are resources rather than places for recreation. Instrumentalized in the pursuit of the interests of the actors they federate, they have a utilitarian rather than a use value. In particular, they are used in the struggle for urban citizenship being waged by a number of local leaders, with the aim of building a complete, decent and legitimate city. Conceived as "guest rooms for the State", these are land reserves intended to accommodate public facilities, infrastructure and services. However, other players use these public spaces for different purposes, creating a context of tension and violence. These results confirm that Canaan represents a territory in consolidation rather than a slum in decline. From a theoretical point of view, they indicate that, at an emerging stage, public space can be 'other' than the traditional material object with use value as widely considered by architects and urban planners. This calls for a broadening of both its definition and the tools for reading it. The notion of the instrumentalization of space used as a lens for this purpose is proving extremely useful for understanding the socio-spatial dynamics of popular/precarious/self-urbanized settlements. Moreover, the production of public spaces is embedded in what some authors have described as 'strategies of state engagement' in the struggle for urban citizenship. In practical terms, the results suggest that we should not assume the nature of public space in these urban formations, which may take on other meanings. Aid agencies, urban planners, architects and other planning professionals working in these habitats would do well to free themselves from the 'spatial bias' in order to propose solutions that are better adapted to their own dynamics.